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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 1
Chapter 18: ReligionChapter 18: Religion
Sociology: A Down-to-EarthSociology: A Down-to-EarthApproach 7/eApproach 7/e
Sociology: A Down-to-EarthSociology: A Down-to-EarthApproach 7/eApproach 7/e
James M. HenslinJames M. HenslinChapter Eighteen: ReligionChapter Eighteen: ReligionJames M. HenslinJames M. HenslinChapter Eighteen: ReligionChapter Eighteen: Religion
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 2
Chapter 18: ReligionChapter 18: Religion
Emile Durkheim said, “A religion is a unified Emile Durkheim said, “A religion is a unified
system of beliefs and practices relative to system of beliefs and practices relative to
sacred things.”sacred things.”
What is Religion?What is Religion?
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 3
Chapter 18: ReligionChapter 18: Religion
BeliefsBeliefs that Some Things are Sacred that Some Things are Sacred
PracticesPractices Centering on Things Centering on Things
Considered SacredConsidered Sacred
A A Moral CommunityMoral Community Resulting from a Resulting from a
Group’s Beliefs and PracticesGroup’s Beliefs and Practices
Three Elements of ReligionThree Elements of Religion
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Chapter 18: ReligionChapter 18: Religion
Questions about Ultimate MeaningQuestions about Ultimate Meaning
Emotional ComfortEmotional Comfort
Social SolidaritySocial Solidarity
Guidelines for Everyday LifeGuidelines for Everyday Life
The Functionalist PerspectiveThe Functionalist Perspective
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Chapter 18: ReligionChapter 18: Religion
Social ControlSocial Control
AdaptationAdaptation
Support for the GovernmentSupport for the Government
Social ChangeSocial Change
The Functionalist PerspectiveThe Functionalist Perspective
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Chapter 18: ReligionChapter 18: Religion
Organizations Like Alcoholics AnonymousOrganizations Like Alcoholics Anonymous
PsychotherapyPsychotherapy
HumanismHumanism
Transcendental MeditationTranscendental Meditation
Political PartiesPolitical Parties
Functional Equivalents of ReligionFunctional Equivalents of Religion
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Chapter 18: ReligionChapter 18: Religion
Religion as Justification for PersecutionReligion as Justification for Persecution
War and TerrorismWar and Terrorism
Dysfunctions of ReligionDysfunctions of Religion
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Chapter 18: ReligionChapter 18: Religion
Religious SymbolsReligious Symbols
Rituals, Ceremonies, Repetitive PracticesRituals, Ceremonies, Repetitive Practices
Beliefs—CosmologyBeliefs—Cosmology
Religious Experience—Contact with GodReligious Experience—Contact with God
Community Shared Through Symbols, Rituals, and Community Shared Through Symbols, Rituals, and
BeliefsBeliefs
Symbolic Interactionist PerspectiveSymbolic Interactionist Perspective
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 9
Chapter 18: ReligionChapter 18: Religion
Marx’s Opium of the PeopleMarx’s Opium of the People
Legitimization of Social InequalitiesLegitimization of Social Inequalities
Social Arrangements Represent God’s DesiresSocial Arrangements Represent God’s Desires
Divine Rights of KingsDivine Rights of Kings
Pharaoh as GodPharaoh as God
Hindu Caste SystemHindu Caste System
Conflict PerspectiveConflict Perspective
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Chapter 18: ReligionChapter 18: Religion
Weber—Religion Held the Key to Weber—Religion Held the Key to
ModernizationModernization
Protestant EthicProtestant Ethic
Personal Duty to Make and Invest MoneyPersonal Duty to Make and Invest Money
A Move away from Traditional ThriftA Move away from Traditional Thrift
Spend Only on Necessities, Reinvest the RestSpend Only on Necessities, Reinvest the Rest
Religion and the Spirit of CapitalismReligion and the Spirit of Capitalism
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Chapter 18: ReligionChapter 18: Religion
JudaismJudaism
Originated 4,000 Years AgoOriginated 4,000 Years Ago
Originated in MesopotamiaOriginated in Mesopotamia
