CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 2 SECTION 1SECTION 1

MesopotamiaMesopotamia

FERTILE CRESCENTFERTILE CRESCENT

Land between the Persian Land between the Persian Gulf and Mediterranean Gulf and Mediterranean Sea in SW AsiaSea in SW Asia

MESOPOTAMIAMESOPOTAMIA

Means land between two Means land between two rivers (EUphrates & Tigris)rivers (EUphrates & Tigris)

Located in IraqLocated in Iraq

TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES RIVERS (SUMERIANS)RIVERS (SUMERIANS)

Region of rich soilRegion of rich soil

IrrigationIrrigation

Silt (rich soil)Silt (rich soil)

LIMITED RESOURCES IN THE MESOPOTAMIALIMITED RESOURCES IN THE MESOPOTAMIA

4 DISADVANTAGES4 DISADVANTAGES

a. unpredictable riversa. unpredictable rivers

b. no natural barriersb. no natural barriers

c. limited natural resourcesc. limited natural resources

d. dependent upon traded. dependent upon trade

SUMERIANSSUMERIANS

CITY-STATESCITY-STATES

A city and it’s surrounding landA city and it’s surrounding land

Functions as an independent countryFunctions as an independent country

5 CHARACTERISTICS OF A 5 CHARACTERISTICS OF A CIVILIZATIONCIVILIZATION

1. Advanced cities1. Advanced cities

2. specialized workers2. specialized workers

3. complex institution3. complex institution

4. record keeping4. record keeping

5. advanced technology5. advanced technology

CULTURAL DIFFUSIONCULTURAL DIFFUSION

Sumerians absorbing new Sumerians absorbing new ideas with the interaction of ideas with the interaction of other peopleother people

ZIGGURATZIGGURAT

Sumerian templeSumerian temple

Religious belief – polytheismReligious belief – polytheism

Sacrificed animals Sacrificed animals

Their gods were the same as humansTheir gods were the same as humanslove, bearing children, quarreling, etclove, bearing children, quarreling, etc

SOCIAL CLASSES OF SOCIAL CLASSES OF SUMERIANSSUMERIANS

1. Priests and Kings1. Priests and Kings

2. Wealthy merchants2. Wealthy merchants

3. Working class3. Working class

4. Slaves (captured in war)4. Slaves (captured in war)

INVENTIONSINVENTIONS WheelWheel PlowPlow SailSail First to use bronzeFirst to use bronze First system of writingFirst system of writing Number system based on 60Number system based on 60

ARCHITECTURAL ARCHITECTURAL INNOVATIONSINNOVATIONS

ZigguratZiggurat

ArchesArches

ColumnsColumns

RampsRamps

Sumerian Ziggurat

Sumerian Arches

Sumerian Columns

Sumerian Ramp

BABYLONIANSBABYLONIANS

EMPIRE EMPIRE

Brings together several peoples, Brings together several peoples, nations, or previously nations, or previously independent states under the independent states under the control of one ruler.control of one ruler.

BABYLONIAN EMPIRE’S RULERBABYLONIAN EMPIRE’S RULER

HammurabiHammurabi Hammurabi’s Code of LawsHammurabi’s Code of Laws 282 laws282 laws ““Eye for an eye, tooth for a Eye for an eye, tooth for a

tooth”tooth”

If any one brings an accusation of any crime before the elders, and does not prove what he has charged, he shall, if a capital offense is charged, be put to death.

Example of Hammurabi’s Code of Laws

Babylonian innovationsBabylonian innovations

AstrologyAstrology

System of numbersSystem of numbers

CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 2SECTION 2SECTION 2

EgyptiansEgyptians

NILE RIVERNILE RIVER

Longest river in the worldLongest river in the world

4100 miles long4100 miles long

Flows northFlows north

Cataracts effects travelCataracts effects travel

NILE DELTANILE DELTA

DESCRIBE THE SEASONAL DESCRIBE THE SEASONAL CYCLE OF FLOODINGCYCLE OF FLOODING

July – rains and melting snow from the July – rains and melting snow from the mountains of east and central Africa cause the mountains of east and central Africa cause the Nile to floodNile to flood

