Chapter 9 Chapter 9

LEARNING: LEARNING: Principals and ApplicationsPrincipals and Applications

Chapter 9 Chapter 9

LEARNING: LEARNING: Principals and ApplicationsPrincipals and Applications

Learning: a relevantly permanent change in behavior that results from experience.

Not all behaviors are learned Not all behaviors are learned the same way:the same way:

Dentist Dentist

FEARFEAR

PainPain DentistDentist Parents comfortsParents comforts

FEARFEAR

NEVER BEEN TO THE DENTISTNEVER BEEN TO THE DENTIST

DentistDentist Reaction of othersReaction of others FEARFEAR

THREE BASIC TYPES OF LEARNING

• Classical Conditioning- response to a stimulus

• Operant Conditioning- rewards behavior

• Modeling- watching others

Dentist Dentist

FEARFEAR

PainPain

CLASSICAL CONDITIONINGCLASSICAL CONDITIONING

DentistDentist PainPain

Child shows FEARChild shows FEAR

Parent comforts Parent comforts childchild

OPERANT CONDITIONINGOPERANT CONDITIONING

NEVER BEEN TO THE DENTISTNEVER BEEN TO THE DENTIST

DentistDentist Reaction of othersReaction of others FEARFEAR

MODELINGMODELING

CLASSICAL CONDITIONINGCLASSICAL CONDITIONING

A Learning Proceedure that causes a subject to learn a response to a stimulus that normally does not cause that response.

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

IVAN PAVLOV- scientist studying digestion using dogs as subjects…

Became one of the scientists of note studying

Behaviorism

Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning Experiment

Classical Conditioning Components

Neutral Stimulus (NS)- Has nothing to do with a response before conditioning

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)- Something that will lead to a predictable response

Unconditioned Response (UCR)- Something that occurs naturally

Tuning Fork/ Bell

Food

Salivation

Ivan Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning Experiment

To During:

back

Before Conditioning

back

During- Ivan Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning Experiment

To After:

back

The bell starts to become the Conditioned Stimulus

back

The Food remainsan Unconditioned

Stimulus

back

The dog’s salivation is starting to be controlled by the sound of the bell but not completely

After- Ivan Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning Experiment

Done

back

Conditioned Stimulus

back

Food remains an Unconditioned Stimulus:

Will always cause a natural Uncontrolled response

Food

The dog’s salivation now becomesthe Conditioned Response to

the ringing bell.

back

After Conditioning

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)- tuning fork/ Bell

Conditioned Response (CR)- Salivation

Generalization:

Discrimination: only

Extinction: CR does not happen due to lack of UCS

Spontaneous Recovery: CR returns after Ucs returns for awhile

or = CR

= CR

Taste AversionsBecoming ill after eating and never beingAble to eat that food again..just the sight makes you sick!!!!!

Classical Conditioning

Acquisition of behavior

Generalization Discrimination

Extinction

Little Albert• #1 Did the results of the experiment

support the hypothesis…….• #2 How did Albert’s response become

generalized• #3 How were the principles of classical

conditioning used to reduce Peter’s fear of rabbits

• # 4 Would this work on an adult?

Read case study on page 249 and answer the following Questions:

Hypothesis

• Most human behaviors and emotional reactions are built up of conditioned responses.

#1 Did the results of the experiment support the hypothesis…….

2 How did Albert’s response become generalized

• #3 How were the principles of classical conditioning used to reduce Peter’s fear of rabbits?

• Would this work on an adult?

• Do you think this experiement was immoral?

OPERANT CONDITIONINGOPERANT CONDITIONING

Learning from consequences of behavior

•Stray dog getting fed in a neighborhood•Paying bills on time- good credit, don’t lose house

•Getting attention for misbehaving- individual doesn’t care what type of attention they get aslong as they get it

Operant Conditio

ning

Cat Flushing the Toilet Video

Classical- Stimulus is provided to conditionbehavior

Operant- Behavior results from rewardor punishment

Differences between Classical and Operant Conditioning

Psychologist famous for experiments inOPERANT Conditioning

Skinner determined that rewards and punishmentsShape behavior

An animal placed inside the box is rewarded with a small bit of food each time it makes the desired response, such as pressing a lever or pecking a key. A device outside the box records the animal's responses.

Rat

lever

Journal Entry #4

• Describe a time in your life when you learned how to do something. Describe the process that you went through to learn. After you describe the learning event determine which type of learning it was: Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, or a combination of the above.

Reinforcement

• Important factor in operant conditioning is timing and frequency of reinforcement• Partial schedule- when positive reinforcement

occurs immediately but not every time• Skinner learned of the effectiveness of partial

reinforcement when the “Skinner Box” broke • it is generally a more stable and longer lasting

behavior

A stimulus or event that follows a behavior that eitherreinforces or discourages a behavior

4 Schedules of Reinforcement

• Fixed Ratio-

• Variable Ratio-• Fixed Interval-.