God’s Chosen People Through Covenant with AbrahamGod’s Chosen People Through Covenant with Abraham
Fundamental Change in Religion to MonotheismFundamental Change in Religion to Monotheism
Contemporary—Orthodox, Reform, ConservativeContemporary—Orthodox, Reform, Conservative
The World’s Major ReligionsThe World’s Major Religions
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Chapter 18: ReligionChapter 18: Religion
ChristianityChristianity
Also MonotheisticAlso Monotheistic
Believe Jesus Christ is MessiahBelieve Jesus Christ is Messiah
Born in Poverty to a VirginBorn in Poverty to a Virgin
At about 30 Jesus Began TeachingAt about 30 Jesus Began Teaching
The World’s Major ReligionsThe World’s Major Religions
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 13
Chapter 18: ReligionChapter 18: Religion
ChristianityChristianity
12 Main Followers—Apostles12 Main Followers—Apostles
Belief in Christ’s ResurrectionBelief in Christ’s Resurrection
Split to Greek Orthodoxy in 11th Century, Split to Greek Orthodoxy in 11th Century,
Reformation in 16th CenturyReformation in 16th Century
Currently about 2 Billion AdherentsCurrently about 2 Billion Adherents
The World’s Major ReligionsThe World’s Major Religions
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 14
Chapter 18: ReligionChapter 18: Religion
IslamIslam
World’s Third Monotheistic ReligionWorld’s Third Monotheistic Religion
Founded by Muhammad (Born in Mecca)Founded by Muhammad (Born in Mecca)
About Age 40 had Visions from GodAbout Age 40 had Visions from God
Visions and Teachings Written in KoranVisions and Teachings Written in Koran
The World’s Major ReligionsThe World’s Major Religions
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Chapter 18: ReligionChapter 18: Religion
IslamIslam
Muhammad Founded a Theocracy in MedianMuhammad Founded a Theocracy in Median
Two Main Branches—Sunni and ShiiteTwo Main Branches—Sunni and Shiite
Shiites More Conservative and FundamentalistShiites More Conservative and Fundamentalist
Consider Bible Sacred but Koran Final WordConsider Bible Sacred but Koran Final Word
The World’s Major ReligionsThe World’s Major Religions
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Chapter 18: ReligionChapter 18: Religion
HinduismHinduism
No Specific FounderNo Specific Founder
Chief Religion in India for 4,000 YearsChief Religion in India for 4,000 Years
No Canonical ScriptureNo Canonical Scripture
Brahmanas, Bhagavad-GitaBrahmanas, Bhagavad-Gita, and , and UpanishadsUpanishads
Expound Moral VirtuesExpound Moral Virtues
The World’s Major ReligionsThe World’s Major Religions
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 17
Chapter 18: ReligionChapter 18: Religion
HinduismHinduism
People Make Sacrifices to godsPeople Make Sacrifices to gods
Polytheistic—Many godsPolytheistic—Many gods
Central Belief is Karma—Spiritual ProgressCentral Belief is Karma—Spiritual Progress
No Final Judgment—ReincarnationNo Final Judgment—Reincarnation
Spiritual Perfection Results in NirvanaSpiritual Perfection Results in Nirvana
The World’s Major ReligionsThe World’s Major Religions
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 18
Chapter 18: ReligionChapter 18: Religion
BuddhismBuddhism
Siddhartha Gautama Founded in about 600 B.C.Siddhartha Gautama Founded in about 600 B.C.
Four Noble TruthsFour Noble Truths
Existence is SufferingExistence is Suffering
Origin of Suffering is DesireOrigin of Suffering is Desire
Suffering Ceases when Desire CeasesSuffering Ceases when Desire Ceases
Follow “Noble Eightfold Path” to End DesireFollow “Noble Eightfold Path” to End Desire
The World’s Major ReligionsThe World’s Major Religions
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Chapter 18: ReligionChapter 18: Religion
Buddhism—Eightfold PathBuddhism—Eightfold Path
Right BeliefRight Belief
Right ResolveRight Resolve
Right SpeechRight Speech
Right ConductRight Conduct
The World’s Major ReligionsThe World’s Major Religions
Right Occupation or LivingRight Occupation or Living
Right EffortRight Effort
Right-MindednessRight-Mindedness
Right EcstasyRight Ecstasy
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Chapter 18: ReligionChapter 18: Religion
ConfucianismConfucianism
K’ung Fu-tsu Born in China 551 B.C.K’ung Fu-tsu Born in China 551 B.C.
