Post on 21-Dec-2015
Chapter 9Chapter 9
The Roles, Roles and Relationships Concept
Chapter 9Chapter 9
1. Roles, Roles, Relationship Concept and
Examples.
2. Triggers of Action.
3. Technology Transfer Through
Organizational Learning.
4. IS Organization as a Business within a
Business.
5. Outsourcing the management of IS.
IS as a Competitive Resource?IS as a Competitive Resource?
• Business competitiveness is a top priority.
• What about Information Systems?
Why are some companies successful
while others are frustrated with a lack
of results and benefits from the use of
information systems?
Success Can Be Elusive!Success Can Be Elusive!
Roles, Roles and RelationshipsRoles, Roles and Relationships
1. What organizational leadership is necessary to gain a competitive advantage through the use of information systems?
2. How does an organization determine the appropriate use of information systems to gain a competitive advantage on an on-going basis?
3. Does a specific event, activity or person tend to trigger the start of a program that emphasizes the competitive use of information systems?
Roles, Roles and RelationshipsRoles, Roles and Relationships
4. Can an organization sustain a competitive advantage that is built on an information system?
5. Is this a broad based approach or is the successful use of competitive information tied to a small number of people playing key roles?
6. Does outsourcing the management of information systems impact its possible use as a competitive resource?
1. Business Leadership?
2. Information Systems Leadership?
3. A Proven Information Systems Track
Record?
4. Business Stability?
5. Information Content of the Business?
6. IS Cost and/or Risk?
How Much is Based On:How Much is Based On:
Roles of Information SystemsRoles of Information Systems
1. Business Process Partner.
2. Provide Access to Information.
3. Enhance Communications.
4. Provide Decision Assist.
Information systems are strategic weapons, not cost centers.
Information systems are strategicweapons, not cost centers.
Robert F. McDermottFormer USAA CEO
Roles, Roles and Relationship ConceptRoles, Roles and Relationship Concept**********************
1. The role of information systems is focused on competitive priorities.
2. Senior management plays a major role in positioning and
prioritizing the competitive role of information systems.
3. There is an on-going working relationship between senior
management and the information systems organization to
sustain the successful use of information systems to compete.
1. Who Makes Competitive Strategy Decisions?
Two Important QuestionsTwo Important Questions
2. Who Makes Competitive Strategy Decisions
When the Process is Built on a Computer Base?
The primary role of the top executive
is to assure the long term viability
of the business.
Top Executive Job DescriptionTop Executive Job Description
The Role of the Senior ExecutiveThe Role of the Senior Executive
• Provide a long term vision for the future of the business.
• Recognize the value of information to the organization.
• Sponsor and participate in determining the role of information systems.
The Person that Runs the Business on a Day-To-Day Basis
• Communicate the importance of the information systems role.
• Provide funding, including R&D, to address the major requirements.
• Focus on results and benefits.
• Motivate to make things happen!
Role of Other Senior ManagementRole of Other Senior Management
Understand the role of information systems within
the organization.
Identify and specify requirement for new
information systems.
Justify and fund existing and new systems.
Sponsor their information systems on an on-going
basis.
Role of IS ExecutiveRole of IS Executive
Function as a member of the senior management team.
Provide an understanding of the realm of the possible, feasible, affordable and achievable with information systems.
Posture information systems as a service and support organization in both fact and perception.
Using IS to CompeteUsing IS to Compete
Senior Management
Information SystemsOrganization
Functional Management
Users
Figure 9-1
Leadership in two forms:
- Business Leadership
- IT Leadership
Roles, Roles and RelationshipsRoles, Roles and Relationships
To assure that the corporation's present as well as future demands for information, information processes, information systems and computer-based technologies are provided in such a manner that the daily conduct of the business will not be impacted and that the future business opportunities can be capitalized on and managed by the corporation.
Information Systems Organization Information Systems Organization Mission StatementMission Statement
The Reeducation of UPSThe Reeducation of UPS
• For decades UPS focused on managing physical
distribution.
• Today, new IT and relaxed regulations have made
logistics management the imperative.
• Information about a package is often as important as
the package itself.
• In one decade IT has gone from a limited factor to a
critical enabling resource.
Kent “Oz” Nelson ,CEO
An Essential Partnership
Using Information Systems to Using Information Systems to Gain a Competitive AdvantageGain a Competitive Advantage
Using Information Systems to CompeteUsing Information Systems to Compete
InformationSystems
Organization
Business Leadership
Senior Management
IT Leadership
Figure 9-2
1. A formal structure within the organization.
2. Integral to the way that the business is run.
RelationshipsRelationships
• Senior Management?
