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Chapter 8Lecture
PowerPoint
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2401Anatomy and Physiology I
Chapter 8
Susan Gossett
sgossett@parisjc.edu
Department of Biology
Paris Junior College
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Hole’s Human Anatomyand Physiology
Twelfth Edition
Shier Butler Lewis
Chapter 8
Joints of the Skeletal System
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8.1: Introduction
• Are known as articulations• Functional junctions between bones• Bind parts of skeletal system together• Make bone growth possible• Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth• Enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle contraction• Three (3) classifications of joints will be considered
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8.2: Classification of Joints
Structural classification:(1) Fibrous joints
• Dense connective tissues connect bones• Between bones in close contact
(2) Cartilaginous joints• Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connect bones
(3) Synovial joints• Most complex• Allow free movement
Functional classification:• Synarthrotic joints
• Considered immovable• Amphiarthrotic joints
• Slightly movable• Diarthrotic joints
• Freely movable
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Fibrous Joints
• There are three (3) types of fibrous joints (synarthroses):• Syndesmosis• Suture• Gomphosis
• Syndesmosis:• A sheet or bundle of fibrous tissue connecting bones• Lies between tibia and fibula (interosseous membrane)
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Fibula
Interosseusmembraneof leg
Tibia
Medialmalleolus
Anteriortibiofibularligament(interosseusligament)
Lateralmalleolus
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Fibrous Joints
• Suture:• Between flat bones• Teeth-like projections• Thin layer of connective tissue connects bones• Skull
• Gomphosis:• Cone-shaped bony process in a socket• Tooth in jawbone
Margin ofsuture
Parietalbone
Suture
Suturalbones
Occipitalbone
(a) (b)
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Courtesy of John W. Hole, Jr.
Periodontalligament
Alveolarprocess ofmandible
Root oftooth
Crown oftooth
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Cartilaginous Joints
• There are two (2) types of cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses):• Synchondrosis• Symphysis
• Synchondrosis:• Bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones• Epiphyseal plate (temporary)• Between manubrium and the first rib (costal cartilages)
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Thoracicvertebra
Costal cartilage
Manubrium
First rib
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Cartilaginous Joints
• Symphysis:• Pad of fibrocartilage between bones• Pubic symphysis• Joint between bodies of adjacent vertebrae
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Gelatinouscore
Spinous process
Band offibrocartilage
Pubis
Fibrocartilage disc of symphysis pubis
Intervertebraldiscs
(a) (b)
Body ofvertebra
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8.3: General Structure of a Synovial Joint
• Synovial joints are freely moveable (diarthroses)• There are six (6) types of diarthroses• There are specific parts of a diarthroses:
• Articular cartilage• Joint cavity• Joint capsule• Synovial membrane• Synovial fluid• Meniscus• Bursae
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Spongybone
Joint cavityfilled withsynovialfluid Synovial
membrane
Articularcartilage
Jointcapsule
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8.4: Types of Synovial Joints
• Uni-axial• Hinge (ginglymoid) joint• Pivot or (trochoid) joint
• Bi-axial• Saddle (sellar) joint• Condylar (ellipsoidal) joint
• Multi-axial• Ball and socket (spheroidal) joint• Gliding (plane) joint
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Types of Synovial Joints
• Pivot Joint• Between atlas (C1) and the dens of axis (C2)
• Hinge Joint• Elbow joint• Between phalanges
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(e) Pivot joint
Dens
Transverseligament
Atlas
Axis
(d) Hinge joint
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
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Types of Synovial Joints
• Saddle Joint• Between carpal and 1st metacarpal (of thumb)
• Condylar Joint• Between metacarpals and phalanges• Between radius and carpals
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Metacarpal
Phalanx
(b) Condylar joint
(f) Saddle joint
Firstmetacarpal
Trapezium
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Types of Synovial Joints
• Ball-and-Socket Joint• Hip joint• Shoulder joint
• Gliding Joint• Between carpals• Between tarsals• Between facets of adjacent vertebrae
Hip bone
(a) Ball-and-socket joint
Head of femurin acetabulum
Femur
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(c) Plane joint
Carpals
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8.5: Types of Joint Movements
• Movement at a joint occurs when a muscle contracts and its fibers pull its moveable end (insertion) towards its fixed end (origin).
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Types of Joint Movements
• Abduction/adduction• Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion• Flexion/extension/hyperextension• Lateral flexion
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Abduction
Adduction
Extension
Flexion
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Extension
Flexion
Hyperextension
© McGraw-Hill Companies / Womack Photography Ltd.
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© McGraw-Hill Companies / Womack Photography Ltd.
Circumduction
Medialrotation
Lateralrotation
Supination
Pronation
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Types of Joint Movements
• Rotation• Circumduction• Supination/pronation
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Types of Joint Movements
• Eversion/inversion• Protraction/retraction• Elevation/depression
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Inversion Eversion
Protraction Retraction
Elevation
Depression
© McGraw-Hill Companies / Womack Photography Ltd.
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8.6: Examples of Synovial Joints
• The shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee are large, freely moveable joints.
