Post on 26-May-2018
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko
PowerPoint Lectures for
Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Seventh EditionReece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey
Chapter 38Chapter 38 Conservation BiologyIntroduction
Over the past century, wild tiger populations havebeen reduced from about 100,000 to 3,200.
Tigers are threatened by
– declining habitat,
– poaching, and
– human populations encroaching into their habitat.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.0_1
Chapter 38: Big Ideas
The Loss of Biodiversity Conservation Biologyand Restoration Ecology
Figure 38.0_2
THE LOSS OFBIODIVERSITY
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Biodiversity has three levels:
1. ecosystem diversity,
2. species diversity, and
3. genetic diversity.
38.1 Loss of biodiversity includes the loss ofecosystems, species, and genes
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
As natural ecosystems are lost, so are essentialservices, including
– productivity of natural environments for human foodsupplies and
– the purification of water used by cities.
38.1 Loss of biodiversity includes the loss ofecosystems, species, and genes
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.1A
At present, scientists have described and formallynamed about 1.8 million species.
– It is difficult to estimate species loss.
– Species loss may be 1,000 times higher than at any timein the past 100,000 years.
– Extirpation is the loss of a single population of a species.
– Extinction is the irreversible loss of all populations of aspecies.
38.1 Loss of biodiversity includes the loss ofecosystems, species, and genes
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.1B
0%Birds Amphibians Freshwater
fishes
Reptiles
(N 1,429)
(N 2,689)
(N 4,688)(N 9,933)(N 4,653)
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Lowest risk Nearthreatened
Threatened Extinct
Pe
rce
nta
ge
of
sp
ec
ies
as
se
ss
ed
Mammals
Because of the network of community interactionsamong populations of different species within anecosystem,
– the loss of one species
– can negatively affect the species richness of anecosystem.
38.1 Loss of biodiversity includes the loss ofecosystems, species, and genes
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.1C
Genetic diversity of a species is reduced if
– local populations are lost and
– the total number of individuals declines.
38.1 Loss of biodiversity includes the loss ofecosystems, species, and genes
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.1D
38.2 CONNECTION: Habitat loss, invasivespecies, overharvesting, pollution, andclimate change are major threats tobiodiversity
Human alteration of habitats poses the greatestthreat to biodiversity.
Habitation alteration is caused by
– agriculture,
– urban development,
– forestry,
– mining, and
– environmental pollution.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.2A
Invasive species rank second behind habitatdestruction as a threat to biodiversity.
Invasive species
– compete with native species,
– prey on native species, and
– parasitize native species.
38.2 CONNECTION: Habitat loss, invasivespecies, overharvesting, pollution, andclimate change are major threats tobiodiversity
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.2B
Overexploitation is the third major threat tobiodiversity. Overharvesting has threatened
– rare trees,
– reduced populations of tigers, Galápagos tortoises,whales, and rhinoceroses, and
– depleted wild populations of game fish.
38.2 CONNECTION: Habitat loss, invasivespecies, overharvesting, pollution, andclimate change are major threats tobiodiversity
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.2C
38.2 CONNECTION: Habitat loss, invasivespecies, overharvesting, pollution, andclimate change are major threats tobiodiversity
Human activities produce diverse pollutants that mayaffect ecosystems far from their source.
– The water cycle transfers pollutants from terrestrial toaquatic ecosystems.
– The release of chemicals into the atmosphere promotedthe thinning of the ozone layer.
Biological magnification concentrates synthetictoxins that cannot be degraded by microorganisms.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.2D
Figure 38.2E
Concentrationof PCBs
Herringgull eggs124 ppm
Lake trout4.83 ppm
Smelt1.04 ppm
Phytoplankton0.025 ppm
Zooplankton0.123 ppm
38.3 CONNECTION: Rapid warming is changingthe global climate
The scientific debate about global warming is over.
Increased global temperatures caused by risingconcentrations of greenhouse gases are changingclimate patterns with grave consequences.
– Global temperature has risen 0.8°C in the last 100 years.
– 0.6°C of that increase occurred in the last three decades.
– 2 to 4.5°C increases are likely by the end of the 21st century.
– Temperature increases are not distributed evenly.
