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Chapter 5
Basic Office Applications
Objectives
Describe how word processing and
desktop publishing software have
revolutionized writing and publishing
Discuss the potential impact of desktoppublishing and Web publishing on theconcept of freedom of the press
Speculate about future developments inword processing and digital publishing
Objectives (continued)
Describe the basic functions andapplications of spreadsheets and othertypes of statistical and simulationprograms
Explain how computers can be used toanswer What if? questions
Explain how computers are used as toolsfor simulating mechanical, biological, andsocial systems
Doug Engelbart ExploresHyperspace
Doug Engelbart One of the pioneers of the computer hardware and
software
In 1968, he demonstrated his Augment system: Mouse
Video display editing
Mixed text and graphics, windowing
Outlining
Shared-screen video conferencing
Computer conferencing
Groupware Hypermedia
Word Processors and Other WordTools
Working with a word processor involvesseveral steps:
Entering text
Editing text
Formatting the document
Proofreading the document
Saving the document on disk
Printing the document
Word Processors and Other WordTools
Entering, Editing, and Formatting Text
Entering text
Text displayed on the screen and stored in the computersRAM
Save your work periodically because RAM is not permanent
memory
Editing text
Navigating to different parts of a document
Inserting or deleting text at any point
Moving & copying text
Searching and replacing words or phrases
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Word Processors and Other WordTools
Formatting commands
Formatting characters
Measured by point size (one point =1/72 inch)
A font is a size and style of typeface
Serif fonts have serifs or fine lines at the ends ofeach character
Monospaced fonts and proportionally spaced fonts
Word Processors and Other WordTools
Formatting paragraphs involves:
Margin settings
Line spacing
Indents
Tabs
J ustification
Word Processors and Other WordTools
Formatting the document Style sheets
Headers and footers
Multiple variable-width columns
Graphics
Automatic editing features
Hidden comments
Table of contents and indexes
Coaching and help features (sometimes called
wizards) Conversion to HTML for Web publishing
Word Processors and Other WordTools
Rules of Thumb: Word Processing Is NotTyping
Use the Return or Enter key only when youmust Word wrap moves text to the next line
Use tabs and margin guides, not thespacebar, to align columns WYSIWYG is a matter of degree
Text that looks perfectly aligned onscreenmay not line up on paper
Word Processors and Other WordTools
Dont underline Use italics and boldface for emphasis; italicize
book and journal titles
Use only one space after a period Proportionally spaced fonts look better without
double spaces
Take advantage of special characters Bullets (), em dashes (), and curly quotes
( ) make your work look more professional
Word Processors and Other WordTools
The Wordsmiths Toolbox
Outliners and IdeaProcessors are effective
at:
Arranging information intolevels
Rearranging ideas and
levels
Hiding and revealing levelsof detail as needed
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Word Processors and Other WordTools
Synonym Finders
A computerized
thesaurus can
provideinstantaneousfeedback forsynonyms andantonyms
Word Processors and Other WordTools
Digital References Dictionaries, quotation
books, encyclopedias,atlases, almanacs andother references are nowavailable in digital form
The biggest advantage ofthe electronic form is speed
The biggest drawback isthat quick and easy copyingmight tempt writers toplagiarize
Word Processors and Other WordTools
Spelling Checkers
Compare words inyour document with
words in a disk-
based dictionary
Words might beflagged, but youmake the decision to
ignore or change thespelling
Word Processors and Other WordTools
Grammar and StyleCheckers Analyzes each word in
context, checking forerrors of content
Checks spelling Points out possible errors
and suggestsimprovements
Analyzes prose complexityusing measurements such
as sentence length andparagraph length
Word Processors and Other WordTools
Form Letter Generators Mail merge capabilities produce personalized
form lettersCreate a database with names
Create a form letter
Merge the database with the form letter to create apersonalized letter
Incorporate custom paragraphs based on therecipients personal dataMakes each letter look as if it were individually
written
Word Processors and Other WordTools
Collaborative Writing
Tools Groupware: software
designed to be used by aworkgroup
Provides for collaborativewriting and editing
Tracks changes andidentifies by the originatorsname
Compares documentversions and highlightsdifferences in documents
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Word Processors and Other WordTools
Emerging Word Tools
Processing handwritten words
Processing words with software that can
reliably recognize human speech
Anticipating a writers needs, acting as anelectronic editor or co-author
The Desktop Publishing Story
What Is DesktopPublishing?
