Post on 15-Dec-2015
Chapter 17
Common Chemicals
Soap
Fat + Base Mode of Action
One end = polar, dissolve in water Other end = non-polar, dissolve in oil Surfactant = stabilize suspension of non-polar oil
in water In hard water leaves mineral deposits
Source: http://research.unc.edu/endeavors/spr2005/soap.php
Soap Dissected
Ingredients: sodium tallowate, palm kernelate, aqua, parfum, stearic acid, glycerin, sodium chloride, tetrasodium EDTA, tetrasodium etidronate, FD&C Blue No. 4, FD&C Yellow No. 5.
Sodium tallowate: soap made from animal fat Palm kernelate: soap made from palm kernel oil Aqua: water Parfum: mixture of natural and synthetic fragrances Stearic acid: fatty acid, improve soap texture Glycerin: moisturizer, keep soap from drying out Sodium chloride: improve soap texture Tetrasodium EDTA: chelating agent, prevent soap scum Tetrasodium etidronate: preservative FD&C Blue No. 4 and Yellow No. 5: artificial colors
Detergents
Synthetic Non-biodegradable detergents banned Biodegradable detergents
No mineral deposits, even in hard water
Contents Synthetic surfactant
Examples: Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium laryl/laureth sulfate, benzalkonium chloride
Stabilizers Fragrance
Softeners & Bleaches
Fabric Softeners Layer on clothes 1 molecule thick
Lubrication Electrically conductive (cancel out static
electricity)
Bleaches Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO)
Oxidation of color molecules in stains
Brighteners (Color-safe “bleach”) reflect blue light, clothes look white
Cleaning Products
Acids Toilet bowl cleaner (HCl, citric acid) Cleaners containing vinegar
Bases Oven cleaner Drain cleaner Glass cleaner (ammonia) Bleach
Source: www.visitwaupaca.com
Cosmetics: Lotions
Emollients: soften the skin by coating and protecting
Moisturizer: form a physical barrier to hinder evaporation
Sunscreens Humectants: hold water by
hydrogen bonding
Source: http://www.lyndhurstnaturals.com/Naturals2.aspx
Lotions Dissected
Aqua: water, adds moisture directly to skin Glycerin: moisturizer, softener Cetearyl alcohol: emollient, emulsifier, stabilizer Petrolatum: moisturizer, emollient Mineral oil: moisturizer Ceteareth-20: emulsifier, surfactant Dimethicone: moisturizer, anti-foaming agent Carbomer: emulsion stabilizer Methylparaben: preservative Sodium Hydroxide: pH adjuster Titanium dioxide: white colorant, coverage, reflectant Octyl dimethyl PABA: UV absorber
Sun Protection
Ultraviolet light 3 “near UV” wavelength
ranges
Therapeutic uses Psoriasis, vitiligo, eczema Cancer treatment
(phototherapy)
Dangers DNA damage Cancer Ageing
Images source: www.wikipedia.com
Sun Protection
Cosmetics Sunscreens Sunblocks SPF
Body’s defenses During sun exposure After sun exposure
Image source: http://msnbcmedia2.msn.com/j/msnbc/Components/Photos/060605/060605_sunscreen_vmed_1p.widec.jpg
Cosmetics: Other Skin Care
Exfoliant: remove surface skin cells Chemical Mechanical
Astringent: constrict pore openings Antiperspirant: retard perspiration
Complexes of aluminum and zirconium Acne
Salicylic acid, triclosan, benzoyl peroxide: antibiotics, can be very drying
Anti-aging Alpha- and beta-hydroxy acids: chemical
exfoliants
Cosmetics: Makeup
Mascara: oils, waxes, colors, thickeners
Lipstick: oils, waxes, colors, moisturizers, often with UV protection
Powders: pigment, binders, mineral powders (aluminum, titanium, zinc)
Foundation: oils, colors, pH balancers, emulsifiers, surfactants
All have preservatives!Source: http://www.commessuniversity.com/images/Nala%20in%20makeup%201.jpg
Oral Care
Toothpaste Sodium dodecyl (laurel) sulfate: detergent Artificial sweeteners, flavors Fluoride Abrasive
Mouthwash Antimicrobials Surfactants fluoride
Source: http://www.webhealthcenter.com/general/..%5Cimages%5Coral1.gif
Hair Care
Composition of hair Protein Shape is determined by
hydrogen bonds, salt bridges and disulfide bonds
Only root of hair is alive: all visible hair is dead
Slightly acidic Hair damage:
brushing/combing, blow drying, environmental attack, chemical damage
Source: http://www.pg.com/science/haircare/hair_twh_73.htm
Hair Care: Hair Products
Shampoo Mild detergent (surfactant) Most are gentle enough to not harm hair
structure Conditioner
Coats the hair shaft with moisturizers Dimethicone, silk proteins, collagen: smooth hair
shaft Hair care myths and facts
Hair Care: Hair Products
Hairspray Semisolid organic polymers that
form sticky resin on hair Dissolved in a solvent that
evaporates Perms
Reducing agent breaks disulfide bonds in hair
Oxidizing agent allows bonds to reform with hair in a new shape
Depilatories Strongly basic—destroy peptide
bonds in hair & skinSource: http://www.turbostipend.com/bileta/hairspray.jpg
Hair Care: Hair Products
Hair dyes Hair is naturally colored by melanins Coloring: benzene-amine compounds soak into
hair shaft Bleaching: hydrogen peroxide oxidizes natural
pigments (melanins) into colorless products Avoid contact with skin!
Source: http://www.west-coast-beauty.com/unjimages/veroChromeColor/tube.jpg
You The Consumer
Types of products are often the same!
Beware of outrageous claims
Beware of unnecessarily expensive products
Read the ingredients and compare
Be a well-informed consumer Source: http://www.rohmhaas.com/images/2ndlevel/i_percare.jpg
Remember!
1 Corinthians 6:19-20“Know ye not that your body is the temple of the
Holy Ghost which is in you, which ye have of God?”
“For ye are bought with a price: therefore glorify God in your body, and in your spirit, which are God’s.”
Take care of yourself—your body is a gift
What should you know?
Differences between soap and detergent Composition Behavior in soft & hard water
Difference between regular bleach (NaClO) and color-safe bleach (brighteners)
Be able to name an acidic and a basic cleaning product Understand how sunscreens and sunblocks work (different
types, SPF, etc.) Be able to describe how emollients, surfactants, emulsifiers,
moisturizers, astringents, exfoliants and humectants work Know common ingredients in toothpaste Understand the composition of hair and how it is damaged Be able to describe how hair dyes and bleaches, perms,
hairspray and depilatories work