Post on 16-May-2018
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation
created by
Karen Schuster Florida Community College of Jacksonville
Chapter 15
Life Cycle
Nutrition
Pregnancy through
Infancy
.
Why Is Good Nutrition Essential for a Healthy Pregnancy?
How does a baby begin developing?
– Full-term pregnancy: 40 weeks, divided into three
trimesters
• First two weeks after conception: zygote
attaches to uterine wall
• Placenta and embryo (2-8 weeks) develop
–Placenta: common tissue between mother
and embryo where nutrients, oxygen, waste
products exchanged through umbilical cord
• Fetus after eighth week of pregnancy
What Nutrients and Behaviors Are Most Important for a
Healthy Pregnancy?
Before conception, fathers-to-be need to eat well
to produce healthy sperm
– Smoking, alcohol and drug abuse, obesity may
decrease sperm production and function
– Zinc, folate associated with healthy sperm
production
– Antioxidants (vitamins C and E, carotenoids) may
help protect sperm from free-radical damage.
– Should consume well-balanced diet
What Behaviors Are Most Important for a Healthy
Pregnancy?
Before conception, mothers need to adopt a
healthy lifestyle
– Attain a healthy weight
• Obese pregnant women have an increased risk for
hypertension and gestational diabetes
• Decrease weight before pregnancy but should
never try to lose weight during pregnancy
• Underweight women have lighter-weight placenta
and increased risk of low birth weight baby
Continued…
What Nutrients and Behaviors Are Most Important for
a Healthy Pregnancy?
– Get plenty of folic acid to decrease risk
of neural tube birth defects
– Moderate fish and caffeine consumption
• Methylmercury can harm fetal nervous
system
• Caffeine intake under 1.5cups to reduce
risk of miscarriage, birth defects
– High caffeine intake may also decrease fertility
Fishing for a Healthy Baby
Table 12.1
What Behaviors Are Most Important for a Healthy
Pregnancy?
– Avoid cigarettes, alcohol, botanical supplements, and illicit drugs • Infants of smokers weigh less, have increased
risk of premature birth, death, SIDS
• Alcohol can lead to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.
– Even low levels of alcohol may cause learning and behavioral disorders.
• Herbs and botanical supplements can be harmful – check with health care provider before consuming them
• Illicit drugs increase risk of miscarriage, preterm labor, low birth weight, and birth defects
Botanicals/Herbs
• Blue cohosh is an herb that is sometimes used
to induce labor.
• Juniper, Pennyroyal, Goldenseal, and Thuja may
also cause contractions that can lead to
miscarriage or premature labor.
• Green tea is healthy because of its antioxidant
content, however, it contains a compound that
inhibits folic acid, which may increase risk of
neural tube defects.
What Behaviors Are Most Important for a Healthy
Pregnancy?
In the first trimester:
– Women need to eat when food may not be
appetizing
– Practice food safety
– Some women develop food aversions and/or
cravings
• Pica: abnormal, compulsive intake of nonedible
substances such as clay, dirt, and cornstarch
• It is common in African American women.
…It Doesn’t Only Happen in the Morning
Morning sickness usually begins in first
trimester and often ends by twentieth
week; 80% women experience it
– Cause of morning sickness unknown;
fluctuating hormones may play role
– Rare cases of severe morning sickness with
vomiting called hyperemesis gravidarum can
cause serious complications: dehydration,
electrolyte imbalances, weight loss
• Often requires hospitalization
Morning Sickness
• Some women find relief in eating small,
frequent meals that are high in carbs such
as rice, pasta and crackers.
• B6 may also reduce the nausea and
vomiting.
• Some women have experienced relief
after drinking ginger ale.
What Nutrients and Behaviors Are Most Important for
a Healthy Pregnancy?
Goals for adequate weight gain:
– 25-35 pounds total weight gain for women
starting pregnancy at a healthy weight
What Nutrients Are Most Important for a
Healthy Pregnancy?
Dietary considerations:
– Need up to 50% more folate, zinc, iron
• Nutrient-dense food sources, prenatal supplement
may be needed
– Calcium needs don’t increase but diet needs
to meet requirements
Continued…
Staying Healthy During Pregnancy
The importance of exercise
– Exercise can improve sleep, lower risk of
hypertension and diabetes, prevent
backaches, relieve constipation, shorten
labor, and reduce stress, depression, and
anxiety.
– 30 minutes or more of moderate exercise
most days of the week
• Low-impact activities best
Uh-Oh…Trouble
Potential complications
Gestational diabetes: high blood glucose levels develop
after about twentieth week of pregnancy
– Should be tested in second trimester
• Can result in macrosomia: large baby weighing
more than 8 lbs, 13 oz.