The process ofproducing a book,magazine, or otherpublicationincludes severalsteps: Writing text
Editing text
The Desktop Publishing Story
Producing drawings, photographs, andother graphics to accompany the text
Designing a basic format for the publication
Typesetting text
Arranging text and graphics on pages
Typesetting and printing pages
Binding pages into a finished publication
The Desktop Publishing Story
With modern desktop publishing technology(DTP), the production process can beaccomplished with sophisticated tools that areaffordable and easy to use
A desktop publishing system generally includes:
One or more Macs or PCs
A scanner
Transforms photographs and hand-drawn images into
computer-readable documents A high-resolution printer
The Desktop Publishing Story
Desktop publishing software:
Image editing software
Page-layout software combinesthe various source documentsinto a coherent, visually
appealing publication
QuarkXpress
PageMaker
Adobe InDesign
The Desktop Publishing Story
Why Desktop Publishing?
Saves money
Saves time
Can reduce the number of
publication errors
Offers new hope for everyindividuals right to publish
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The Desktop Publishing Story
Rules of Thumb: Beyond DESKTOP TaCkY!?
Plan before you publish
Use appropriate fonts Dont go style-crazy
Look at your document through your readers eyes
Learn from the masters
Know your limitations
Remember the message
The purpose of publishing is communication; dont try to use
technology to disguise the lack of something to communicate
The Desktop Publishing Story
Beyond the Printed Page Paperless Publishing and the Web
A common prediction is that desktop publishingandpaper publishing in generalwill be replaced bypaperless electronic media
Electronic Books and Digital Paper The electronic book, or ebook, is a handheld device
that can contain anything from todays top newsstories to lengthy novels
Digital paper, or epaper, is a flexible, portable, paper-like material that can dynamically display black-and-white text and images on its surface
The Desktop Publishing Story
Creating Professional-looking Documents
Rules of Thumb:
Plan before you publish
Use appropriate fonts
Dont go style-crazy
View your document through your readers eyes
Learn from the masters
Know your limitations
Remember the message
The Spreadsheet: Software forSimulation and Speculation
The Malleable Matrix The spreadsheet
consists of:
Cells (theintersection of a rowand column)
Addresses (columnletter and row
number, e.g., A1,C12)
The Spreadsheet: Software forSimulation and Speculation
Spreadsheets cancontain:
Values, such asnumbers and dates
Labels, such as
column and reportheadings, thatexplain what thevalues mean
The Spreadsheet: Software forSimulation and Speculation
Formulas allow you to
create instructionsusing mathematicalexpressions andcommands +(plus)
- (minus)
*(multiplication)
/ (division)
Sum
Average
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The Spreadsheet: Software forSimulation and Speculation
Screen Test:
Creating a Worksheet
with Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet programs
work in much the sameway and share most of
these features: Spreadsheets offer
many automatic features
such as replication ofdata
The Spreadsheet: Software forSimulation and Speculation
Spreadsheets Automatic Features
The Spreadsheet: Software forSimulation and Speculation
Formulas can be:
Relative, so theyrefer to different
cells when they are
copied
Absolute, so theformula referencesnever change whenthey are copied
The Spreadsheet: Software forSimulation and Speculation
Automaticrecalculation
Any time achange isentered intothe
spreadsheet,all data relatedto the change
automaticallyupdates
The Spreadsheet: Software forSimulation and Speculation
Functions (e.g., SUM,
AVG, SQRT) automatecomplex calculations Macros store
keystrokes andcommands so they canbe played backautomatically
Templates offer ready-to-use worksheets withlabels and formulasalready entered
The Spreadsheet: Software forSimulation and Speculation
Linking spreadsheets together
When the values change in onespreadsheet, the data isautomatically updated in all linkedspreadsheets
Database capabilities Search for information
Sort the data by a specific criteria
Merge the data with a wordprocessor
Generate reports
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The Spreadsheet: Software forSimulation and Speculation
Rules of Thumb: Avoiding Spreadsheet
Pitfalls
Plan the worksheet before you startentering values and formulas
Make your assumptions as accurate aspossible
Double-check every formula and value
The Spreadsheet: Software forSimulation and Speculation
Make formulas readable
Check your output against other systems
Build in cross-checks
Change the input data values and studythe results
Take advantage of pre-programmedfunctions, templates, and macros
Use a spreadsheet as a decision-makingaid, not as a decision-maker
The Spreadsheet: Software forSimulation and Speculation
What If? Questions
Spreadsheets allow you to change
numbers and instantly see the effects ofthose changes
What if I enter this value?
