Post on 30-Dec-2015
description
Rise of the Ottoman Turks
•Built power in the northwest corner of the Anatolian Peninsula
•Expanded westward into the Balkans
•Claimed the title of sultan and built a strong military
Rise of the Ottoman Turks
•Janissaries an elite military guard, converted to Islam and trained as foot soldiers or administrators to serve the sultan
•Elite military guard & mastery of firearms
Expansion of the Empire
•The Ottoman empire expanded into Western Asia, North Africa and additional lands in Europe
The Fall of Constantinople
•Mehmet II, leader of the Ottomans
•His forces laid siege to Constantinople
•May 29, 1453 the Ottoman’s breached the walls of the city
•Sacked the city for three days
Western Asia & Africa•Istanbul the new name for Constantinople
•Sultan Selim I leader to the Ottoman Turks between 1514 & 1517
•Took control of Mesopotamia, Egypt & Arabia
Western Asia & Africa•Jerusalem, Makkah & Madinah, holy cities of Islam
•Pashas, central government appointed officials who collected taxes, maintained law & order & were directly responsible to the Sultan’s court in Constantinople
Europe•Ottomans conquest of Europe was stopped by the Hungarians at the Danube Valley
•Turks were defeated in Vienna, Austria in 1529
•Ottoman fleet was destroyed by the Spanish at Lepanto in 1571
The Nature of Ottoman Rule
•“gunpowder empire” conquerors who unified the regions largely based on its mastery of the technology of firearms
•Sultan, head of the Ottoman system, was the supreme authority in both a political and a military sense
The Nature of Ottoman Rule
•Harem, private domain of the sultan, “sacred place”, place were his wives resided
•grand vizier, a chief minister, led the meetings of the council
Religion in the Ottoman World
•Sunni Muslims•Ottoman sultans had claimed the title of caliph
•Ulema, group of religious advisers that administered the legal system & schools for educating Muslims
Religion in the Ottoman World
•Islamic law and customs were applied to all Muslims in the empire
•Generally tolerant of non-Muslims
Ottoman Society
•Divided by occupation•Four main occupational groups•Peasants, artisans, merchants
& pastoral peoples•Women subject to restrictions,
but their position was somewhat better (inherit property, seek divorce)
Problems in the Ottoman Empire
•Empire began to lose some of its territory
•Sultans became less involved in government
•Training of officials declined•Local officials grew corrupt & taxes rose
Problems in the Ottoman Empire
•Constant wars depleted the imperial treasury
•Corruption and palace intrigue grew
•Exchange of Western & Ottoman ideas and customs
Ottoman Art•Flourishing production of
pottery, rugs, silk & other textiles; jewelry & arms & armor
•Greatest contribution was in architecture
•Sinan, architect, built 81 mosques
•Modeled after Hagia Sophia
Ottoman Art
•Flourishing of textiles & rugs•Factories produced silks for walls hangings, sofa covers & court costumes
Rise of the Safavid Dynasty
•*Safavids lived in Persia into Central Asia
•*Ardent Shiite Muslims•Sunnis & Shiites were the two major groups in the Islamic religion
•*Shah Ismail founder of the Safavid Dynasty
Rise of the Safavid Dynasty
•*Shah, king of the Persian state•*Shah Ismail ordered the massacre of Sunni Muslims when he conquered Baghdad in 1508
•Selim I, the Ottoman sultan defeated the Safavids at a major battle near Tabriz
Rise of the Safavid Dynasty
•Used the Shiite faith as a unifying force
•Shah claimed to be the spiritual leader of all Islam
•Capital moved from Tabriz to Isfahan
Glory & Decline•*Shah Abbas ruled the Safavids from 1588 to 1629
•Strengthened his army•Fought the Ottomans over lost land
•1612, signed a peace treaty
Glory & Decline•*Orthodoxy, traditional
religious beliefs•*Persian women played a major
role in society, but also forced into seclusion.
Glory & Decline•Afghan peoples invaded &
seized the capital of Isfahan•Turks took advantage of the
situation to seize territories along the western border
•Persia sank into a long period of *anarchy (lawlessness and disorder)
Political & Social Structures
•Persia under the Safavids was a mixed society
•*Safavids ruled, but a majority of the people were Persian
•*Political system organized in the shape of a pyramid
•*Government appointments based on merit rather than birth
The Role of the Shah•Safavid rulers were eagerly supported by Shiites, who believed that the founder of the empire (Shah Ismail) was a direct successor of the prophet Muhammad
Economy & Trade•Trade & manufacturing activity
•Horse or camel caravans•Resting places for travelers & roads clear of thieves & bandits
•Found trade with Europe difficult
Safavid Culture•Science, medicine &
mathematics•*Planned city with wide spaces
and a sense of order•Palaces, mosques & bazaars
Safavid Culture•*Imaginative metalwork,
elaborate tiles & delicate glass vessels
•*Silk weaving•*Carpet weaving, Persian
carpets•Riza-I-Abbasi, Persian painter
The Mogul Dynasty•Located on the Indian subcontinent
•*Hindu & Muslim kingdoms•*Babur founder of the Mogul dynasty
•Forces used advanced weapons, including heavy artillery
The Reign of Akbar
•Akbar, Babur grandson used *heavy artillery
•Was a successful negotiator•Highly centralized government•Semi-independent states•Known for his humane character
The Reign of Akbar•*Religious tolerance•Interested in other religions & tolerated Hindu practices
•Tolerant in his administration of government
•*Zamindars, local officials who kept a portion of the taxes paid by peasants in lieu of a salary
Decline of the Moguls•Shah Jahan leader of the Moguls between 1628 & 1658
•Expanded the boundaries of the empire
•Failed to deal with growing domestic problems
•Inherited a nearly empty treasury
Decline of the Moguls•Shah Jahan’s military campaigns & expensive building projects put a heavy strain on the imperial finances & compelled him to raise taxes
•Aurangzeb, Shah Jahan’s son, controversial Mogul ruler
Decline of the Moguls
•Aurangzeb, attempted to eliminate India’s social evils
•Forbade sutte & levying of illegal taxes
•Suttee, cremating a widow on her husband’s funeral pyre
•Reversed religious tolerance
The British in India
•Established trading forts by 1650
•British ships carried Indian-made cotton goods to East Indies, where they were traded for spices
•Attracted rivals in the French
The British in India•Sir Robert Clive, chief representative for the East India Company’s power in India
•Fought the French, imprisoned in the “Black Hole of Calcutta” and underground prison
•1757, defeated the Mogul-led army
The British in India•Collected taxes from lands in the area surrounding Calcutta
•Offended both their Indian allies and the local population, who were taxed heavily to meet the expenses of the East India Company
Society & Daily Life in Mogul India
•Blending of Hindu and Muslim influences
•Women played an active role•Fought in battle, owned land & took part in business
•Hindu practices remained unchanged by Mogul rule
Mogul Culture•Brought Persian & Indian influences together
•Symbolized by the Taj Mahal•Built in memory of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal
Mogul Culture•“Akbar style” combined Persian with Indian motifs
•Used perspective and lifelike portraits