Chapter 2 frontispiece. The crescent moon as seen through Earth’s thin upper atmosphere

E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: NASA

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Figure 2.1. The layered structure of the atmosphere

E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Hartmann, 1994

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Figure 2.2. The decreases in air and vapor pressure with altitude

E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Hartmann, 1994

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Figure 2.3. Idealized surface and global wind patterns

E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press.

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Figure 2.4. The Northern Hemisphere polar jet stream

E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: NASA

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Figure 2.5. Contrasting wind patterns during the (a) winter and (b) summer monsoons over southwestern Asia and the northern Indian Ocean

E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Hartmann, 1994

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Figure 2.6. The North Atlantic Oscillation in its (a) positive and (b) negative phases

E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Martin Visbeck, IFM-GEOMAR, University of Kiel

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Cl + O3 ClO + O2

atomic chlorine + ozone chlorine monoxide + oxygen

ClO + O Cl + O2

chlorine monoxide + atomic oxygen atomic chlorine + molecular oxygen

Destruction of ozone by chlorine

E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. p. 29

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Figure 2.7. The ozone hole

E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: NASA

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