Post on 02-Jan-2016
Chapter 5Populations
Location of the ecosystem Aleutian Islands, Alaska
Change in sea otter populations around the Aleutian Islands
Chart1
1001911
108.96646626911912
118.73690771171913
129.38341249071914
140.98453252941915
153.62586308331916
167.40067427731917
182.41059927061918
198.76638412541919
216.58870491231920
236.0090580811921
257.17073066581922
280.22985748491923
305.35657313221924
332.73626726261925
362.57095243171926
395.0807545831927
430.50553717841928
469.10667095611929
511.16896237341930
557.00275496271931
606.94621910431932
661.36784711181933
720.66917203771934
785.28773026021935
855.70028970931936
932.42636755061937
1016.03206328121938
1107.13423551841939
1206.40505329981940
1314.57695547251941
1432.44805476621942
1560.88802641911943
1700.84452480621944
1853.35017541261945
2019.53019373921946
2200.61068735491947
2397.92770235061948
2612.93708093911949
2847.2252029341950
3102.52069036021951
3380.70716155291952
3683.83712885031953
4014.14714241691954
4374.07429193341955
4766.27418790461956
5193.64055525551957
5659.32658378041958
6166.76819297281959
6719.70938288871960
7322.22985808641961
7978.7751284571962
8694.18930903681963
9473.75086080251964
10323.21153615411965
11248.83881643031966
12257.462154571967
13356.52336410621968
14554.1315262721969
15859.12282033441970
17281.12571859351971
18830.63202707041972
20519.07429603441973
22358.91017151811974
24363.71431018371975
26548.27853570411976
28928.72097563251977
31522.60498399211978
34349.06872702061979
37428.9663881761980
40785.02203424131981
44441.9972777831982
48426.87397300591983
52769.05329297091984
57500.57265700391985
62656.34210882861986
68274.40188946321987
198874405
19891989
19901990
19911991
199228811
19931993
19941994
19951995
19961996
19971997
19981998
19991999
20008742
20012001
20022002
20033311
Year
Estimated Population Size
Sheet1
198874,405110367
1989
1990
1991
199228,811
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
20008,742
2001
2002
20033,311
Sheet1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Year
Estimated Population Size
Sheet2
198874,405
1989
1990
1991
199228,811
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
20008,742
2001
2002
20033,311
Aleutian Archipelago
Estimated carrying capacity
Sheet4
1911100
1912108.9664662691
1913118.7369077117
1914129.3834124907
1915140.9845325294
1916153.6258630833
1917167.4006742773
1918182.4105992706
1919198.7663841254
1920216.5887049123
1921236.009058081
1922257.1707306658
1923280.2298574849
1924305.3565731322
1925332.7362672626
1926362.5709524317
1927395.080754583
1928430.5055371784
1929469.1066709561
1930511.1689623734
1931557.0027549627
1932606.9462191043
1933661.3678471118
1934720.6691720377
1935785.2877302602
1936855.7002897093
1937932.4263675506
19381016.0320632812
19391107.1342355184
19401206.4050532998
19411314.5769554725
19421432.4480547662
19431560.8880264191
19441700.8445248062
19451853.3501754126
19462019.5301937392
19472200.6106873549
19482397.9277023506
19492612.9370809391
19502847.225202934
19513102.5206903602
19523380.7071615529
19533683.8371288503
19544014.1471424169
19554374.0742919334
19564766.2741879046
19575193.6405552555
19585659.3265837804
19596166.7681929728
19606719.7093828887
19617322.2298580864
19627978.775128457
19638694.1893090368
19649473.7508608025
196510323.2115361541
196611248.8388164303
196712257.46215457
196813356.5233641062
196914554.131526272
197015859.1228203344
197117281.1257185935
197218830.6320270704
197320519.0742960344
197422358.9101715181
197524363.7143101837
197626548.2785357041
197728928.7209756325
197831522.6049839921
197934349.0687270206
198037428.966388176
198140785.0220342413
198244441.997277783
198348426.8739730059
198452769.0532929709
198557500.5726570039
198662656.3421088286
198768274.4018894632
198874,405
1989
1990
1991
199228,811
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
20008,742
2001
2002
20033,311
Sheet4
Year
Estimated Population Size
Sheet3
19110100100
19121108.9664662691
19132118.7369077117
19143129.3834124907
19154140.9845325294
19165153.6258630833
19176167.4006742773
19187182.4105992706
19198198.7663841254
19209216.5887049123
192110236.009058081
192211257.1707306658
192312280.2298574849
192413305.3565731322
192514332.7362672626
192615362.5709524317
192716395.080754583
192817430.5055371784
192918469.1066709561
193019511.1689623734
193120557.0027549627
193221606.9462191043
193322661.3678471118
193423720.6691720377
193524785.2877302602
193625855.7002897093
193726932.4263675506
