Post on 09-Feb-2016
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Chapter 15- The Muslim Empires
Ottoman Empire
Turks- groups from central Asia, spread west 9th-11th centuries
Seljuk Turks took over Abbasid caliphate, enemies of Byzantines
Ottoman Turks- Osman rewarded with land after fighting Mongols, Anatolian Peninsula
Geographic advantage- Byzantines, Muslims Expansion- Balkans, Slavs
Ottoman Empire
Janissaries- elite troops, allegiance to sultan Use of new weapons, firearms Mehmet II – Constantinople 1453 Continued expansion- Safavids, Mamluks
(Meso and Egypt) North Africa Emperor Selim claimed caliph Locals allowed to govern, trade, piracy
Ottoman Empire
Suleyman the Magnificent- advancement into Europe (Danube, Hungary, Austria), control of western Med Sea
Europeans could not ignore and treated Turks like other countries- alliances, trade
New try to advance met by alliance of Europeans, defeat (Vienna)
Slow decline of Ottoman power
Ottoman Rule
Sultan- supreme authority Learned/adapted Byzantine and Persian
customs Problems with succession Topkapi Palace- Istanbul, center of power Harem- elite group, queen mother Not all about sex, political power
Ottoman Rule
Imperial council- vizier Bureaucracy- merit Similar to fief holdings, feudalism Sunni Muslims- generally tolerant of others
unless seen as a threat Non- Muslims paid head tax, conversions Millet- religious group, responsible for
behavior, taxation, education, justice, welfare
Ottoman Rule
Women- more freedoms than elsewhere, divorce, property
Decline came after Suleyman- son Selim II (“drunken sultan”)
Internal dissention, corruption, constant war decreased treasury
Influence of Western culture, materialism
Ottoman Art
Pottery, rugs, silk, arms, jewelry Architecture most important Open floor plan (Hagia Sophia), domes,
minarets, windows Decorations- mosaics, bright colors,
geometric designs Rugs, silks
Safavids
After Tamerlane (Mongol) decline- chaos Founded by Shah Ismail- ancestor to Ali Controlled Iraq, Iran, Baghdad Conflict with Ottoman Turks Copied Janissaries, military from Ottomans Abbas the Great- strengthen, stabilize
dynasty
Safavids
Internal problems- increase in power of Shi’ias, decrease in religious orthodoxy
Women lost rights, “behind the veil” Others took advantage of weaknesses and
attacked, rulers fled Brief restoration- battle with Mughals in India Mixed population of people, used religion to
unify
Safavids
Shah- political and religious leader, Shi’a power
Used foreigners in gov’t to avoid competition Directly involved in economy- check up on
locals, no direct contact with Europe, limited trade
Capital- Isfahan, architecture, blue tiles Silk, painting
Mughals
Unification of subcontinent of India- under Islamic foreigners
Influence of Europeans- decline Founder was Babul (Mongol descendent) Weapons, cavalry- northern India Son chased out but aided by Safavids to
return to power Akbar- peak of power, “gunpowder empire”
Mughals
Akbar- took steps to reconcile different religions, tolerance
Married to Hindu, learned of Christianity, classical Indian ideas, hostility to Islam
Divine Faith- combination of religions with control by emperor
Not embraced by many people, Hindus given more power/jobs
Mughals
Tolerance in legal system- Hindus not made to pay head tax, follow own laws
Overall time of peace and prosperity Strong father- weak son Brief resurgance- Shah Jahan Taj Mahal- built in memory of wife, expensive Aurangzeb- controversial (ex. elimination of
sati)
Mughals
Reversed religious tolerance, revolts Portuguese monopoly of trade England- remained present as Mughal power
declined, able to exert influence- Ft William Dutch/French attracted to trade in area Power of British East India company- conflict
with gov’t, major step in English dominance
Mughals
Money made was sent back to England and weakened local trade
British slowly took over and enforced own rules and laws
Locals unable to mount significant challenge to British
Real influence of Mughals on life of Indians is hard to tell- women, Hindus
Mughals
Time of synthesis- Islamic, Persian, native Indian art and culture- architecture
Taj Mahal, Red Fort Painting- now on paper Imitation of European art Printing not available until end of Mughals Persian- poetry, language