Chapter 3Chapter 3

Infancy and Infancy and ChildhoodChildhood

Physical, Perceptual, and Physical, Perceptual, and Language DevelopmentLanguage Development

• Developmental PsychologyDevelopmental Psychology – the study of changes that occur as an individual matures

Nature vs. NurtureNature vs. Nurture

NewbornsNewborns• Grasping ReflexGrasping Reflex – an infant’s clinging – an infant’s clinging

response to a touch on the palm of his response to a touch on the palm of his or her handor her hand

• Rooting Reflex – an infant’s response in turning toward the source of touching that occurs anywhere around his or her mouth.

Physical DevelopmentPhysical Development

Perceptual DevelopmentPerceptual Development

The Development of LanguageThe Development of Language

Can Animals Use Language?Can Animals Use Language?

How Children Acquire LanguageHow Children Acquire Language• Telegraphic SpeechTelegraphic Speech – the kind of verbal – the kind of verbal

utterances in which words are left out, utterances in which words are left out, but the meaning is usually clear.but the meaning is usually clear.

Cognitive and Emotional Cognitive and Emotional DevelopmentDevelopment

How Knowing ChangesHow Knowing Changes

• SchemasSchemas - a specific plan for knowing - a specific plan for knowing the world.the world.

• AssimilationAssimilation – the process of fitting – the process of fitting objects and experiences into one’s objects and experiences into one’s schema.schema.

• AccommodationAccommodation – the adjustment of – the adjustment of one’s schemas to include newly one’s schemas to include newly observed events and experiences.observed events and experiences.

Object Object PermanencePermanence

• Object PermanenceObject Permanence – a child’s realization that an object exists even when he or she cannot see or touch it.

Representational ThoughtRepresentational Thought• Representational ThoughtRepresentational Thought – the

intellectual ability of a child to picture something in his or her mind.

The Principle of ConservationThe Principle of Conservation• ConservationConservation – the principle that a given

quantity does not change when its appearance is changed.

• EgocentricEgocentric – a young child’s inability to understand another person’s perspective.

Experiments With AnimalsExperiments With AnimalsImprinting Imprinting – inherited tendencies or responses that are displayed by newborn animals.Critical PeriodCritical Period – a specific time in development when certain skills or abilities are most easily learned.

Surrogate MothersSurrogate Mothers

Human InfantsHuman Infants

Parenting StylesParenting Styles

• Authoritarian FamiliesAuthoritarian Families – parents attempt to – parents attempt to control shape, and evaluate the behavior control shape, and evaluate the behavior and attitudes of children in accordance with and attitudes of children in accordance with a set code of conduct.a set code of conduct.

• Democratic/Authoritative FamilyDemocratic/Authoritative Family – – adolescents participate in decisions adolescents participate in decisions affecting their lives.affecting their lives.

• Permissive/Laissez-Faire FamilyPermissive/Laissez-Faire Family – children – children have the final say; parents are less have the final say; parents are less controlling and have a nonpunishing, controlling and have a nonpunishing, accepting attitude toward children.accepting attitude toward children.

Effects of Parenting StylesEffects of Parenting Styles

Child AbuseChild Abuse

Social DevelopmentSocial Development• SocializationSocialization – the process of learning the – the process of learning the

rules of behavior of the culture within which rules of behavior of the culture within which an individual is born and will live.an individual is born and will live.

Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual DevelopmentDevelopment

Oral StageOral Stage

Infant’s pleasure seeking focused on the mouth.Infant’s pleasure seeking focused on the mouth.

Ages: first 18 months of lifeAges: first 18 months of life

Anal StageAnal Stage

Infant’s pleasure seeking centered on functions of elimination.Infant’s pleasure seeking centered on functions of elimination.

Ages: 1 ½ years to 3 yearsAges: 1 ½ years to 3 years

Phallic StagePhallic Stage

Infant’s pleasure seeking focused on the genitals.Infant’s pleasure seeking focused on the genitals.

Ages: 3 – 6 yearsAges: 3 – 6 years

Latency StageLatency Stage

Sexual thoughts repressed; child focuses on developing social and Sexual thoughts repressed; child focuses on developing social and intellectual skills.intellectual skills.

Ages: 6 years to pubertyAges: 6 years to puberty

Genital StageGenital Stage

Sexual desires are renewed; individual seeks relationships with others.Sexual desires are renewed; individual seeks relationships with others.

Ages: Puberty through adulthoodAges: Puberty through adulthood

• IdentificationIdentification – the process by which a – the process by which a child adopts the values and principles of child adopts the values and principles of the same-sex parent.the same-sex parent.

• Sublimation Sublimation – the process of redirecting – the process of redirecting sexual impulses into learning tasks.sexual impulses into learning tasks.

Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial DevelopmentDevelopment

Games and PlayGames and PlayRole TakingRole Taking – children’s play that involves – children’s play that involves assuming adult roles, thus enabling the child to assuming adult roles, thus enabling the child to experience different points of view.experience different points of view.

Moral DevelopmentMoral Development

Stages of Moral DevelopmentStages of Moral Development