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Shoulder Joint
• Ball-and-socket• Head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula• Loose joint capsule• Bursae• Ligaments prevent displacement• Very wide range of movement (circumduction)
• Gliding joint• Between acromion process and clavicle
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Humerus
Articular cartilage
Scapula
ClavicleAcromion process Subdeltoid bursa
Synovial membrane
Joint capsule
Joint cavity
(a)
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Shoulder JointCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
© Paul Reimann
Head of humerus
Joint cavity
Joint capsule
Articular cartilage
Scapula
Humerus
(b)
Coracohumeralligament
Transversehumeralligament
Tendon ofbicepsbrachii(long head)
Acromion processClavicle
Coracoidprocess
Acromionprocess
Subscapularbursa
Jointcapsule
Coracoidprocess
Clavicle
Glenohumeralligaments
Glenoid cavity
Tricepsbrachii(long head)
Glenoidlabrum
ScapulaHumerus
Scapula
Articular capsule(glenohumeralligaments hidden)
(a) (b)
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Elbow Joint
• Hinge joint• Trochlea of humerus• Trochlear notch of ulna
• Gliding joint• Capitulum of humerus• Head of radius
• Flexion and extension• Many reinforcing ligaments• Stable joint
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Humerus
Joint capsule
Synovialmembrane
Joint cavity
Articular cartilage
Coronoid process
Anularligament
Radius
Ulna
Olecranonprocess
Trochlea
(a)
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Elbow Joint
Radius
Tendon of bicepsbrachii muscle
Anular ligament
Humerus
Medialepicondyle
Ulnar collateral ligamentCoronoid processUlna
Humerus
Lateral epicondyle
Anular ligament Radius
Olecranon process Radial collateral ligament Ulna
(b)(a)
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Hip Joint
• Ball-and-socket joint• Head of femur and acetabulum of coxa• Heavy joint capsule• Many reinforcing ligaments• Less freedom of movement than shoulder joint• Circumduction
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Hip bone
Joint cavity
Articular cartilage
Synovial membrane
Joint capsule
Ligamentum capitis
Femur
(a)
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Hip JointCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
(b)
Joint cavity
Articularcartilage
Hip bone
Head of femur
Joint capsule
Femur
© Paul Reimann
Ilium
IliofemoralligamentGreatertrochanter
Femur
Lessertrochanter
Pubis
Pubofemoralligament
Ischium
IliofemoralligamentIschiofemoralligament
Femur
Ilium
(a) (b)
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Knee Joint
• Largest joint• Most complex – 3 joints
• Medial and lateral condyles of distal end of femur and• Medial and lateral condyles of proximal end of tibia and• Femur articulates anteriorly with patella
• Strengthened by many ligaments and tendons• Menisci separate femur and tibia• Bursae
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Femur
Quadriceps femoris tendon(patellar tendon)
Synovial membraneSuprapatellar bursa
PatellaPrepatellar bursa
Joint cavity
Articular cartilage
Menisci
Patellar ligament
Infrapatellar bursa
Joint capsule
Tibia
(a)
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Knee Joint
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Anterior cruciateligament
Femur
(b)
Lateral condyle
Lateral meniscus
Articularcartilage
Lateralcondyle
Head of fibula
Tibia
Fibula
© Paul Reimann
Gastroc-nemiusmuscle(cut)
Popliteusmusclecut)
Obliquepoplitealligament
Arcuatepoplitealligament
Fibula Tibia
FemurJointcapsule
Fibularcollateralligament
Plantarismuscle(cut)
Tibialcollateralligament
Tendon ofsemimembranosus(cut)
(a) (b)
Femur
Lateralcondyle
LateralmeniscusLateralcondyleFibularcollateralligament
Fibula
Tibia
MedialcondyleAnteriorcruciateligamentMedialmeniscusMedialcondyle
TibialcollateralligamentPatellarligament(cut)
Posteriorcruciateligament
Tendon ofadductormagnus (cut)
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8.1 Clinical Application
Replacing Joints
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8.2 Clinical Application
Joint Disorders
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8.7: Lifespan Changes
• Joint stiffness is an early sign of aging• Fibrous joints first to change; can strengthen however over a lifetime• Changes in symphysis joints of vertebral column diminish flexibility and decrease height (remember water loss from the IVDs) • Synovial joints lose elasticity• Disuse hampers the blood supply• Activity and exercise can keep joints functional longer
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Important Points in Chapter 8:Outcomes to be Assessed
8.1: Introduction List the functions of joints.8.2: Classification of Joints Explain how joints can be classified according the type of tissue that binds the bones together. Describe how bones of fibrous joints are held together. Describe how bones of cartilaginous joints are held together.8.3: General Structure of a Synovial Joint Describe the general structure of a synovial joint.8.4: Types of Synovial Joints Distinguish among the six types of synovial joints and give an example of each type.8.5: Types of Joint Movements Explain how skeletal muscles produce movements at joints, and identify several types of joint movements.
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Important Points in Chapter 8:Outcomes to be Assessed
8.6: Examples of Synovial Joints Describe the shoulder joint and explain how its articulating parts are held together. Describe the elbow, hip, and knee joints and explain how their articulating parts are held together.8.7: Lifespan Changes Describe lifespan changes in joints.
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Quiz 8
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