Chapter 4: Chapter 4: The Human The Human

WorldWorld

World Population6.5 Billion

World Population Growth

Growth Rate Birth Rate: Births per year, per 1000 people Death Rate: Deaths per year, per 1000 people Growth Rate = (Birth Rate – Death Rate)

In the last 200 years improved medicinehas cause the Death Rate to drop drastically

Population Growth In the Developed World, Birth & Death Rates are equal

Zero Population Growth, elsewhere growing rapidly

Population Growth: Why? Growth Rate is high in Latin America, Africa, parts of Asia Traditions of large families, agricultural economies Doubling time is 25 years, compared to 300 years in the

developed world

Challenges of Population Growth: Africa

Only part of world where food production has not increased since 1950.

Warfare & Weather often damage crops Rapid population growths strains countries’ resources:

Food, Clothing, Shelter and Clean Water

Challenges of Population Growth: Worldwide

Can Food Production keep pace with Population? Some Scientists say Yes, some say No. Possibilities include new technologies in irrigation,

fertilizers, new varieties of plants

Negative Population Growth Death Rate > Birth Rate: Germany & Hungary Declining Populations lead to their own problems Not enough labor, Guest Workers, Tensions, Protests

Population Distribution Populations are not evenly distributed across the Earth

or across individual countries Only a portion of the Earth is land, and only part of the land

is actually habitable

Population Movement Over the last hundred years people have been moving

from rural areas and into cities What is the significance of this movement?

Global Culture

Elements of Culture Language

Religion

Social Groups

Government

Economic Activities

Culture Regions Regions with many countries that have traits in common

History

Economics

Language

Art

Religion

Food

Government

Etc

Culture Hearths Early Centers of Civilization whose ideas spread

Eight Features of Civilization

• Cities

• Organized Central Governments

• Complex Religions

• Job Specialization

Eight Features of Civilization

• Social Classes

• Arts & Architecture

•

Public Works

• Writing

Cultural Diffusion Civilizations Make Contact With One Another Ideas & Practices Spread Through Trade and Travel

Cultural Change Three Major Historic Changes

Agricultural Revolution:Shift from Hunting-Gathering to Cultivation

Industrial Revolution:Factories & Machines to Produce Goods: Cities

Information Revolution:Computers – Info Storage – Networks - Linkage

Government Two Levels of Government: Unitary Systems:

All power in one National Government Federal Systems:

Power Shared Between National & States/Provinces

Types of Government

Autocracy:Rule by One: Dictatorship, Monarchy, etc

Oligarchy:Rule by the Few: Wealthy, Military, etc

Democracy:Rule with Consent of Governed

Economics

Economic Systems:

$ Traditional Economies

$ Command/Planned Economies

$ Market/Capitalist Economies

Natural ResourcesRenewable Non-Renewable

Immediate Goal: Manage Vital Resourcesso that People’s present needs are met

Long Term Goal: Ensure that the needs of Future Generations are met

Replace Fossil Fuels with Renewable Sources

Resource Management

Economic Development

Primary Economic Activities

Secondary Economic Activities

Tertiary Economic Activities

Quaternary Economic Activities

Primary Economic Activities

Directly taking resources from the Earth

Secondary Economic Activities Use Raw Materials to Produce something new & valuable These activities can occur close to resource or market

Tertiary Economic Activities Do not involve acquiring or remaking natural resources These activities provide services to people or businesses

Quaternary Economic Activities Concerned with the processing & management of information

Government, Info Processing, Education, Research

Economic DevelopmentDevelopedCountries

DevelopingCountries

Manufacturing &Industrial Base

Large Scale Agriculture Educated Population

Source of Resources Small Scale Agriculture Subsistence Farming

Less Educated Population

World Trade Countries Export Specialized Products They Produce Countries Import Things They Need

Barriers to World Trade Tariffs: Taxes on Imports Quotas: Limits on number of Items that can be Imported Embargo: Banning Trade with a Country

Free Trade Some Governments favor reducing barriers to trade

World Trade Organization (WTO):International Organization promoting Free Trade

European Union (EU):Worlds largest trading block, common currency (Euro)

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA):USA, Canada and Mexico

People and the Environment

Pollution Water Pollution:

Oil spills, fertilizer & pesticide runoff, chemical waste, etc

Land Pollution:Chemical waste in topsoil, radioactive waste, etc

Air Pollution:Exhaust from fossil fuels, acid rain, etc