Post on 19-Dec-2015
Chapter 7: Immigration and Urbanization
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Journal – page 255
1. Why did immigrants come to the U.S. in the late 19th century and early 20th century?
2. What part of Europe did they come from? 3. Where else? 4. Where did immigrants have to pass
through to be admitted to the U.S.? 5. Why did Nativists clash with new
immigrants? 6. How were Asian immigrants treated by the
U.S. government?
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3s2d3kkP1rg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ns-qtoxnAS8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RVggUxEgv5k
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADmX9eMEV9U
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubT-Bm36L2U
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Assignment
Write a letter Imagine what it would
be like to be an immigrant in America in the late 1800s
Pick a country and create an appropriate name
Answer all of the questions in your letter
3-4 sentences for each paragraph
Paragraph 1 1. Why did you come to America? 2. How did you enter the U.S.? Paragraph 2 3. What challenges are you
facing? 4. Are there other immigrant
groups facing greater challenges? Who?
Paragraph 3 5. Where do you live? What is it
like? 6. Describe your encounter with
nativists and others with anti-immigrant feelings?
* Reference the movie clips, notes, and textbook
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Section 1: The New Immigrants
Why do immigrants leave their homeland?
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Through the “Golden Door”
Famine + land shortagesreligious persecution -> pogroms in RussiaPop. in Europe doubledRevolts in Europe“birds of passage” Are there more jobs in America?Europeans
1870-1920 -> 20 million Before 1890 -> western + northern 1907 -> 1 million from Italy, Austria-Hungary, Russia
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Through the “Golden Door”
Chinese 1851 – 1883 ->
300,000 Gold in California Transcontinental
railroad
Japanese Hawaii planters (sugar
cane + pineapples) U.S. annexes Hawaii in
1898 1920 -> 200,000 lived
in West Coast
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Through the “Golden Door”
1880 – 1920260,000 immigrants arrived in eastern and
southeastern U.S West Indies: Jamaica, Cuba, P. Rico, Mexicans -> work, political turmoil
1902 National Reclamation Act -> new farmland in U.S.
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Life in the New Land
Steamship -> 1 week from Europe, 3 from AsiaSteerage -> in the ship’s cargo -> crowded ->
diseasesEllis Island
Immigration station in NYC Harbor 2 % denied entrance Physical examination (tuberculosis) -> govt. inspector ->
no felony convictions, able to work, some money + language skills, draw a diamond
17 millionAngel Island
San Francisco 50,000 Chinese Harsh questioning, long detention,
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What now?
Where to live? Job? New language + cultureImmigrants stuck togetherBuild churches, synagogues, newspapers“Hyphenated” AmericansGeneration Gap -> Children were eager to fit
in
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Assignment
Write a letter Imagine what it would be like to be an
immigrant in America in the late 1800sDescribe your feelings, observations,
challenges Pick a country, make up an appropriate name1 paragraph – feelings1 paragraph – observations1 paragraphs – challengesExtra Credit: Image on the back Be creative
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Immigration Restrictions17
Immigration Restrictions
Nativism – favoritism towards native-born Americans Anglo-Saxons were superior Right immigrants = British, German, Scandinavian Wrong = Slav, Latin, Asiatic, Catholics, Jews 1897 – Congress passes literacy test for immigrants Anti-Asian sentiment
Depression of 1873 Labor groups pressured govt. Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) – no Chinese immigrants for ten
years San Francisco – segregated Japanese in school
Gentlemen’s Agreement (1907-1908) -> T. Roosevelt + Japan -> limit unskilled emigrants -> desegregate schools
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Section 2: The Challenges of Urbanization
urbanization = growth of citiesCities = cheap + available industrial jobsNatural and economic disasters in EuropeFarming technology improves-> fewer farm
jobs -> 200,000 African Americans (from the South) migrate to cities
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Americanization Movement
Assimilate immigrants into the dominant culture
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New York City24
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The main goal of the ____________ Movement was to help immigrants _____________ into the dominant culture by teaching them _______________.