1938271016.0320632812
1939281107.1342355184
1940291206.4050532998
1941301314.5769554725
1942311432.4480547662
1943321560.8880264191
1944331700.8445248062
1945341853.3501754126
1946352019.5301937392
1947362200.6106873549
1948372397.9277023506
1949382612.9370809391
1950392847.225202934
1951403102.5206903602
1952413380.7071615529
1953423683.8371288503
1954434014.1471424169
1955444374.0742919334
1956454766.2741879046
1957465193.6405552555
1958475659.3265837804
1959486166.7681929728
1960496719.7093828887
1961507322.2298580864
1962517978.775128457
1963528694.1893090368
1964539473.7508608025
19655410323.2115361541
19665511248.8388164303
19675612257.46215457
19685713356.5233641062
19695814554.131526272
19705915859.1228203344
19716017281.1257185935
19726118830.6320270704
19736220519.0742960344
19746322358.9101715181
19756424363.7143101837
19766526548.2785357041
19776628928.7209756325
19786731522.6049839921
19796834349.0687270206
19806937428.966388176
19817040785.0220342413
19827144441.997277783
19837248426.8739730059
19847352769.0532929709
19857457500.5726570039
19867562656.3421088286
19877668274.4018894632
198874,405
1989
1990
1991
199228,811
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
20008,742
2001
2002
20033,311
WHY?With your group, discuss as many reasons that you can think of that might be causing the sea otter population decline
Change in sea otter populations around the Aleutian Islands
Killer whale prey in the Aleutians
If you were a killer whaleWith your partners, rank the order of the three prey species that you would prefer to eat. Give a reasoning for your ranking.
So who cares if the otters go extinct?With your partners, make a prediction about what will happen to the kelp forests of the Aleutian Islands habitat if the sea otters become extinct
Whats next?With your partners, sum everything up. What will eventually happen to all the members of this ecosystem if the sea otters become extinct?
5 1 How Populations GrowWhat characteristics are used to describe a population?What factors affect population size?What are exponential growth and logistic growth?
Characteristics of PopulationsThree important characteristics of a population are:1. geographic distribution The area inhabited by a population2. density - # of individuals per unit area3. growth rate how fast the population grows
Population GrowthThree factors can affect population size:1. The # of births2. The # of deaths3. How fast the population numbers grow
Exponential GrowthUnder ideal conditions with unlimited resources, a population will grow exponentiallyWhen the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate
Exponential Growth
Logistic GrowthObviously, the conditions for exponential growth are rarely ever metAs resources become less available, the growth of a population slows or stops
Logistic GrowthOccurs when a populations growth slows or stops following a period of exponential growthQ: Why does this happen?A: Lack of resources, lack of space
Carrying CapacityThe largest number of individuals that a population can supportQ: What is the growth rate when a population is at carrying A: Zero
5 2 Limits to GrowthWhat factors limit population growth?
Limiting FactorA factor that causes population growth to decreaseEx.) Parasitism, disease, drought, extreme weatherA resource base that is limited can also affect the long term survival of a species
Density dependent FactorsLimiting factors that depend on population sizeDensity dependent factors become limiting only when the population density reaches a certain levelThese factors operate most strongly when a population is large and denseDensity dependent factors include:
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Disease
Density Independent FactorsAffect all populations in similar ways regardless of the populationEx.) unusual weather, natural disasters, seasonal cycles, human activities
Unusual Weather
Natural Disasters
Seasonal Cycles
Human Activities
Human Activities
Density Independent FactorsIn response to such factors, many species show a characteristic crash in population sizeEnvironments are always changing, and most populations can adapt to a certain amount of changePopulations often grow and shrink in response to such changesMajor upsets in an ecosystem can lead to long term declines in certain populations
5 -3 Human Population GrowthHow has the size of the human population changed over time?Why do population growth rates differ in countries throughout the world?
