Post on 30-Dec-2015
Chapter 25
Framing Methods
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Links for Chapter 25
Balloon Framing
Platform Framing
Post-and-Beam Framing
Related Web Sites
Steel Construction
Concrete and Masonry
Modular Framing
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Balloon Framing
• Not commonly used today, but is useful for remodeling older houses
• Exterior studs run from the foundation to the highest level
• Two-stories is the maximum height
• Very vulnerable to fire damage
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BalloonFraming
RAFTER
CEILINGJOIST
LEDGER
SOLID BLOCKING
FLOORJOIST
FLOORJOIST
JOISTCEILING
FLOORJOIST
LEDGER
RAFTER
FULL HEIGHT STUDFROM SILL TO TOP PLATE
TOP PLATE
SILL
SILL
SOLID BLOCKING
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Platform Framing
• Most common framing method
• Each floor is created as its own platform
• Grew out of the balloon framing as fireblocks were added
SOLE PLATE
FLOOR JOIST
STUD
BLOCKINGOR
RIM JOIST
STUD
TOP PLATES
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PlatformFraming
SOLID BLOCKOR RIM JOIST
DOUBLE TOPPLATE
SOLID BLOCKOR RIM JOIST
FLOORSHEATHING
MUD SILL &ANCHOR BOLTS
STEM WALL
FOOTINGCRAWL SPACE
MUD SILL &ANCHOR BOLTS
FOOTING
DOUBLE TOPPLATE
STUDS
ROOF SHEATHING
SOLIDBLOCKING
WALLSHEATHING
SOLID BLOCK
SOLID BLOCK
RAFTER
CEILINGJOIST
FLOOR JOIST
FLOOR JOIST
JOISTCEILING
FLOOR JOIST
RAFTER
STUDS
SILL
SILL
SILL
SILL
DOUBLE TOPPLATE
STEM WALL
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Platform Building
• After the foundation, girders and floor beams are set
• Plywood is added on the floor
• Walls constructed laying down and then are raised vertically
• Ceiling is added and the next floor begun
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Platform Efficiency
• 2 X 6 instead of 2 X 4 studs are used for additional insulation
• Studs are placed 24” apart
• Corners are carefully designed to decrease the amount of wood used
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PlatformEfficiency
(3) 2x CORNER STUDS
INSULATION SPACE
THREE CORNER STUDS (EXTERIOR)
INSULATION SPACE
(2) 2x CORNER STUDS
TWO CORNER STUDS (EXTERIOR)
DRYWALL CLIPLADDER BACKED WALL
INTERSECTION
ONE CORNER STUD
DRYWALL CLIP
INSULATION SPACE
FLAT BLOCKING
INSULATION SPACE
INTERIOR FRAMINGPARTITION
INTERIOR FRAMINGPARTITION
FLAT STUD INTERSECTION
WIDE STUD BACKING
INTERIOR FRAMING
INSULATION SPACE
PARTITION
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Platform Efficiency
• Rigid foam insulation is used in headers and as a sheathing
4" HEADER
2x NAILER
RIGID INSULATION DBL. 2x HEADER WITH
RIGID INSULATIONSANDWICHED BETWEEN
DBL. TOP PLATE
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Post-and-Beam Framing• Posts and beams are spaced 48” apart• Beams are 4” or 6” wide• Savings on lumber and nonstructural materials• Also referred to as timber construction• Timbers are heavy and care must be taken
when lifting into place
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Post-and-BeamFraming
POST
MUD SILL &ANCHOR BOLTS
STEM WALL
FOOTING
FLOOR DECKING
SILL
GIRDER
ROOF DECKING
ROOF BEAM
RIDGE BEAM
POST
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Steel Framing
• Usually used for light commercial and high-rise construction
• Stronger, more efficient, and better insurance rating than wood
• More design flexibility since no interior bearing walls are required
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SteelFraming JOIST
CEILING
FLOOR JOIST
RAFTER
TRACK
FLOORSHEATHING
STEM WALL
FOOTINGCRAWL SPACE
ANGLE CLIPS &ANCHOR BOLTS
TRACK
JOIST TRACK
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Concrete Masonry Construction