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Housing
Row houses – single-family living spaces that shared side walls with other similar houses
1879 NYC laws -> minimum standards for plumbing/ventilation
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Urban Problems
1879 NYC laws -> minimum standards for plumbing/ventilation
Mass transit – transportation systems designed to move large numbers of people along fixed routes
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Urban Problems
Water No access to safe water chlorination (1908)
Sanitation Horse manure, sewage, factory smoke, 1900 – sewer
lines + sanitation departments created
Crime 1844 – NYC first full-time police force -> little impact
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1871 – 100,000 people left homeless, 17,500 buildings destroyed
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__________ houses were living spaces that shared __________ with other houses.
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Journal 11/5
Chose one of the urban problems and write a one paragraph solution to the problem
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Reformers
Social Gospel movement -> salvation through service to the poor
Settlement houses -> community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance (usually to immigrants)
Jane Adams – Hull House
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Social reformers founded ___________ houses to help the ____________ poor.
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Section 3: Politics in the Gilded Age
The Political Machine An organized group that controlled the activities of a
political party in a city Offered services to voters and businesses in exchange
for political or financial support Local precinct workers/captains tried to gain voters’
support -> reported to ward boss -> ward boss secured the vote in the electoral district -> ward bosses gained votes by helping the poor
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The Political Machine
Political boss Boss could be a mayor Controlled access to municipal (community) jobs, business
licenses, influenced the courts Solved urban problems (built schools, sewer systems) ->
gained voters loyalty -> extend their influence
Immigrants and the Machine Captains and bosses = first or second-generation
immigrants Helped with naturalization, housing, jobs Gained votes “Big Jim” Pedergast -> Irish-American -> Democratic city
boss in Kansas City
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Municipal Graft and Scandal
Fraud – fake names used to vote Graft – illegal use of political influence for personal gain
Help a person find work on construction project -> political machine asks the worker to charge the city more than the actual cost -> worker “kicks back” money to the political machine
Political machines grant favors (gambling) to businesses for money
Police force hired by political bosses William M. Tweed (Boss Tweed) -> head of Tammany Hall
1871-> NYC Democratic political machine NYC Court House -> $13 million for taxpayers -> actual
cost was $3 million
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Thomas Nast’s Political Cartoons
1. Under Tammany tiger’s victim is a torn paper that reads “LAW.” What is its significance?
2. Boss Tweed and his cronies (a close friend/powerful), portrayed as noblemen, watch from the stands on the left. The cartoon’s caption reads “What are you going to do about it?” What effect do you think Nast wanted to have on his audience?
“THE TAMMANY TIGER LOOSE”43
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Assignment – Political Cartoon
An editorial cartoon that includes an illustration and commentary that relates to current events or personalities 1. Topic (immigrants, restrictions on immigrants, nativism,
urbanization, ethnic communities, migration of farmers + African Americans, conditions in cities, reformers, political machines, corruption)
2. illustration Hyperbole = exaggerate to prove a point or produce a certain
feeling Satire = use humor or exaggeration to criticize Question authority, draw attention to social problem, or
corruption 3. Add commentary or title
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Civil Service Replaces Patronage
Patronage = giving govt. jobs to people who had helped a candidate get elected (since early 1800s)
Andrew Jackson – spoils systemUnqualified govt. employees + used positions
for personal gainReformers wanted a merit system in civil
service (govt. admin.) jobs
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Civil Service Reform Under Late 1800s Presidents
Rutherford B. Hayes (1876 - Republican) Congress did not support reform Named independents to his cabinet (Sec. of State/War/Treasury) Investigates NYC customhouse -> fires top officials -> jobs were
controlled by Republican political boss and his supporters (Stalwarts)
James A. Garfield (1880 - Independent) Angered Stalwarts by giving govt. jobs to reformers Assassinated in 1881 by a Stalwart
Chester A. Arthur (Republican) VP -> now President -> urges Congress to pass Pendleton Civil Service
Act -> appointments to federal jobs based on test scores
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Business Buys Influence
Govt. employees no longer a source for campaign contributions -> politicians looked to wealthy business owners
Grover Cleveland (Dem. Pres. 1884) Tried to lower tariffs Tariffs led to higher prices for domestic products
Benjamin Harrison (Rep. Pres. 1888) Companies that wanted higher tariffs supported his
campaign McKinley Tariff Act 1890 -> highest tariffs yet
Cleveland Pres. 1892 tried to lower tariffs
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