• Increases risk of baby having jaundice (yellowish
coloring of the skin due to the presence of bile
pigments in the blood), breathing problems, birth
defects
– Pregnancy-induced hypertension includes gestational
hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia
Risk factors for Gestational Diabetes
• Being overweight
• Being over 25 years old
• History of higher than normal blood glucose
levels
• Family history of diabetes
• Being of Hispanic, African American, Native
American or Pacific Islander descent
• Have given birth to a large baby or stillborn
• Had gestational diabetes in past
…And More Trouble
– Gestational hypertension: high blood
pressure develops about halfway through
pregnancy (stress on kidneys and heart)
– Preeclampsia: includes hypertension, severe
edema and protein in urine
• Treatment includes bedrest, medication, even
hospitalization until baby can be safely delivered
• If untreated, can lead to eclampsia
– Eclampsia: can cause seizures in mother
and is major cause of death of women during
pregnancy
Concerns
• Fertility typically begins to decline in
women starting in their early 30s, so
conception may take longer.
What Is Breast-Feeding and Why Is It
Beneficial? • Lactation: prolactin produces milk in breast
and oxytocin causes milk to be released (let-
down)
• Breast-feeding provides physical, emotional,
and financial benefits for mothers.
– Breast-feeding helps with pregnancy recovery;
reduces risk of some chronic diseases
– Breast milk less expensive, more convenient
than formula
– Breast-feeding promotes bonding with baby
Breastfeeding
• Breastfeeding can help delay the return of the
menstrual cycle, which may decrease fertility.
• This does not mean that you can’t get
pregnant while breastfeeding!
• Breastfeeding has been shown to reduce the
risk of hip fractures later in life, increase bone
density, and reduce the risk of type 2
diabetes.
• The nutrient composition of breast milk
continues to change as the baby grows and
his or her needs change.
What Is Breast-Feeding and Why Is It
Beneficial?
Breast-feeding protects against infections,
allergies, chronic diseases and may enhance
brain development
– Decreases risk and severity of diarrhea, meningitis,
respiratory, ear and urinary tract infections
• Helps protect baby from pathogens, inflammation,
allergies, and diseases such as SIDS, asthma, leukemia,
heart disease, diabetes
• May reduce risk of childhood obesity
When Is Formula a Healthy Alternative to Breast
Milk?
Some women may not be able to breast-feed.
– Women infected with HIV, have AIDS, human T-cell
leukemia or active tuberculosis, receiving
chemotherapy and/or radiation, or use illegal drugs
should not breast-feed
– Women taking prescription medications should
check with health-care provider regarding safety
When Is Formula a Healthy Alternative to Breast
Milk?
Formula can be a healthy alternative to breast-
feeding.
– Cow’s milk doesn’t meet nutritional needs: too high
in protein (casein), potassium, and sodium; too low
in fat and linoleic acid; iron poorly absorbed
– Cow’s milk can cause intestinal blood loss in infants
– Infant formula as similar as possible to breast milk
• Regulated by FDA: sets nutrient requirements
• Made from cow’s milk (altered to improve nutrient content
and availability) or soy-protein
• Powdered, concentrated liquid, or ready-to-use
What Are the Nutrient Needs of an Infant and Why
Are They So High?
Infants grow at accelerated rate: double birth
weight by about 6 months, triples by 12 months
of age
Monitoring infant growth:
– Infants not receiving adequate nutrition may have
difficulty reaching milestones
– Failure to thrive (FTT): delayed in physical growth
or size or does not gain enough weight
– Growth charts track physical development.
• Head circumference, length, weight, and weight for length
measures are used to assess growth.
Nutrients
• There are 3 nutrients that must be added
to an infant’s diet: Vitamin K, Vitamin D,
and iron.
• Vitamin K to ensure their blood to clot.
• Vitamin D because they do not get enough
from breast milk to prevent rickets.
• Iron stores may be low.
When Are Solid Foods Safe?
Solid foods should be introduced gradually to
make sure child isn’t allergic or intolerant
– One new food per week
– Rice cereal is great first food: least allergy-
causing
– Other grains, then vegetables, fruits over a
period of months
Homemade or store-bought baby food?
– Homemade is cheaper, but can also find high-
quality store-bought foods without added sugar,
salt, preservatives
When Are Solid Foods Safe?
Some foods are dangerous and should be
avoided.
– Choking hazard from certain foods, such as hot dog
slices
– Avoid common food allergens: chocolate, cheese,
fish, strawberries, egg whites, cow’s milk, peanut
butter
– Honey can lead to botulism, which can be fatal.
– Herbal teas may pose risk
– Seasonings, salt, sugar, butter should not be added