Equation solvers
Some spreadsheets generate data needed tofit a given equation and target value
The Spreadsheet: Software forSimulation and Speculation
Spreadsheet Graphics:
From Digits to Drawings
Charts allow you to turnnumbers into visual data
Pie charts (show relativeproportions to the whole)
Line charts (show trends
or relationships over time)
The Spreadsheet: Software forSimulation and Speculation
Bar charts (use if data falls into a fewcategories)
Scatter charts (use to discover, rather thanto display, a relationship between twovariables)
The Spreadsheet: Software forSimulation and Speculation
Rules of Thumb: Making Smart Charts
Choose the right chart for the job
Think about the message youre trying to convey
Pie charts, bar charts, line charts, and scatter chartsare not interchangeable
Keep it simple, familiar, and understandable
Use charts in magazines, books, and newspapers asmodels
Strive to reveal the truth, not hide it
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Statistical Software: BeyondSpreadsheets
Money Managers
Accounting and Financial Management
software allows you to do electronicallyhandle routine transactions such as: Writing checks
Balancing accounts
Creating budgets
Online banking services
Tax preparation
Statistical Software: BeyondSpreadsheets
Automatic Mathematics
Mathematics processing software
Software turns abstract mathematicalrelationships into visual objects (Example:Mathematica by Wolfram)
Generally, they include an interactive, wizard-like question and-answer mode, a programminglanguage, and tools for creating interactivedocuments that combine text,numericalexpressions, and graphics
Statistical Software: BeyondSpreadsheets
Statistics and Data Analysis
Statistical and data analysissoftware Collects and analyzes data that
tests the strength of datarelationships
Can produce graphs showing howtwo or more variables relate to eachother
Can often uncover trends bybrowsing through two- and three-dimensional graphs of data, lookingfor unusual patterns in the dots andlines that appear on the screen
Statistical Software: BeyondSpreadsheets
Scientific Visualization
Scientific visualization software usesshape, location in space, color, brightness,and motion to help us visualize data
Visualization helps researchers seerelationships that might have beenobscure or even impossible to graspwithout computer-aided visualization tools
Calculated Risks: ComputerModeling and Simulation
Computer modeling uses computers to create
abstract models of objects, organisms,organizations, and processes
Examples of popular computer models:
Games (chess boards, sports arenas, andmythological societies)
Models of organisms, objects, and organizations
Flight simulators and simulations of science labactivities
Business, city, or nation management simulations
Calculated Risks: ComputerModeling and Simulation
Computer Simulations: The Rewards
Computer simulations are widely used
There are many reasons:
Safety
Economy
Projection
Visualization
Replication
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Calculated Risks: ComputerModeling and SimulationComputer Simulations: The Risk
GIGO Revisited
The accuracy of a simulation depends on how closelyits mathematical model corresponds to the systembeing simulated
Some models suffer from faulty assumptions Some models contain hidden assumptions that may
not even be obvious to their creators
Some models go astray simply because of clerical orhuman errors
Still, garbage in, garbage out is a basic rule ofsimulation
Calculated Risks: ComputerModeling and Simulation
Making Reality Fit the Machine Some simulations are so complex that
researchers need to simplify modelsand streamline calculations to get themto run on the best hardware available
Sometimes this simplification of realityis deliberate; more often itsunconscious
Either way, information can be lost,and the loss may compromise theintegrity of the simulation and call theresults into question
Calculated Risks: ComputerModeling and Simulation
The Illusion of Infallibility
A computer simulation, whether generated by a PCspreadsheet or churned out by a supercomputer, canbe an invaluable decision making aid
The risk is that the people who make decisions withcomputers will turn over too much of their decision-
making power to the computer
Risks can be magnified because people takecomputers seriously
Inventing the Future: TrulyIntelligent Agents
Future user interfaces will be based on agentsrather than on tools
Agents are software programs designed to bemanaged rather than manipulated
An intelligent software agent can: Ask questions as well as respond to commands
Pay attention to its users work patterns
Serve as a guide and a coach
Take on its owners goals
Use reasoning to fabricate goals of its own
Inventing the Future: TrulyIntelligent Agents
Tomorrows agents will be better able to
compete with human assistants Future agents may possess a degree of
sensitivity
A well-trained software agent in the future mightaccomplish these tasks: Remind you that its time to get the tires rotated on
your car, and make an appointment for the rotation
Distribute notes to the other members of your studygroup or work group, and tell you which membersopened those notes