– Precipitation patterns are changing too.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.3A
4.1 4 2 1 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.5 1 2 4 4.1
Figure 38.3B
1938 1981 2005
38.4 CONNECTION: Human activities areresponsible for rising concentrations ofgreenhouse gases
Much of the rapid warming is the result of burningfossil fuels.
– Atmospheric CO2 did not exceed 300 ppm for 650,000years.
– The preindustrial concentration was below 300 ppm.
– Atmospheric CO2 is approximately 385 ppm today.
– High levels of methane and nitrous oxide also trap heat.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.4A
400
350
300
250
0 500 1000 1500 2000
600
Year
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
CH
4(p
art
sp
er
billi
on
)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Methane (CH4)
CO
2(p
pm
),N
2O
(part
sp
er
billi
on
)
Figure 38.4B
Photosynthesis Atmosphere
Respiration
Combustion offossil fuels Ocean
38.5 Global climate change affects biomes,ecosystems, communities, and populations
Climate change in western North America hasspawned catastrophic wildfires.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.5A
38.5 Global climate change affects biomes,ecosystems, communities, and populations
The greatest impact of global climate change isaffecting organisms that live at
– high latitudes and
– high elevations.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.5B
38.5 Global climate change affects biomes,ecosystems, communities, and populations
Warming oceans threaten coral reef communities.
Earlier arrival of warm temperatures in the spring isdisturbing ecological communities.
– Birds and frogs have begun their breeding periods earlier.
– Migratory birds may experience mismatches, arrivingafter peak food availability has already passed.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
38.5 Global climate change affects biomes,ecosystems, communities, and populations
Climate change has also
– increased the range of disease-carrying mosquitoes and
– enabled bark beetles to reproduce faster, promoting thedestruction of millions of acres of conifers in westernNorth America.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
38.6 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Climatechange is an agent of natural selection
Phenotypic plasticity
– has minimized the impact of global climate change onsome species, and
– cases of microevolutionary changes have been observed.
– The rapidity of the environmental changes makes itunlikely that evolutionary processes will save manyspecies from extinction.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
In Europe, the great tit bird
– has shifted its breeding season earlier, in an example ofdirectional selection,
– favoring individuals that lay their eggs sooner, and
– better matching the earlier emergence of caterpillars.
38.6 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Climatechange is an agent of natural selection
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.6A
In the Yukon Territory of Canada,
– where the spring temperatures have increased byabout 2°C,
– red squirrels have begun breeding earlier in the spring.
38.6 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Climatechange is an agent of natural selection
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.6B
CONSERVATION BIOLOGYAND RESTORATION ECOLOGY
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
38.7 Protecting endangered populations is onegoal of conservation biology
Conservation biology is a goal-driven science thatseeks to
– understand and
– counter the rapid loss of biodiversity.
Some conservation biologists direct their efforts at
– protecting populations and
– increasing endangered populations.
– Threats posed by human activities are also assessed.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
38.7 Protecting endangered populations is onegoal of conservation biology
The black-footed ferret in the United States
– is one of three ferret species worldwide and the onlyferret found in North America,
– was reduced to just 18 individuals,
– has been bred in captivity, and
– was reintroduced into the wild.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.7A
38.7 Protecting endangered populations is onegoal of conservation biology
In Hawaii, the silversword plants once abundant onthe cinder cone of the volcano Mauna Kea
– were bred in greenhouses and
– reintroduced to reestablish wild populations.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.7B
38.8 Sustaining ecosystems and landscapes is aconservation priority
Conservation efforts are increasingly aimed atsustaining
– ecosystems and
– landscapes, a regional assemblage of interactingecosystems.
Landscape ecology is the application of ecologicalprinciples to the study of the structure and dynamicsof a collection of ecosystems.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.8A
38.8 Sustaining ecosystems and landscapes is aconservation priority
Edges between ecosystems have distinct sets offeatures and species.
The increased frequency and abruptness of edgescaused by human activities can increase speciesloss.
Movement corridors connecting isolated habitatsmay be helpful to fragmented populations.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.8B
Figure 38.8C
38.9 Establishing protected areas slows the loss ofbiodiversity
To establish parks, wilderness areas, and otherlegally protected reserves, conservation biologistsare applying their understanding of
– population,
– ecosystem, and
– landscape dynamics.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
38.9 Establishing protected areas slows the loss ofbiodiversity
Choosing locations for protection often focuses onbiodiversity hot spots, relatively small areas with
– a large number of endangered and threatened species,and
– an exceptional concentration of endemic species, thosethat are found nowhere else.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.9A
Equator
Migratory species pose a special problem forconservationists.