• Functional Management?
• Information Systems Management?
Who Should Be the Primary Who Should Be the Primary Initiator of Using Information Initiator of Using Information
Systems to Compete?Systems to Compete?
Using IS to CompeteUsing IS to CompetePrimary ResponsibilitiesPrimary Responsibilities
DirectionConceptualApproach
SpecificApproach
SeniorManagement
FunctionalManagement
I/SManagement
7
2
1
10
2
5
3
10
4
1
5
10Figure 9-4
Technology TransferTechnology TransferThrough Organizational Through Organizational
LearningLearning
There is a direct correlation between
the successful introduction of a new
information system within an organization
and the learning curve of the primary
users.
Information Technology
Computer-based Applications
Organization
Learning Curves
CompetitiveAdvantage
Action Initiators
Vision
Strategy
Tactics
ProcessImprovement
CrisisManagement
Executive Power
Business Leadership
Technology Leadership
Figure 9-5
Making It Happen!Making It Happen!
You manage things, but you lead people.
Grace HopperAdmiralU.S. Navy
More on LeadershipMore on Leadership
1. Entrepreneur Founder
2. Corporate Managers
3. Corporate Caretakers
Bob TownsendUp the Organization
A Business
Competitors
Board of DirectorsS
uppl
iers U
sers
Products/Services
Figure 9-6
InformationSystemsBusiness
Competitors
Steering CommitteeS
uppl
iers
Custom
ers
Figure 9-7
Competitors
Steering CommitteeS
uppl
iers U
sers
InformationSystems
Organization
Opportunities Direction
I/T NeedsReal $s
ProductsPeople
Wants & NeedsJustificationReal $s?
Products& ServicesConstraintsCosts
Real Dollars
Needs and Priorities
Figure 9-8
OutsourcingHiring someone whose expertise can perform a business function or activity better, more cost effectively and/or in a more timely manner than can be achieved in-house.
Also enables the company to focus on its core competencies and those factors that mean the difference between success and failure.
Outsourcing
Outsourcing is a current, major focus of many business enterprises.
It continues to be a very hot topic.
OutsourcingOutsourcing
Logical?
Necessary?
Appropriate?
Cost-effective?
What?
With Whom?
Where?
How Long?
Risk?
The Evolution of Outsourcing of Outsourcing
The concept of outsourcing is not new. For decades, companies have outsourced a number of functions such as cafeteria service, janitorial service, security guards, payroll, clerical support, manufacturing and distribution.
Outsourcing, by the old definition, was very specific, targeted, and often project based. The company might design a product, then outsource the manufacture of various components, subassemblies, even the finished product.
Things have evolved to where anything that is not a core business process is a candidate to outsource.
Outsourcing IS ManagementOutsourcing IS Management
• Strategically Significant?
• A Way to Save Money on a Short Term Basis?
• A Way to Avoid the Need to Manage Technical
People in an Environment that Keeps Changing?
UB example
Outsourcing Information Outsourcing Information Systems ManagementSystems Management
Is the outsourcing of the management of
information systems a contradiction of its
possible strategic significance?
Information System GoalsInformation System Goals
To help achieve organizational objectives by:
1. Supporting the decision making process.
2. Providing necessary information.
3. Providing a communications network.
4. Accommodating change within the
organization.
5. Approaching this with a general manager’s
perspective.
IS Organization BusinessIS Organization Business
1. Designing Information Systems
2. Building Information Systems
3. Running Information Systems
IT Outsourcing OptionsIT Outsourcing Options
• Software Development and/or Maintenance
• Application Service Provider
• Global Network Provider
• Network Management
• Management of Entire IS Function
• IT Training
• Consulting and Reengineering
India’s IT Outsourcing IndustryIndia’s IT Outsourcing Industry
GOOD STUFF, CHEAP
That's the reputation of India's IT outsourcing industry, and it's both a blessing and a curse.
The blessing is that India has finally been able to move onto the global stage by harnessing its greatest natural resource—people—and focusing on filling the world's need for IT skills and services.
India has grown its IT exports in less than a decade from $150 million to more than $4 billion—10.5% of India's total overseas sales. Its success is built on a solid record for developing IT talent as well as delivering top-notch legacy system maintenance and software applications.
