Chapter 2 by Kathleen Mastrian and Dee McGonigle

Introduction to Information, Information Science, and

Information Systems

Key Terms Defined• Acquisition • Alerts• Analysis • Chief Information Officers• Chief Technical Officers or Chief

Technology Officers

Key Terms Defined

• Cognitive Science• Communication Science • Computer-Based Information System• Computer Science• Consolidated Health Informatics

Key Terms Defined

• Data• Dissemination • Document• Electronic Health Record• Federal Health Information Exchange

Key Terms Defined

• Feedback • Health Information Exchange• Health Level Seven• Information• Information Science

Key Terms Defined• Information System• Information Technology• Infrastructure• Input • Interface

Key Terms Defined• Knowledge• Knowledge Worker • Library Science • Massachusetts Health Data

Consortium • National Health Information

Infrastructure

Key Terms Defined

• National Health Information Network • New England Health EDI Network • Next Generation Internet • Outcome • Output

Key Terms Defined• Processing• Rapid Syndromic Validation Project • Report• Social Sciences • Stakeholders

Key Terms Defined

• Summaries • Synthesis • Telecommunications

Information

• What is information? • Types of data • Alphanumeric data• Image data

Information

• Video data• Data integrity• Information technologies • The importance of clean data

Information

• Quality of information• Characteristics of quality information• Two ways information is acquired• How we receive information

Information Science

• Information science• What is information science concerned with? • What can information science be related to?• Our society’s need for information

Information Processing• What information science enables• We are constantly in need of information • What is information?• What is knowledge?

Information Processing• Does knowledge have to be viable? • What is knowledge viability? • What is the importance of computational

tools?• A link between information processing and

scientific discovery • Knowledge and wisdom

Information Science and The Foundation of Knowledge

• Information Science• How did this science originate? • What does information science impact?

Information Science and The Foundation of Knowledge

• Healthcare organization’s role • Information science’s impact on society

Introduction to Information Systems

• Resources for healthcare• Information technologies shaping healthcare• Information systems and their ability to

handle large volume

Information System

• Computer-based information systems• IS’ specific purposes • The IS’ capability• Turning data into useful information

Information System

• The range of data• The output of data• What are the various documents of

information?• What are outcomes?

Information System

• What are output devices? • How does the IS generate payment? • Feedback and responses • Feedback in the IS

Thought Provoking Questions

How do you acquire information?

Choose two hours out of your busy day and try to take note of all of the information that you receive from your environment. Keep a diary denoting where the information came from and how you knew it was information and not data.

Thought Provoking Questions

Reflect on an information system that you are familiar with such as the automatic banking machine. How does this IS function? What are the advantages of using this system i.e., in the banking machine example, why not use a bank teller instead? What are the disadvantages? Are there enhancements that you would add to this system?

Thought Provoking Questions

In healthcare, think about a typical day of practice and describe the setting, how many times does the nurse interact with ISs?

• What are the IS that we interact with and how do we access them?

• Are they at the bedside, handheld or station-based?

• How does their location and ease of access impact nursing care?

Thought Provoking Questions

Since our society is dominated by the need for information and knowledge and information science focuses on systems as well as individual users fostering user-centered approaches that enhance society’s information capabilities by effectively and efficiently linking people, information and technology. Briefly describe an organization and discuss how this impacts the configuration and mix of organizations and influences the nature of work or how knowledge workers interact with and produce information and knowledge in this setting.

Thought Provoking Questions Information systems support and facilitate the

functioning of people to enhance and evolve nursing practice by generating knowledge. This knowledge represents five rights: the right information, accessible by the right people in the right settings, applied the right way at the right time. It is also the struggle to integrate new knowledge and old knowledge to enhance wisdom. (cont’d)

Thought Provoking Questions

(cont’d) If clinicians are inundated with data without the ability to process it, this yields too little wisdom. That is why it is crucial that clinicians have viable information systems at their fingertips to facilitate the acquisition, sharing and utilization of knowledge while maturing wisdom; it is a process of empowerment. If you could only meet 4 of the Rights, which one would you omit and why? Also, provide your rationale for each Right you chose to meet.