– Monarch butterflies occupy many areas.
– Sea turtles travel great distances.
38.9 Establishing protected areas slows the loss ofbiodiversity
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.9B
Figure 38.9_UN
38.10 Zoned reserves are an attempt to reverseecosystem disruption
Zoned reserves are undisturbed wildlandssurrounded by buffer zones of compatible economicdevelopment.
Costa Rica has established many zoned reserves.
Ecotourism
– is travel to natural areas for tourism and recreation and
– has become an important source of revenue forconservation efforts.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.10A
National Parks and Reserves
COSTA RICA
NICARAGUA
PANAMA
Figure 38.10B
38.11 CONNECTION: The Yellowstone to YukonConservation Initiative seeks to preservebiodiversity by connecting protected areas
The Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative
– created a string of parks and reserves in a 3,200-kmwildlife corridor,
– extends from Alaska south across Canada to northernWyoming,
– included the reintroduction of wolf populations,considered a keystone species in this region, and
– sparked angry protests from some ranchers.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.11A
YUKONTERRITORY
Whitehorse
MA
CK
EN
ZIE
MO
UN
TA
INS
NORTHWEST TERRITORIES
ALBERTA
RO
CK
Y
MO
UNTA
INS
BRITISHCOLUMBIA
WASHINGTON
OREGON
MONTANA
Calgary
Bozeman
Spokane
Vancouver
CO
LUM
BIA
MO
UNTA
INS
PACIFICOCEAN
Jackson
IDAHO WYOMING
Figure 38.11B Figure 38.11C
38.12 CONNECTION: The study of how to restoredegraded habitats is a developing science
Restoration ecology uses ecological principles torestore degraded areas to their natural state, aprocess that may include
– detoxifying polluted ecosystems,
– replanting native vegetation, and
– returning waterways to their natural course.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
38.12 CONNECTION: The study of how to restoredegraded habitats is a developing science
Large-scale restoration projects attempt to restoredamaged landscapes.
The Kissimmee River Restoration Project in Floridais
– restoring river flow and wetlands and
– improving wildlife habitat.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.12A
Widenedcanal
Water controlstructure remaining
Water controlstructure removed
River channelrestored
Phase 1completed
Water controlstructure tobe removed inPhase 2
Miles
KissimmeeRiver
Floodplain
Canal backfilled
FLORIDA
0 10
Ksis
im
R
mee
iver
Figure 38.12B
Former canal
38.13 Sustainable development is an ultimate goal
Sustainable development
– seeks to improve the human condition while conservingbiodiversity,
– depends on increasing and applying ecologicalknowledge, and
– values our linkages to the biosphere.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
38.13 Sustainable development is an ultimate goal
We are most likely to
– save what we appreciate and
– appreciate what we understand.
Now is the time to
– aggressively pursue more knowledge about life and
– work toward long-term sustainability.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.13
You should now be able to
1. Describe the three components of biodiversity.
2. Describe the greatest current threats to biodiversity,providing examples of each.
3. Describe the process of biological magnification.
4. Describe the causes and consequences of globalwarming.
5. Explain why the efforts to save the black-footedferret and silversword plant from extinction are agood model for future conservation efforts.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
You should now be able to
6. Describe the goals of landscape ecology. Describethe significance of edges and movement corridorsin maintaining biodiversity.
7. Describe the significance of biodiversity hotspots.
8. Explain how zoned reserves are being used toprotect ecosystems.
9. Describe the goals of the Yukon to YellowstoneInitiative.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
You should now be able to
10. Describe the goals and methods of restorationecology.
11. Explain why sustainable development should bethe ultimate goal for the long-term maintenance ofhuman societies and the ecosystems that supportthem.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 38.UN01
Ecosystemdiversity
Speciesdiversity
Geneticdiversity
Figure 38.UN02
Conservationbiology
seeks to conserve may involve
ecosystems andlandscapes
(c)
(a)
attemptto restore
naturereserves
may be
restorationprojects
which uses
to
detoxify orreplenish degraded
ecosystems
FLORIDA
ATLANTICOCEAN
(d)
sustainabledevelopment
which support
GULF OFMEXICO
may beprotected in