Chapter 2 Chapter 2 EcologyEcology

BIO Q.O.D.BIO Q.O.D.

•Define symbiosisDefine symbiosis

BIO Q.O.D.BIO Q.O.D.

•How is the growth rate How is the growth rate of a country of a country calculated?calculated?

What is Ecology?What is Ecology?•Study of Study of relationshipsrelationships & & interactionsinteractions among among organisms with each organisms with each other & environmentother & environment

Ecology – Why Study Ecology – Why Study it?it?

•The environment The environment is changing is changing

Global Warming

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1875 Pasterze

Glacier Austria

2004

Connection to usConnection to us

•40 million acres 40 million acres lost / year to lost / year to deforestation deforestation

•The US uses 20.7 million The US uses 20.7 million barrels of oil / daybarrels of oil / day

China uses China uses 6.5 million 6.5 million

Current PopulationCurrent Population

U.S. 311,345,590

China 1,339,724,852

India 1,210, 193,422

World 6,918,179,7785/13/11 http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html

History of Human Population History of Human Population TrendsTrends

1347-1351: Bubonic plaque killed 75 million people 1/3 of Europe’s Population

1800: Industrial Revolution = population explosion

1939-1945: 58 million people killed during WWII

1918: Spanish Flu killed 20-40 million people

2006: 2.9 million people die as a result of AIDS in Africa

1940-1950: Baby Boom in US

Growth Rates of Growth Rates of CountriesCountries

CountryCountry Growth RateGrowth RateAfghanistanAfghanistan 4.774.77BrazilBrazil 1.061.06PortugalPortugal 0.10.1United StatesUnited States 0.920.92KenyaKenya 2.562.56GermanyGermany 00

What affects population size?

IncreaseIncrease• ImmigrationImmigration•High birth High birth

ratesrates

DecreaseDecrease•EmigrationEmigration•CompetitionCompetition•PredationPredation•High death High death

ratesrates•DiseaseDisease

Limiting Factors

Levels of Levels of OrganizationOrganization

ss

Key Ecology TermsKey Ecology Terms

•Population:Population: Group of Group of same species living in an same species living in an areaarea

•Community:Community: All living All living things in an areathings in an area

•NicheNiche: an organism’s role : an organism’s role within the communitywithin the community

Key Ecology Terms (cont.)Key Ecology Terms (cont.)

•EcosystemEcosystem: biological : biological communitycommunity

•Habitat:Habitat: Where Where organisms liveorganisms live

•Biome:Biome: Group of Group of ecosystemsecosystems

How are we How are we connected?connected?

•Environment has many Environment has many interconnected factorsinterconnected factorsBiotic:Biotic: living factors living factorsAbiotic:Abiotic: nonliving nonliving factorsfactors

Community Community InteractionInteraction

SymbioticSymbiotic relationships relationships

1.1. Competition for Competition for resourcesresources

2. Predation: Predator 2. Predation: Predator

PreyPrey

3. Mutualism3. Mutualism

•Both organisms Both organisms benefitbenefit

Example:Example:Protists live inProtists live intermite gut & termite gut & helphelp

it digest woodit digest wood

Mutualism ExamplesMutualism Examples

4. Commensalism4. Commensalism• One organism benefits One organism benefits

other not affectedother not affectedExample:Example:Remora rides on Remora rides on sharks & sharks & eats food eats food scrapsscraps

Commensalism Commensalism ExamplesExamples

Barnacles on a whaleBarnacles on a whale

5. Parasitism5. Parasitism• One organism One organism

(parasite) benefits & (parasite) benefits & other (host) is harmedother (host) is harmed

• Parasite usually Parasite usually doesn’t kill hostdoesn’t kill hostExample:Example:Flea & DogFlea & Dog

Parasitism ExamplesParasitism Examples

Tick

“Myxi” disease

HIV

Other RelationshipsOther Relationships• Keystone SpeciesKeystone Species::

niche affects many niche affects many othersothers

• Invasive SpeciesInvasive Species:: introduced species introduced species can affect can affect native speciesnative species

Invasive Invasive SpeciesSpecies

Flow of Energy in Flow of Energy in EcosystemsEcosystems

•Energy Energy limits limits ecosystem ecosystem size and size and biodiversitybiodiversity

How Does Energy How Does Energy Flow?Flow?

