Chapter16 - Lympatic and Immune Systems

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Chapter 16

The Lymphatic and The Lymphatic and Immune SystemsImmune Systems

Functions of the lymphatic Functions of the lymphatic systemsystem

Maintenance of fluid balance Absorption of fats Immunity

Lymphatic vesselsLymphatic vessels

Which is not a function of the lymphatic system?

A.Maintenance of fluid balanceB.Absorption of fatsC.Maintenance of body temperatureD.Immunity

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The lymphatic system plays no role in the maintenance of body temperature.

View animation of flow of through lymphatic system

Lymph node

Lymphatic trunk

Collecting ductsCollecting ducts

Lymphatic organsLymphatic organs Red bone marrow Thymus Lymph nodes Tonsils Spleen

What forms the basis of lymphatic fluid?

A.Tissue fluid left behind after capillary exchangeB.Secretions of lymph nodesC.Secretions from the cells lining lymphatic capillariesD.Plasma

Correct answer: A

Rationale:Lymphatic fluid results from tissue fluid left behind after capillary exchange.

ThymusThymus

View animation of maturing and training of lymphocytes in thymus

Lymph nodesLymph nodes

Fibrous capsule

Trabeculae

Cortical nodules

Germinal centers

Sinuses

Afferent lymphatic vessel

Efferent lymphatic vessel

TonsilsTonsils

Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)

Palatine tonsils

Lingual tonsils

SpleenSpleen

White pulp

Red pulp

Spleen functionsSpleen functions Immunity Destruction of old red blood cells Blood storage Hematopoiesis

In which lymphatic organ do T cells mature?

A.Red bone marrowB.TonsilsC.SpleenD.Thymus

Correct answer: D

Rationale:T cells evolve from stem cells in red bone marrow, but they leave the bone marrow before maturity. Both the tonsils and spleen are lymphatic organs, but they play no role in T cell maturity.

Immune systemImmune systemThree lines of defenseThree lines of defense

First: External barriers Second: Nonspecific immunity Third: Specific immunity

Nonspecific immunityNonspecific immunity Phagocytosis Antimicrobial proteins Natural killer cells Inflammation Fever

PhagocytosisPhagocytosis

View animation of phagocytosis

Types of phagocytesTypes of phagocytes

View animation of chemotaxis

Antimicrobial proteinsAntimicrobial proteins Interferons Complement system

InterferonsInterferons

Which is an important white blood cell that travels throughout the bloodstream seeking out bacteria?

A.MacrophageB.PhagocyteC.NeutrophilD.Phagosome

Correct answer: C

Rationale:Macrophages are important white blood cells that remain fixed in strategic areas. Phagocytes are white blood cells that ingest microorganisms. A phagosome is the sac formed around a microorganism when it’s ingested by a phagocyte.

Complement systemComplement system

View animation of complement system

Natural killer cellsNatural killer cells Unique group of lymphocytes Roam the body Use several methods to destroy cells

InflammationInflammation

View animation of inflammatory response

FeverFever1. Neutrophils and macrophages secrete a

pyrogen. 2. Hypothalamus secretes prostaglandin E

(PGE).3. PGE resets body’s temperature set point. 4. The temperature rises. 5. After pathogen is gone, phagocytes stop

producing the pyrogen.6. Temperature set point returns to normal.

Which statements about nonspecific immunity is not true?

A.It is present from birth.B.It offers protection against a wide variety of threats.C.It uses mechanisms such as inflammation, fever, and phagocytic white blood cells.D.It retains a memory of a pathogen after defeating it.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Nonspecific immunity does not retain a memory of a pathogen.

Specific immunitySpecific immunity Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity Humoral (antibody-mediated)

immunity

LymphocytesLymphocytes

AntibodiesAntibodies

Types of immunityTypes of immunity ActiveActive: When the body makes its own

antibodies or T cells PassivePassive: When immunity results from

an injection of antibodies from another person or animal

Classes of immunityClasses of immunity Natural active Artificial active Natural passive Artificial passive

Cellular immunityCellular immunity Destroys pathogens within a cell Uses three classes of T cells:

Cytotoxic T cells Helper T cells Memory T cells

View animation of cellular immunity

Humoral immunityHumoral immunity Focuses on pathogens outside the

cell Uses antibodies to mark antigen for

later destruction

View animation of humoral immunity

Allergic reactionAllergic reaction Upon first exposure, body produces

IgE. Person is now sensitized. Upon subsequent exposure, allergen

binds to antibodies. Mast cells release histamine.

View animation of allergic reaction

Which type of immunity uses T cells to destroy pathogens within a cell?

A.Cellular immunityB.Humoral immunityC.Passive immunityD.Nonspecific immunity

Correct answer: A

Rationale:Humoral immunity focuses on pathogens outside a cell. Passive immunity results after receiving antibodies from another person or animal. Nonspecific immunity uses a variety of mechanisms but does not use T cells.

Chapter16 - Lympatic and Immune Systems

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