India’s IT Outsourcing IndustryIndia’s IT Outsourcing Industry
The curse is that, despite what IT outsourcing has meant for India's economy, the country's top IT vendors have been typecast and they all hear the approaching footsteps of Ireland, China and the Philippines as up-and-coming IT service centers.
“Getting work is not difficult; getting the right kind of work is difficult. We have to convince customers that they can outsource high-value work to India."
India’s IT Outsourcing IndustryIndia’s IT Outsourcing IndustryNobody can beat their price!
Software programming in India costs roughly $35 per hour, as opposed to $200 in the United States—and their quality is world-class.
Of the 23 companies worldwide that have been awarded the US Software Engineering Institute's Capability Maturity Model Level 5 rating for fault-free software engineering processes (the equivalent of a perfect 10 in Olympic competition), 15 of those elite companies are Indian, among them Infosys, NIIT and Wipro.
China Versus India for OutsourcingChina Versus India for Outsourcing
India’s global advantage in IT rests on a tripartite foundation: 1) Good IT education, 2) Competitive wages, and 3) English language competency.
On the first two, China already competes. That leaves English. Five years ago, very few young Chinese professionals spoke English.
Most managers are used to managing internal resources and staff directly, and having total control over the decision-making process in their area.
There are some fundamental differences in managing an outsourced function.
US CorporationsUS Corporations
The Corporation Today
A company must ensure that internal
resources are dedicated to core competencies
and that the right outside relationships are
established, maintained, and nurtured.
Chief Resource Officer (CRO)
New Organizational Model is Creating a New Management Role.
Outsourcing has rapidly changed and evolved -- from vertical to virtual, tactical to strategic, cost-cutting to cutting-edge.
1998 was a banner year for outsourcing. Some of the largest deals, as well as the most strategic were made.
The stakes have increased, the risks and the rewards have soared, yet the manner in which outsourcing engagements are conducted and supervised has remained the same.
The CRO is a strategic position, charged not with managing corporate resources (time, money, and personnel), but with managing the complex series of relationships the modern corporation must have with its outside resources.
The CRO evaluates the need for resources in each function, finds the resources required outside the company, and implements and nurtures the relationship to the company's best advantage.
Chief Resource Officer
Chief Resource ManagerChief Resource Manager
Outsourcing deals fall apart because there was no one in a Chief Resource Manager position to manage and follow-up on objectives and contractual agreements.
A CRO-type position means taking a global, visionary, forward-thinking role in how to use resources and make them effective and efficient for an organization.
There is a definite need to manage change during the life of an outsourcing contract.
CRO Skill Profile
1. Experience managing different businesses
2. Experience managing costs
3. Project management
4. Contract negotiations
5. Political and cultural consciousness
6. Ability to think out of the box
7. Comfortable with change
Evaluation CriteriaEvaluation CriteriaIt is important in considering offshore outsourcing to
address the following with a potential vendor:
a) Do they have offices in US and in proximity to
them. Developing long term products require lot of
interaction with the vendor locally.
b) Get resumes of IT professionals who will work
on your project in India and/or the US. If an offshore
vendor has experienced IT professionals working for
them for a good length of time, they have good retaining
and employee policies.
Evaluation CriteriaEvaluation Criteria
c) Understand the vendor process to develop and
deliver the project on a timely basis.
d) Get references on where they have successfully
completed similar projects.
e) Clearly understand the financial and property rights of
such a relationship.
f) Make sure that you have a way out if things do not go
well or according to schedule.
Benefits Realized from Outsourcing IS Management
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Vendor Expertise
Increased Focus on CoreCompetencies
Improved Quality and Delivery
Cost Reduction
Balance Sheet Improvement
Actual Benefits
Expected Benefits
Deloitte & Touche Survey
A Well-Structured AllianceA Well-Structured Alliance
• Strategic Synergy. The two (or more) organizations
together can achieve a high level of benefits. • Clarity of purpose. The goals and benefits are explicit
and clear. • Growth opportunity. The relationship--and its benefits--
can be expanded. • Less risk. The relationship reduces the level of risk. • Excellent chemistry. There a good "fit" between the two
or more organizations. • Win-Win Proposition. Each party can benefit fairly from
the relationship.
Outsourcing Resources
The Outsourcing Institute
http://www.outsourcing.com
ASP Outsourcing Center
http://www.asp-outsourcing-center.com
Some Basic ConclusionsSome Basic Conclusions
1. There are common factors among companies that have gained a competitive advantage through the use of information systems.
2. The difference between the good examples and the
less successful ones is getting bigger.