Inventing the Future: TrulyIntelligent Agents
Keep you posted on new articles on subjects
that interest you, and know enough about thosesubjects to be selective without being rigid
Manage your appointments and keep track ofyour communications
Teach you new applications and answerreference questions
Defend your system and your home fromviruses, intruders, and other security breaches
Help protect your privacy on and off the Net
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1
Summary
Surveys a variety of applications that
people use to manipulate words and
numbers
Considers software tools for working withwords
From outliners to sophisticated referencetools and numbers
From spreadsheets to statistical packages
and money managers
Summary (continued)
Looks at how desktop-publishingtechnology has transformed the publishing
process and provided more people withthe power to communicate in print
Examines how scientific visualizationsoftware can help us understandrelationships that are invisible to the nakedeye and how computer simulationssimulate reality for work and pleasure
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Chapter 6
Graphics, Digital Media, andMultimedia
Objectives
Compare and contrast several types of computergraphics programs used by artists,
photographers, designers, and others Explain how computers are changing the way
professionals and amateurs work with video,animation, audio, and music
Describe several ways that computers are usedto create multimedia materials in the arts,entertainment, education, and business
Objectives (continued)
Explain the relationship betweenhypermedia and multimedia, describing
applications of each
Describe several present and futureapplications for multimedia technology
Tim Berners-Lee Weaves the Webfor Everybody
Born in London in 1955
Wanted to create an open-endeddistributed hypertext system with noboundaries, so scientists everywherecould link their work together
Invented the World Wide Web andgave it to all
Now works at MIT
Heads the World Wide Web Consortium(W3C)
Focus on Computer Graphics
Painting: Bitmapped Graphics
Painting software:
Paints pixels on the screen with apointing device
Pointer movements are translatedinto lines and patterns on the
screen
Stores an image at 300 dots perinch or higher
Focus on Computer Graphics
Pixels: tiny dots of white, black, or color that
make up images on the screen The palette of tools mimics real-world painting
tools Also contains other tools that are unique to computers
Bitmapped graphics (or raster graphics):pictures that show how the pixels are mappedon the screen
Color depth: the number of bits devoted to eachpixel
Resolution: the density of the pixels
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Focus on Computer Graphics
Image Processing:
Photographic Editing by Computer
Allows the user to manipulate photographs andother high resolution images with tools such asAdobe Photoshop
Far more powerful than traditional photo-retouching techniques Can distort and combine photos as demonstrated in
the tabloids
Can create fabricated images that show no evidenceof tampering
Focus on Computer Graphics
Digital photo management software
programs such as Apple iPhoto and
Microsoft PictureIt! simplify and automatecommon tasks associated with capturing,organizing, editing, and sharing digitalimages
Take an image
Combine it with
other objects Make a statement
Focus on Computer Graphics
Drawing: Object-Oriented Graphics
Drawing software stores a picture as acollection of lines and shapes (calledobject-oriented or vector graphics)
Memory demands on storage are not ashigh as for bitmapped images
Many drawing toolsline, shape, and text
toolsare similar to painting tools inbitmapped programs
Focus on Computer Graphics
PostScript: a standard page-descriptionlanguage for describing text fonts, illustrations,and other elements of the printed page
Used by professional drawing programs such asAdobe Illustrator and Macromedia Freehand
Built into many laser printers and other high-endoutput devices so those devices can understand and
follow PostScript instructions
PostScript-based drawing software constructs aPostScript program as the user draws
Focus on Computer Graphics
Bit-mapped painting
(pixels) gives you theseadvantages:
More control over textures,shading and fine detail
Appropriate for screendisplays, simulating
natural paint media andembellishing photographs
Focus on Computer Graphics
Object-oriented drawing gives you theseadvantages:
Better for creating printed graphs, charts, andillustrations
Lines are cleaner and shapes are smoother
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Focus on Computer Graphics
Some integrated programs contain bothdrawing and painting modules
Allows you to choose the right tool for eachjob
Some programs merge features of both ina single application Blurring the distinction between types
Offers new possibilities for amateur andprofessional illustrators
Focus on Computer Graphics
Rules of Thumb:
Creating Smart Art
Reprogram yourself . . . relax Choose the right tool for the
job
Borrow from the best
Dont borrow withoutpermission
Protect your own work U.S. Copyright Office Web Site:
http://lcweb.loc.gov/copyright/
Focus on Computer Graphics