1. Sun 1. Sun 2. Producers 2. Producers (Autotrophs)(Autotrophs)

– Photosynthesize Photosynthesize – Ex) plants, Ex) plants, algae algae

Review: AutotrophReview: Autotroph•AutoAuto means self means self

•TrophTroph means energy means energy

Autotrophs Autotrophs make own make own energy energy

Energy Flow (cont’d)Energy Flow (cont’d)

3. Energy goes to 3. Energy goes to consumers consumers

Aka. heterotrophsAka. heterotrophs•Can’t make own food, Can’t make own food, must eat other must eat other organismsorganisms

Types of ConsumersTypes of Consumers

•Primary ConsumerPrimary Consumer

herbivore:herbivore: •plant eatersplant eaters•Secondary ConsumerSecondary Consumer carnivore or omnivorecarnivore or omnivore

Types of Consumers Types of Consumers (cont)(cont)

•Carnivore:Carnivore: eat eat animalsanimals

•Omnivore:Omnivore: eat eat plants and plants and animalsanimals

Energy Flow (cont’d)Energy Flow (cont’d)

4. Last step of energy chain 4. Last step of energy chain decomposersdecomposers

•AKA detritivoresAKA detritivores

•Feed on dead & decaying Feed on dead & decaying mattermatter

Ex. bacteria, fungi -Ex. bacteria, fungi -

molds, mushrooms, wormsmolds, mushrooms, worms

  Trophic LevelsTrophic Levels•11stst level level: producers: producers •22ndnd level level: primary : primary consumers consumers

•33rdrd level level: : secondary secondary consumersconsumers

Energy PyramidEnergy Pyramid

•Energy loss diagram Energy loss diagram •Greatest amount of Greatest amount of energy is available at energy is available at bottombottom

Energy Pyramid Energy Pyramid (Cont)(Cont)

•10% of energy is 10% of energy is transferred to next transferred to next levellevel

Food ChainFood Chain•Pathway of energy Pathway of energy through a communitythrough a community

Producers Producers Primary ConsumersPrimary Consumers Secondary ConsumersSecondary Consumers

DecomposersDecomposers

Food WebFood Web•Food chains Food chains connectedconnected in in a communitya community

Nutrient Cycles Nutrient Cycles within within

EcosystemsEcosystems

Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen Cycle

1. Animal waste & 1. Animal waste & decomposition put decomposition put nitrogen into soilnitrogen into soil

2. Bacteria in soil “fix” 2. Bacteria in soil “fix” nitrogen gas by converting nitrogen gas by converting it into ammoniait into ammonia

Nitrogen CycleNitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen Cycle

3. Ammonia is absorbed 3. Ammonia is absorbed by plants and used to by plants and used to make proteinsmake proteins

Water CycleWater Cycle

1. Evaporation & 1. Evaporation & transpiration put water transpiration put water into atmosphereinto atmosphere

2. Precipitation replaces 2. Precipitation replaces water that has water that has evaporatedevaporated

Water CycleWater Cycle

Oxygen & Carbon Oxygen & Carbon CycleCycle

•Photosynthesis & Photosynthesis & Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration

•Producer - Producer - Consumer Consumer connectionconnection

Oxygen & Carbon Oxygen & Carbon CycleCycle

•COCO22 released into released into atmosphere by:atmosphere by:

•ConsumersConsumers•DecomposersDecomposers•Burning Burning fossils fuelsfossils fuels

Carbon CycleCarbon Cycle