Public Official Distressed by Corruption in Public Official Distressed by Corruption in
GovernmentGovernment
Urged Social ReformUrged Social Reform
Developed System of Morality Based on Peace, Developed System of Morality Based on Peace,
Justice, Universal OrderJustice, Universal Order
The World’s Major ReligionsThe World’s Major Religions
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Chapter 18: ReligionChapter 18: Religion
ConfucianismConfucianism Teaching Written in the Teaching Written in the AnalectsAnalects
Basic Moral Principle—Basic Moral Principle—JenJen
Loyalty and Morality above Self-InterestLoyalty and Morality above Self-Interest
Confucian Golden RuleConfucian Golden Rule
Taught the “Middle Way”Taught the “Middle Way”
Originally Atheistic, Gods Added along the WayOriginally Atheistic, Gods Added along the Way
The World’s Major ReligionsThe World’s Major Religions
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Chapter 18: ReligionChapter 18: Religion
CultsCults Begin with Charismatic LeaderBegin with Charismatic Leader
Most Popular Religions Started this WayMost Popular Religions Started this Way
Most Cults FailMost Cults Fail
SectsSects Loosely Organized and Fairly SmallLoosely Organized and Fairly Small
Emphasize Personal SalvationEmphasize Personal Salvation
Types of Religious GroupsTypes of Religious Groups
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Chapter 18: ReligionChapter 18: Religion
ChurchesChurches Highly BureaucratizedHighly Bureaucratized
National and InternationalNational and International
Relationship with God Less IntenseRelationship with God Less Intense
EcclesiaEcclesia State ReligionsState Religions
Part of Cultural IdentificationPart of Cultural Identification
Types of Religious GroupsTypes of Religious Groups
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Chapter 18: ReligionChapter 18: Religion
Members Reject Dominant CultureMembers Reject Dominant Culture
Members Reject Specific Elements of a Members Reject Specific Elements of a
CultureCulture
Society Rejects Religious GroupSociety Rejects Religious Group
When Religion and Culture ConflictWhen Religion and Culture Conflict
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Chapter 18: ReligionChapter 18: Religion
Characteristics of MembersCharacteristics of Members
Social ClassSocial Class
Race and EthnicityRace and Ethnicity
AgeAge
Religion in the U.S.Religion in the U.S.
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Chapter 18: ReligionChapter 18: Religion
Characteristics of Religious GroupsCharacteristics of Religious Groups
DiversityDiversity
Pluralism and FreedomPluralism and Freedom
Competition and RecruitmentCompetition and Recruitment
CommitmentCommitment
Religion in the U.S.Religion in the U.S.
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Chapter 18: ReligionChapter 18: Religion
Characteristics of Religious GroupsCharacteristics of Religious Groups
TolerationToleration
Fundamentalist RevivalFundamentalist Revival
The Electronic ChurchThe Electronic Church
The Internet and ReligionThe Internet and Religion
Religion in the U.S.Religion in the U.S.
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Chapter 18: ReligionChapter 18: Religion
The Secularization of ReligionThe Secularization of Religion
The Secularization of CultureThe Secularization of Culture
Secularization of Religion Secularization of Religion and Cultureand Culture
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Chapter 18: ReligionChapter 18: Religion
Religion Thrives Religion Thrives
People Will Always Ponder PurposePeople Will Always Ponder Purpose
Science Cannot Tell Us About…Science Cannot Tell Us About…
The Existence of GodThe Existence of God
The Purpose of LifeThe Purpose of Life
An AfterlifeAn Afterlife
MoralityMorality
The Future of ReligionThe Future of Religion