Chapter Four:

The Roman Legacy

Culture and Values, 7th Ed.Cunningham and Reich

The Importance of Rome

Cultural achievements Assimilation of influences

Role of music

Historical division:Monarchy/ Etruscan Age (753-510 B.C.E.)

Republican Rome (509-31 B.C.E.)

Imperial Rome (31 B.C.E. - C.E. 476)

The Etruscans and Their Art

Rome founded in mid-8th c. by Latins

Etruscans gained control by 616 B.C.E.Urban centers, engineering

Social, leisure activities

Trade, expansion

Etruscan ArtPrimitive but sophisticated, natural focus

Value emotion over intellectual appeal

The Bride & Bridegroom or Married Couple

[Image 4.2]

Capitoline She-Wolf

[Image 4.3]

Apollo of Veii

[Image 4.4]Wall painting from the Tomb of Hunting and Fishing

Republican Rome

Etruscan expulsion in 510 B.C.E.

New governmentConsuls, Senate, Patricians/Plebeians

Political equality / Balance of PowerHortensian Law

Increasing power / expansion

Social and political unrest civil war

[Image 4.6]

The Roman Forum

Literary Developments During the Republic

Ennius (239-169 B.C.E.)Annals

Tragedies adapted from Greek models

Plautus (254-184 B.C.E.) and Terence (185-159 B.C.E.)

Roman adaptations of Greek comedies

Catullus (80-54 B.C.E.)Roman lyric poetry

Influenced by Sappho

Quintus Ennius

Plautus

Catullus

Literary Developments During the Republic

Julius Caesar (100-44 B.C.E.)Commentaries

Assassinated on March 15, 44 B.C.E.

Marcus Tullius CiceroLawyer, orator

Epistolary legacy

Ciceronian RhetoricAlliteration

Allusion

Analogy

Antithesis

Crescendo

Climax

Hyperbole

Juxtaposition

Metaphor

Onomatopoeia

Oxymoron

Personification

Simile

Roman Philosophy and Law

Epicureanism

Founded by Epicurus (341-271 B.C.E.)

Extolled by Lucretius (99-55 B.C.E.)Intellectual and rational vs. self-indulgent

On the Nature of Things

Gods play no part in human affairs

Pleasure and calm composure

Roman Philosophy and Law

StoicismWorld governed by Reason

Role of Divine Providence

Roman StoicsSeneca

Epictetus

Marcus Aurelius

Roman Philosophy and Law

Julius Caesar’s Ius Civile

Law of the Twelve Tablets

Justinian’s Corpus Iuris Civilis

Roman science of lawLegal experts

Natural justice

Republican Art and Architecture

Roman portraitureRealistic details

Express outer appearance and inner character

Propagandistic

Architecture as political mediumPublic buildings for glory of leaders

[Image 4.7]

Bust of Cicero

Imperial Rome (31 B.C.E. - C.E. 476)

Julius Caesar assassinated 44 B.C.E.

Battle of Actium (31 B.C.E.)Octavian vs. Mark Antony

Octavian inaugurated as Augustus (27 B.C.E.)

Vast, multiethnic empire

Emperor, bureaucracy, civil service

Roman army

Publius Virgilius Maro (Virgil)

Augustan Literature: Vergil

Roman art promoted Augustan worldviewOfficial, public, served state purposes

Vergil’s AeneidTribute to Rome and Augustus

National epic of Rome

Human destiny and personal responsibility

Eclogues (Bucolics) and Georgics