• Variable-Interval-

Two ways that stimuli can affect our behavior

1. Reinforcement

2. Punishment

ReinforcementStimulus or event that follows a

response and increases the likelihood that the response will continue

2 types: Positive and Negative

Positive Reinforcement:When something the subject wants is rewarded after the desired response.

Example: Receiving a day off after coming to work on time without missing for 9 weeks straight

(Removal)

Negative Reinforcement:When a painful or unpleasant stimulus is removedIt follows and negates (takes away) something unpleasant

Example: After successfully completing 15 problems showing your work you get to finish the next 15 with awithout it.

(Removal)

Two Results of Negative Reinforcement

• Escape Conditioning:Persons behavior causes an

unpleasant event to stop.

Child hates liver- Mom serves liver- Child gags and has fit- Mom removes liver

Child will react this way every time food is served it doesn’t like

• Avoidance ConditioningPersons behavior has the

affect of preventing an unpleasant situation from happening

Stretching the truth to avoid hurting someone’s feelings because you have seen them upset before

Aversive Control

An unpleasant or (aversive) consequence that follows an undesirable behavior

2. Punishment

Painful or unpleasant stimulus is applied.

Most obvious aversive control method

Punishers include but are not limited to:•Spanking•Yelling•Evil eye•Cold shoulder

Disadvantages of Aversive Control

• Can produce rage, aggression and fear which can lead to other behavior problem- children who are abused grow up to be abusers…..also abusive to other children

• People will learn to avoid the person delivering the aversive stimuli- can cause relationship problems

Punishment alone is not an effective way to teach…..

Without positive coaching and modeling of acceptablebehaviors the child may never learn the correct behavior.

Punishment alone is not an effective way to teach…..

Without positive coaching and modeling of acceptablebehaviors the child may never learn the correct behavior.

Learning Complicated Skills

Shaping- process of reinforcement used to sculpt

behavior

reward each segment of behavior that is in the direction of the desired behavior

Response Chains- Combining responses to perform a skill:Each response produces a signal for the next:

Hammering a nail:

1. Pick up hammer2. Pick up nail3. Position nail4. Hit nail

Response Patternwhen you combine response chains: ex: Swimming- arm chain- kicking chain- breathing chain

Arm movementchain

Kickingchain

Breathing chain

Swimming

Factors that affect Learning

1. Feedback- results from tests or listening to yourself sing

2. Transfer- A skill you have already learned helpsor hinders you in learning a new one

Positive- helps Negative- hurts

3. Practice- Repetition of a task helps reinforce learningExample: playing a few measures over and over instead ofplaying the whole song

4.Learned Laziness rewards come with little effort, person never learns to work- when it gets hard they don’t give effort necessary to learn

Report Card 1st-6th grade

A+Report Card7th-8th grade

C -/DReport Card

11th grade

F

5. Learned HelplessnessNegative results no matter how hardlearner tries.

This condition results when repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in the belief thesituation is uncontrollable

•Person gives up

•Can be a source of depression

Social LearningThe process of learning from observingand imitating others in ones social environment

Learning by reacting to others--------

1. Modeling- doing what you see others do i.e., clapping in church

2. Observational learning- Imitating (dancing)

3. Disinhibition- Watching others in a threatening activity without negative consequence might make it easier to try later

i.e, going off of the diving board for the first time

Cognitive Learning:Learning that focuses on how information is obtained mentally…..

Cognitive map: a mental picture which results in

Latent Learning

Behavior ModificationApplication of learning principles to change peoples actions and feelings

1. Computer-Assisted Instruction2. Token Economies3. Self Control- self discipline- setting up personal rewards and punishments-• reading one more page- running 10 more yards, answering one more question• keeping track of behaviors (weight loss, smoking)

Behavioral Experiment IdeasProject Ideas: Human Behavior

Does smell affect memory? Does color affect memory?

Do different smells affect blood pressure? Do different smells affect heart rate?

Does being scared affect blood pressure? How do different types of food affect memory?

The effects of visual aid on memory. Which helps memory more: visual or audio information?

Does the color of print affect reading comprehension? Does music affect concentration?

Does music affect mood? Does weather affect mood?

Does sleep affect concentration? Does temperature affect concentration?

Does physical exercise affect learning ability? Does age affect reaction time?

Does temperature affect reaction time? Is reaction time quicker in response to sight or touch?

Can people distinguishing low-fat foods from fatty foods? Can males or females determine the direction of sound better?

Does laughter affect mood? Does laughter affect blood pressure?

Does lying affect blood pressure? Is yawning contagious?

Does age affect the average volume at which people listen to music?