• Excellent structural and insulation value
• Very durable and economical
• Furring strips added to inside for Sheetrock
• Four classifications of block– hollow — load-bearing
– solid load-bearing — non-load-bearing
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Concrete Masonry Construction
• Blocks are classed according to their weight as normal-, medium-, and lightweight
• Most common sizes:– 8” x 8” x 16”, 8” x 4” x 16”, 8” x 12” x 16”
• Each block is 3/8” smaller to allow for mortar
• Reinforcement is needed for special designs
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ConcreteMasonryConstruction
DOUBLECORNER
STRETCHER( 3 CORE )
CORNER BULL NOSE
SOLID TOP FULL CUTHEADER
HALF CUTHEADER
LINTEL
HALFCORNER
STRETCHER ( 2 CORE)
JAMB
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ConcreteMasonryConstruction
RAFTER
CEILINGJOIST
FLOOR JOIST
FLOOR JOIST
FLOOR JOIST
FLOORSHEATHING
CRAWL SPACE
LEDGER &ANCHOR BOLTS
FOOTING
ROOF SHEATHING
SOLIDBLOCKING
LEDGER &ANCHOR BOLTS
HORIZONTAL BOND BEAM@ MID WALL HEIGHT
SOLID GROUT ALL STEEL CELLS
EA. FLOOR
LEDGER &ANCHOR BOLTS
BOND BEAM @
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Solid Masonry Construction
• Brick is used to create a variety of designs
• Bond connects two wythes for a stable wall
• Pattern is an arrangement of bricks in one wythe
• Fleming and English bonds are most common
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Solid Masonry Construction
FACE BRICK
METAL TIES
COMMON BRICK
WYTHE
FLEMISH BOND
FACE BRICKWYTHE
FLEMISH BOND
WYTHE
WYTHE
COMMON BRICK
HALF BRICK
COMMON BRICK
ENGLISH BOND
WYTHE
FACE BRICKWYTHE
ENGLISH BOND
FACE BRICK
METAL TIES
COMMON BRICK
WYTHE
FLEMISH BOND
FACE BRICKWYTHE
FLEMISH BOND
WYTHE
WYTHE
COMMON BRICK
HALF BRICK
COMMON BRICK
ENGLISH BOND
WYTHE
FACE BRICKWYTHE
ENGLISH BOND
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Solid Masonry Construction• Rebar is used to reinforce walls• One wythe is used to support joists for a floor• Ends of a joists must be protected from
moisture from the bricks• Pressure treated plates are used to protect
against moisture• Air space can be added to reduce moisture
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Masonry Veneer
• Brick or stone are used as a veneer covering for a residence
• A 1” airspace is left between brick and wall
• 15# felt is applied to the exterior wall
• 26-gage metal ties at 24” intervals are used to hold brick to the framing
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Solid Masonry Construction
PLYWOOD SUBFLOOR
STUDS
SHEATHING
VAPORBARRIER
METAL TIES
BRICK VENEER
CONCRETE FOOTING
STEM WALL
RIM JOIST
SILL
FLOOR JOIST
MUD SILL
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Insulated Concrete Form Construction
• Poured concrete is placed in expanded polystyrene (EPS) forms
• The pattern is similar to concrete blocks• Forms are 6” or 8” thick, 16” high, and 48”
long• Insulation value is very high and air leakage
and air infiltration is reduced
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Insulated Concrete Form Construction
7 7/8"
7 1/2"
TYPICAL 8" FORMS TYPICAL 6" FORMS
1-1/2"
8"1/2" TYP.
11"
1-7/8"
6-1/2"
4-1/2"
1-1/2"
4-3/4"
1/2" TYP.
6-15/16"
1-7/8"
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Modular Framing
• Components are designed, engineered, and manufactured in a factory
• Once parts are built they are transported to the work site and assembled
• This option is less expensive, especially for more remote areas
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Related Web Sites
• American Concrete Institute - www.aci-int.com
• American Iron and Steel Institute - www.steel.org
• Engineered Wood Association - www.apawood.org
• Truss-Joist MacMillian - www.tjm.com