Historical OverviewLike the populations of many other living organisms, the size of the human population tends to increase with timeIn the U.S. and other developed countries, the current growth is lowIn some developing countries, the human population is growing at a rate of 3 people per. secondThe human population is well on its way to reaching 9 billion in your lifetime
Exponential Human GrowthThe following factors have caused a rapid increase in population growth:
Agriculture
Industry
Reliable food source
Shipping
Improved sanitation
Medicine
Technology
Patterns of Population GrowthQ: Why cant the human population keep growing exponentially forever?A: The resources on earth are limited
Demography The scientific study of human population
Birthrates, death rates, and age structure of a population help to project why some countries have a high growth rate while others grow more slowly
The Demographic Transition
Age StructurePopulation growth depends, in part, on how many people of different ages make up a given population
Age-structure diagrams (population profile) show the population of a country broken down by gender and age group
World Population: 1950 - 2050YearAverage Annual Growth Rate (%)Population19501.472,555,360,97219601.333,039,669,33019622.193,136,556,0921963 2.19 3,206,072,2861970 2.073,708,067,1051980 1.694,454,607,33219901.585,275,407,7892000 1.236,078,684,32920101.066,812,009,3382020 .877,515,218,8982030 .688,127,227,5062040 .54 8,646,671,0232050.439,078,850,714
*Sea otters are cute and furry.*Initially, a dramatic decline in sea otter populations was first noted which indicated that some sort of major shift in predation as a result of a disturbance had happened. This is the kind of figures and data that a real biologist would make. How does it compare to the bar graphs you made? Is it similar? What happened? The number of sea otters in this population is on the y axis (left) and the Year is on the x axis.*What is causing this major decline!?*Killer whales had begun to prey upon the sea otters very heavily. But Why? Both organisms had always been in this ecosystem and this trend had not happened before.*Killer whales prey was at one point, mainly northern sea lions, whales, and some sea otters but theres been a shift away from sea lions to sea otters. Why?Make a hypothesis. Why did killer whales start eating sea otters at such a high rate? What might have happened in their ecosystem to cause this?
*Heres another graph from a Biologist. What do you see? Do the different animal populations increase or decrease?Decline in whales, followed by a decline in harbor seals, followed by a decline in sea lions, and finally by a decline in sea otters. The decline in whales was due to commercial whaling that became very heavy following WW 2 and ended at the end of the 1970s. At this same time, there was also heavy commercial fishing. Because of the decreasing numbers of fish in the oceans, the harbor seals and sea lions did not have as much food as they needed. The killer whales were slowly shifting between prey as the prey became less available until they ended up eating sea otters. Sea otters have small bodies so these are not the best food for a large, killer whale. Theyd much rather use their energy to kill something large bodied that would provide lots of food and energy.*That decline in animals was happening mainly out in the ocean. Change then began to happen near shore when the killer whales began eating sea otters. IN this picture, you can see a sea otter eating a sea urchin in a kelp bed.*When sea otters are present, they eat a huge amount of sea urchins. This is important because the sea urchins eat the kelp. Youve seen this image before. You can see a kelp bed with otters present.*This photo was taken at the exact same place as the photo above but this photo was taken AFTER the killer whales had eaten all of the sea otters that were present in this area. This image shows how the sea urchin populations have gotten out of control and have eaten all of the kelp. We call this sort of an area an urchin barrens.*Here is what happened after the killer whales began focusing predation on the sea otters.Fig. 1. (A) Changes in sea otter abundance over time at several islands in the Aleutian archipelagoand concurrent changes in Sea otters declined on four different islands.(B) sea urchin biomass, The number of sea urchins increased. The number of sea urchins in 1997 was MUCH larger than in the 1980s.
(C) grazing intensity, The amount of kelp the sea urchins ate also increased dramatically in 1997 from 1990 because there were MORE sea urchins.
and (D) kelp densityThe amount of kelp decreased because the otters were gone or were fewer in number and werent eating as many sea urchins and the increasing number of sea urchins were eating many, many more kelp beds.
measured from kelp forests at Adak Island. Error bars in (B) and (C) indicate 1 SE. The proposedmechanisms of change are portrayed in the marginal cartoons, the one on the left shows how thekelp forest ecosystem was organized before the sea otters decline and the one on the right showshow this ecosystem changed with the addition of killer whales as an apex predator. Heavy arrowsrepresent strong trophic interactions; light arrows represent weak interactions.