3-D Modeling Software
Used to create three-dimensional objects withtools similar to those in drawing software
Goal for some applications: to create ananimated presentation on a computer screen orvideotape
Flexible: can create a 3-D model, rotate it, view itfrom different angles
Can walk-through a 3-D environment thatexists only in the computers memory
Focus on Computer Graphics
Images in wireframe view; those on theright are fully rendered to add surface
textures
Focus on Computer Graphics
CAD/CAM: Turning Pictures into Products
Computer Aided Design (CAD) software:
Allows engineers, designers, and architects tocreate designs on screen for products rangingfrom computer chips to public buildings
Can test product prototypes
Cheaper, faster, and more accurate than
traditional design-by-hand techniques
Focus on Computer Graphics
Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) isthe process by which data related to theproduct design are fed into a program that
controls the manufacturing of parts
Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)refers to the combination of CAD/CAM andis a major step toward a fully automated
factory
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Focus on Computer Graphics
Presentation Graphics:
Bringing Lectures to Life
Automates the creation of visual aids forlectures, training sessions, salesdemonstrations, and other presentations
Create slide shows directly on computer
monitors or LCD projectors, including stillimages, animation, and video clips
Focus on Computer Graphics
MICROSOFT OFFICE POWERPOINT
You start by creating an outline of the main
points of your talk, arranging headings andpoints in the appropriate order
You can design the background, borders, andtext format yourself, or select a professionallydesigned template from the collection thatcomes with PowerPoint
The program places your text on this templatefor each slide in the presentation
Focus on Computer Graphics
You can print overhead transparencies orhave slides made, but since there is a bigscreen computer system in the lectureroom, you opt to create an interactiveslideshow with animated visual transitionsbetween slides
Microsoft Producer lets you combine apresentation with a video of the speaker
and a table of contents
Rules of Thumb: Making PowerfulPresentations
Remember your goal Remember your audience Outline your ideas Be stingy with words Keep it simple
Use a consistent design Be smart with art
Keep each slide focused
Tell them what youre going to tell them, then tellthem, then tell them what you told them
Dynamic Media: Beyond thePrinted Page
Modern media contains dynamicinformation, which is information thatchanges over time or in response to user
input
Animation
Desktop Video
Audio
Hypertext and hypermedia
Dynamic Media: Beyond thePrinted Page
Animation: Graphics in Time
Each frame of computer-based animation
is a computer-drawn picture; the computerdisplays these frames in rapid succession
Tweening: Instead of drawing each frameby hand, the animator can create keyframes and objects and use software to
help fill in the gaps
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Dynamic Media: Beyond thePrinted Page
Desktop Video: Computers, Film, and TV
Analog and Digital Video
A video digitizer can convert analog video
signals from a television broadcast orvideotape into digital data
Dynamic Media: Beyond thePrinted Page
Many video digitizers can import signals fromtelevisions, videotapes, video cameras, andother sources Signals displayed on the computers screen in real
timeat the same time theyre created or imported
Digital video cameras capture footage in digitalform
Digital video can be copied, edited, stored, andplayed back without any loss of quality
Digital video will soon replace analog video formost applications
Dynamic Media: Beyond thePrinted Page
Video Production Goes Digital
Today most video editing is done using nonlinear editingtechnology
Video editing software, such as Adobe Premiere, makesit easy to eliminate extraneous footage, combine clipsfrom multiple takes, splice together scenes, createspecific effects and other activities
Morphs are video clips in which one imagemetamorphoses into another
Data compression software and hardware are used to
squeeze data out of movies so that they can be stored insmaller spaces
Dynamic Media: Beyond thePrinted Page
Many Web sites deliver streaming videocontent to viewers with fast broadband
Internet connections
Dynamic Media: Beyond thePrinted Page
The Synthetic Musician:
Computers and Audio Audio digitizer captures sound and
stores it as a data file
Synthesizer an electronic instrumentthat synthesizes sounds usingmathematical formulas
MIDI (Musical Instrument DigitalInterface) standard interface thatallows electronic instruments andcomputers to communicate with eachother
Dynamic Media: Beyond thePrinted Page
Music is digitized on audio CDs at a high
sampling rate and bit depthhigh enough thatits hard to tell the difference between theoriginal analog sound and the final digitalrecording
The iTunes Music Store helps Mac andWindows users purchase music by their favoriteartists in protected digital format
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Dynamic Media: Beyond thePrinted Page