October – Nile recedes and leaves behind a October – Nile recedes and leaves behind a rich deposit of soilrich deposit of soil

HERODOTUSHERODOTUS

Ancient Greek historian – wrote about ancient Ancient Greek historian – wrote about ancient EgyptEgypt

““All Egypt is the gift of the Nile”All Egypt is the gift of the Nile”

Importance of floodingImportance of flooding

Worshipping the NileWorshipping the Nile

ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES OF THE NILECHALLENGES OF THE NILE

Nile River was predictableNile River was predictable

If the Nile floodwaters were short, the people If the Nile floodwaters were short, the people could starvecould starve

If the Nile floodwaters were excessive it could If the Nile floodwaters were excessive it could ruin their villagesruin their villages

MENES – UNITED EGYPT MENES – UNITED EGYPT INTO A KINGDOMINTO A KINGDOM

King of EgyptKing of Egypt

United lower and upper EgyptUnited lower and upper Egypt

Capital was Memphis Capital was Memphis

3100 B.C.3100 B.C.

DYNASTYDYNASTY

Series of rulers from a single familySeries of rulers from a single family

Created by MenesCreated by Menes

31 dynasties over 2800 years (90 years per 31 dynasties over 2800 years (90 years per dynasty)dynasty)

5th Dynasty

PHARAOHSPHARAOHS

Kings of Egypt are know as PharaohsKings of Egypt are know as Pharaohs

Political leaders and representatives of the Political leaders and representatives of the godsgods

Caused the sun to rise, Nile to flood, crops to Caused the sun to rise, Nile to flood, crops to grow, good things in life came from the grow, good things in life came from the PharaohsPharaohs

PYRAMIDSPYRAMIDS

The home after death of a PharaohThe home after death of a Pharaoh

Built by the peasantsBuilt by the peasants

Worked for the glory of their god-kingWorked for the glory of their god-king

80 pyramids stand today80 pyramids stand today

THEOCRACYTHEOCRACY

Pharaohs were the head of the government and Pharaohs were the head of the government and religionreligion

KA (eternal spirit)KA (eternal spirit)

Egyptian believed that their king ruled even Egyptian believed that their king ruled even after his deathafter his death

PYRAMIDSPYRAMIDS

Resting place after death of the King/QueenResting place after death of the King/Queen

GREAT PYRAMID AT GIZAGREAT PYRAMID AT GIZA

2 million stone blocks (each block weighed 2 2 million stone blocks (each block weighed 2 ½ tons)½ tons)

Stacked with precision to a height of 481 feetStacked with precision to a height of 481 feet

Structure covers 13 acresStructure covers 13 acres

KING TUTANKHAMONKING TUTANKHAMON(most famous pyramid)(most famous pyramid)

Boy King of EgyptBoy King of Egypt

Came to the throne at age 8 and died at 17Came to the throne at age 8 and died at 17

Tomb was uncovered in 1922 by British Tomb was uncovered in 1922 by British archaeologist, Howard Carterarchaeologist, Howard Carter

Wealth of gold in his tombWealth of gold in his tomb

Recreated picture of King Tutankhamon

MUMMIFICATIONMUMMIFICATION

Egyptians believed that their Pharaohs ruled Egyptians believed that their Pharaohs ruled even after deatheven after death

He had an eternal spirit called the kaHe had an eternal spirit called the ka

Description of preserving the bodyDescription of preserving the body

SOCIAL CLASSESSOCIAL CLASSES Royal familyRoyal family

UpperUpper

MiddleMiddle

LowerLower

SlavesSlaves

HIEROGLYPHICSHIEROGLYPHICS

Means sacred carvingMeans sacred carving

Pictures represented thingsPictures represented things

PAPYRUSPAPYRUS

A reed that grew in the marshy delta of the A reed that grew in the marshy delta of the NileNile

Split the reeds into narrow strips, soak them, Split the reeds into narrow strips, soak them, and press them into sheets of papylike materialand press them into sheets of papylike material

The English word paper comes from papyrusThe English word paper comes from papyrus

