Chapter 21 Life In The Industrial AgeMr. Cook’s Class

Vocabulary & Notes PPT

Henry Bessemer

• Develops the Bessemer process

• New way to make steel from iron

• 1856 Bessemer patents steel which was lighter, harder, and more durable than iron

• Steelmaking process

Alfred Nobel

• 1866 invents dynamite• Much safer explosive

than had been invented to that time

• Used in warfare and peace

• Awards funded by Nobel’s profits to this day

Michael Faraday

• Invents the first simple electric motor and dynamo

• All electrical generators and transformers work on the principle of the dynamo

dynamo

• A machine that generated electricity

Thomas Edison

• 1870’s invents the first electric light bulb

• Invents the power plant which he uses to light NYC for the first time in the 1780’s

• Leads to society which has electrical wires carrying power everywhere

Interchangeable parts

• Invented by Eli Whitney while making parts for U.S. Army gun order

• Allows identical components to be created for easy assembly and repair of products

Assembly line• Workers along a line add parts to a product as it

goes by on a belt from one station to the next• Makes production faster by the early 1900’s• Henry Ford “perfects” the process in order to

produce cars

Orville & Wilbur Wright

• 1903, these two gentlemen design and fly a flimsy airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina

• Flight lasts only a few seconds

• Commercial travel begins by the 1920’s

• Inventions

Guglielmo Marconi

• By the 1890’s, Marconi invented the radio• By 1901, he had received a radio message,

using Morse code, sent from Britain to Canada

stock

• Shares in companies (part or piece of ownership of a company)

• Due to large amounts of capital required to start large industries, selling stock becomes necessary as industries grew

corporation

• Giant businesses that are owned by many “stock holders” or investors

• Corporations could expand into many different venues with lots of capital

cartel

• Group of corporations joining forces to fix prices, set production quotas, and control markets

• Growth of monopolies occurs

Germ theory• Belief originating in the 1600’s that

microscopic organisms or microbes caused specific infectious diseases

Growth of Cities Notes

London Fog

Louis Pastor

• 1870, French chemist who clearly demonstrated a link between microbes and disease

• Also develops vaccines against rabies and anthrax• Discovered pasteurization which kills disease carrying

microbes in milk

Robert Koch

• 1880’s, German doctor who identified the bacterium that caused tuberculosis

• Tuberculosis- respiratory disease that claimed about 30 million lives in the 1800’s

Florence Nightingale

• Crimean War nurse who insisted on better hygiene in field hospitals

• Also worked to introduce sanitary measures in British hospitals

• Founded the first school of nursing

Joseph Lister

• English surgeon who discovered how antiseptics prevented infection

• Insisted surgeons sterilize their instruments and wash their hands before operating

Urban renewal

• Rebuilding of the poor areas of a city• Trend in Europe in the mid-1800’s

Mutual-aid society

• Self-help groups formed to aid sick or injured workers

• Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 left lasting images of worker discontent

• Rise of workers

Standard of living

• The quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society

• Workers lives improve with better diets, homes, clothing, etc.

Cult of domesticity

• Ideas by the late 1800’s that women were tied to the home

• Poor women still had to work and be the home caretaker

• “Home, Sweet Home”

Temperance movement• A campaign to limit

the use of alcoholic beverages

• Leads indirectly to the women’s rights movement in the United States

• 1820’s-1920’s

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

• Pioneer who started movements to gain more rights for women

• 1848 Seneca Falls Convention

• Movement comes out of the abolitionist movement of the 1830’s-1860’s

• Women’s Suffrage

Women’s suffrage

• The movement to gain women’s right to vote begins in Seneca Falls in 1848

• By late 1800’s, movement has spread to Europe

Sojourner Truth

• African American women’s suffragist

• Claimed that she did not receive many of the “comforts” of womanhood because she was black

John Dalton• Early 1800’s, English Quaker schoolteacher develops

modern atomic theory• All matter is created of tiny particles called atoms• Different kinds/combinations of atoms make different

matter

Charles Darwin

• In 1859, On the Origin of Species was published

• Believed all forms of life had evolved into their present state over millions of years

• Natural selection- process of competition allows only the fittest to survive

• HMS Beagle

racism

• One racial group is superior to another

Social gospel

• Pushed by Christians to encourage social service

• Including working for reforms in housing, healthcare, and education

romanticism

• Artistic style emphasizing imagination, freedom, and emotion

• Works focus on simple, direct language, intense feelings, and glorification of nature

• Romantic authors included William Wordsworth and William Blake

• Sunset

Lord Byron

• Britain’s George Gordon

• Writer of poetry and adventures that died early

• Wrote mostly of isolated romantic heroes

Victor Hugo

• Re-creates France’s past in the Hunchback of Notre Dame and Les Miserables

• Les Miserables describes the reality of poverty, hunger, and corruption among the poor in Paris

Ludwig van Beethoven

• Romantic composer (1770-1827) who composed nine symphonies, five piano concertos, etc.

• Lost his hearing at an early age but still continued to compose

realism

• By mid-1800’s, new movement to attempt to represent the world as it was

• Often focused on life in cities or villages

• Harsh truths were revealed

• Artistic movements

Charles Dickens

• English novelist who portrayed the lives of slum dwellers and factory workers, including children

• Oliver Twist and A Christmas Carol illustrate lives of those less fortunate in late 1800’s London

Gustave Courbet

• French realist painter who focused on real life subjects

• “I cannot paint an angel… because I have never seen one”

• The Stone Breakers- painting showing two rough laborers on a country road

Louis Daguerre

• French photographer who first produced successful photographs in the 1840’s

impressionism

• Movement in the 1870’s to represent the first fleeting impression made by a scene or an object

• Why paint realism when a photograph could capture it in an instant?

Claude Monet

• Famous impressionist painter who left unblended brush strokes side by side in paintings

• Allowed human mind/eye to blend the colors in paintings

Vincent van Gogh

• Postimpressionist artist who experimented with sharp brush lines and bright colors

• His brushwork gave a dreamlike quality to his paintings

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