Rule of Thumb:
Digital Audio Dos and Donts
Dont steal
Understand streaming and downloading
Know your file formats
Dont over-compress
Dynamic Media: Beyond thePrinted Page
Samplers, Synthesizers, and Sequencers:
Digital Audio and MIDI
Multimedia computers can control avariety of electronic musical instrumentsand sound sources using MIDI
MIDI commands can be interpreted by avariety of: Music synthesizers
Samplers
Dynamic Media: Beyond thePrinted Page
A piano-style keyboard sends MIDI signals to thecomputer Computer interprets the MIDI commands using sequencing
software
Sequencing software turns a computer into a musicalcomposing, recording, and editing machine
Electronicamusic designed from the ground up withdigital technology Some of the most interesting sequenced music
Dynamic Media: Beyond thePrinted Page
A growing number of musicians depend onsequencers to play along with live
musicians in performances
Abelons Live is a sequencer with special
features for bridging the communication gapbetween human players and computer inconcert
Dynamic Media: Beyond thePrinted Page
Hypertext and Hypermedia
Hypertext refers to information linked innon-sequential ways
Hypermedia combines text, numbers,graphics, animation, sound effects, music,and other media in hyperlinked documents Useful for on-line help files
Lets the user jump between documents allover the Internet
Dynamic Media: Beyond thePrinted Page
Hypermedia documents can bedisorienting and leave readers wonderingwhat theyve missed
Documents dont always have the linksreaders want
Authors cant build every possible connectioninto documents
Some readers get frustrated because theycant easily get here from there
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Dynamic Media: Beyond thePrinted Page
Documents sometimes contain lost links,
Especially on the Web, where even a popular
page can disappear
Documents dont encourage scribbledmargin notes, highlighting, or turned pagecorners for marking key passages
Hardware can be hard on humans
The art of hypermedia is still in its infancy
Interactive Multimedia:Eye, Ear, Hand, and Mind
Interactive Multimedia:
What Is It?
A combination of text, graphics,animation, video, music, voice,and sound effects that allows theuser to take an active part in theexperience
Requirements: high-quality colormonitors, fast processors, largememory, CD-ROM drives,speakers, and sound cards
Interactive Multimedia:Eye, Ear, Hand, and Mind
Multimedia Authoring:
Making Mixed Media
Uses authoring programssuch as HyperStudio andMetaCard
Binds source documentstogether to communicate
with users in anaesthetically pleasing way
Interactive Multimedia: Eye, Ear,Hand, and Mind
Multimedia authoring involvesprogramming objects on thescreen to react, or behave, inparticular ways under particularcircumstances
Macromedia Director MX, one ofthe most popular of suchpackages, includes pre-writtenbehaviors that can be attached to
on-screen buttons, images, andother objects
Interactive Multimedia: Eye, Ear,Hand, and Mind
Rules of Thumb:
Making Interactive Multimedia Work
Be consistent in visual appearance
Use graphical metaphors to guide viewers
Keep the screen clean and uncluttered
Include multimedia elements to enliven thepresentation
Focus on the message
Give the user control
Test your presentation with those unfamiliar with thesubject
Interactive Multimedia: Eye, Ear,Hand, and Mind
Inventing the Future:
Shared Virtual Spaces
Virtual reality combines virtualworlds with networking Places multiple participants in a
virtual space
People see representations of eachother, sometimes called avatars
Most avatars today are cartoonish,but they convey a sense of presenceand emotion
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Interactive Multimedia: Eye, Ear,Hand, and Mind
Tele-immersion: Uses multiple cameras and high-speed networks to
create a videoconferencing environment in whichmultiple remote users can interact with each otherand with computer-generated objects
Combines the display and interaction techniques ofvirtual reality with new vision technologies that allowparticipants to move around in shared virtual spaces,all the while maintaining their unique points of view
Augmented reality (AR): The use of computer displays that add virtual
information to a persons sensory perceptions
Summary
Computer graphics today encompass more thanquantitative charts and graphs generated by
spreadsheets Computers today arent limited to working with
static images; theyre widely used to create andedit documents in media that change over timeor in response to user interaction
The interactive nature of the personal computermakes it possible to create nonlinear documentsthat enable users to take individual pathsthrough information
Summary (continued)
Today we can create or explore hypermediadocuments interactive documents that mix text,graphics, sounds, and moving images with onscreennavigation buttonson disk and on the World WideWeb
Multimedia computer systems make a new kind ofsoftware possiblesoftware that uses text, graphics,animation, video, music, voice, and sound effects tocommunicate
Regardless of the hardware, interactive multimedia
software enables the user to control the presentationrather than just watch or listen passively