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Number systemNumber system Geometry – for surveying and measuring areasGeometry – for surveying and measuring areas Origin of geometryOrigin of geometry Calendar – 12 months, 30 days per month, 5 Calendar – 12 months, 30 days per month, 5

days for holidays and feastingdays for holidays and feasting Medicine –worked with heart rate, broken Medicine –worked with heart rate, broken

bones, wounds, and feversbones, wounds, and fevers

Number System

Geometry was used to build the pyramids

Calendar

SECTION 3SECTION 3

Planned Cities on the IndusPlanned Cities on the Indus

MOUNTAINSMOUNTAINS

Hindu Kush Mountains – north of IndiaHindu Kush Mountains – north of India

Karakoram Mountains – north of IndiaKarakoram Mountains – north of India

Himalayas Mountains – northwest of IndiaHimalayas Mountains – northwest of India

Indus River: northwest of India Indus River: northwest of India

Ganges River: northeast of IndiaGanges River: northeast of India

RIVERSRIVERS

PLAINSPLAINS

Indus-Ganges Plain Indus-Ganges Plain

( northwest of India)( northwest of India)

PLATEAUPLATEAU

Deccan – central part of IndiaDeccan – central part of India

MONSOONSMONSOONS

Seasonal windsSeasonal winds

October to May: winter monsoons blow in October to May: winter monsoons blow in from the northeast with dry airfrom the northeast with dry air

June: spring monsoons from the southwest June: spring monsoons from the southwest carries moisture from the Arabian Sea and carries moisture from the Arabian Sea and Indian OceanIndian Ocean

SETTLEMENT/BUILDINGSSETTLEMENT/BUILDINGS(Planned Cities)(Planned Cities)

Mohenjo-Daro and HarrappaMohenjo-Daro and Harrappa

Featured a fortified area call a citadelFeatured a fortified area call a citadel

Uniform housing using a grid systemUniform housing using a grid system

Brick buildings with plumbing and sewer systemsBrick buildings with plumbing and sewer systems

RELIGIOUS BELIEFSRELIGIOUS BELIEFS

Worshipped major Indian god Shiva Worshipped major Indian god Shiva –”destroyer” –”destroyer”

Mother goddess (figure that they worship)Mother goddess (figure that they worship)

Fertility images (figure that they worship)Fertility images (figure that they worship)

Cattle (figure that they worship)Cattle (figure that they worship)

End of the Indus Valley cultureEnd of the Indus Valley culture

Civilization declinedCivilization declined

Invaded by other groups of peopleInvaded by other groups of people Wore out their natural resourcesWore out their natural resources river changed it’s courseriver changed it’s course

SECTION 4SECTION 4

CHINACHINA

GEOGRAPHIC FEATURESGEOGRAPHIC FEATURES

Huang He and Yangtze Rivers Huang He and Yangtze Rivers (loess – fertile soil)(loess – fertile soil)

Plateau of TibetPlateau of Tibet

Gobi DesertGobi Desert

Mongolian PlateauMongolian Plateau

Himalaya MountainsHimalaya Mountains

ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGESCHALLENGES

Flooding of the Huang HeFlooding of the Huang He

Geographic isolationGeographic isolation

MonsoonsMonsoons

SETTLEMENTSSETTLEMENTS

Walled citiesWalled cities

Elaborate palacesElaborate palaces

TombsTombs

Timber-framed homesTimber-framed homes

SOCIAL CLASSESSOCIAL CLASSES

Warrior-NoblesWarrior-Nobles

PeasantsPeasants

ROLE OF THE FAMILYROLE OF THE FAMILY

Central authority in Chinese societyCentral authority in Chinese society

Elderly had special privilegesElderly had special privileges

Women treated as inferiorWomen treated as inferior

RELIGIOUS BELIEFSRELIGIOUS BELIEFS

Worshipped spirits of family Worshipped spirits of family members, supreme god, and members, supreme god, and lesser godslesser gods

WRITING SYSTEMWRITING SYSTEM

Over 10,000 charactersOver 10,000 characters

Each represented an ideaEach represented an idea

TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCESTECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES

Manufactured weapons and religious itemsManufactured weapons and religious items

bronzeworkbronzework

ARTISTRYARTISTRY

Embroidered silk clothingEmbroidered silk clothing