Chapter 22 Key points:

Plants are algae that colonized land

- Need to avoid dessication, gather minerals, reproduce

Major innovations define major groups

- Vasculature

- Seeds

- Flowers

Chapter 23 Key points:

Plants have 3 main parts

Plant parts are made of different tissues

Plants grow at meristems

Movement of materials in plants is predominantly passive

Water movement in xylem is due to molecular forces

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Fig 23_20

-Water into roots by diffusion

-Minerals require active transport

-Water and minerals travel up towards leaves due to hydrogen bonding and capillary action

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Fig 23_21

Rate of water movement is dependent of environmental factors

Lose water faster in warm conditions

Stomata balance water loss with need for carbon dioxide

Guard cells swell and open with water, flatten and close when less water

Osmotic pressure moves sap through phloem

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Fig 23_23

-Carbohydrates pumped into phloem

-raises osmolarity, draws in water from xylem

-increases water pressure, flows towards lower pressure

-tissues using carbohydrates reduce water pressure, directs flow of sap towards metabolically active tissue

Chapter 25 Key Points:

Animals are the descendants of protists

Animal phylogeny is not certain

Major body plan transitions

Tissues

Symmetry

Body cavity

Dueterostome

Segmentation

Animal are morphologically and ecologically diverse but use many of the same genes

Animals are the descendants of Choanoflagellates

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Traditional taxonomy reached consensus broad animal phylogeny

Use morphological traits

Use developmental traits

Assume that some transitions require fundamental rearrangements, and should only happen once

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Traditional phylogeny - based on morphological characters

25_1

- Almost each phyla is a new branch from common branch

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Traditional taxonomy assumes major transitions only occurred once

25_3

Tissues

Symmetry

Body cavity

Dueterostome

*Segmentation