Chapter 13Chapter 13APUSHAPUSH

Mrs. PriceMrs. Price

““Success is a journey, not a Success is a journey, not a destination. The doing is destination. The doing is

often more important than often more important than the outcome.” Arthur Ashethe outcome.” Arthur Ashe

Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny

America was America was destined by destined by God to expandGod to expand

Name given by Name given by John O’SullivanJohn O’Sullivan

““Manifest Destiny”Manifest Destiny”““Manifest Destiny”Manifest Destiny”

".... the right of our manifest destiny to over ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive development of self-government and federaltive development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."growth."

".... the right of our manifest destiny to over ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive development of self-government and federaltive development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."growth." A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged. A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.

TexasTexas

1820s: Mexican Govt encourages 1820s: Mexican Govt encourages American immigrationAmerican immigration

1824: colonization law – promised 1824: colonization law – promised cheap land & 4 yr exemption from cheap land & 4 yr exemption from taxestaxes

Most settlers were Southerners: Most settlers were Southerners: cotton & slavescotton & slaves

By 1830: 7000 Americans (twice # of By 1830: 7000 Americans (twice # of Mexicans)Mexicans)

Stephen AustinStephen Austin

Established 1Established 1stst American settlement American settlement in TX (1822)in TX (1822)

Worked as Worked as intermediaryintermediary

Intermediaries Intermediaries created power created power centers that centers that competed with competed with Mexican govtMexican govt

1830s: Tensions increase1830s: Tensions increase

1830: Mexican laws barring new 1830: Mexican laws barring new American immigration (dropped in American immigration (dropped in 1833)1833)

By 1835: 30,000 Americans in TXBy 1835: 30,000 Americans in TX Americans keep economic & cultural Americans keep economic & cultural

ties to US; wanted to legalize slaveryties to US; wanted to legalize slavery Some settlers want independenceSome settlers want independence

General Santa AnnaGeneral Santa Anna

Santa Anna seizes power Santa Anna seizes power

- Dictator- Dictator

- puts Austin in jail- puts Austin in jail conflict increases with settlers: conflict increases with settlers:

fighting breaks out in TX in 1835fighting breaks out in TX in 1835 1836: American settlers declared 1836: American settlers declared

independenceindependence

Santa Anna led Santa Anna led army into Texasarmy into Texas

- Americans - Americans disorganizeddisorganized

- American defeats - American defeats at Alamo & Goliadat Alamo & Goliad

General Sam HoustonGeneral Sam Houston

April 1836: Battle April 1836: Battle of San Jacinto: of San Jacinto: defeat of Mexico & defeat of Mexico & capture of Santa capture of Santa AnnaAnna

Santa Anna signs Santa Anna signs treaty giving Texas treaty giving Texas its independenceits independence

TexasTexas

Most Texans want annexation by USMost Texans want annexation by US Americans are dividedAmericans are divided President Jackson, Van Buren, & President Jackson, Van Buren, &

Harrison don’t support annexationHarrison don’t support annexation Texas is annexed Feb 1845 after it Texas is annexed Feb 1845 after it

becomes the issue of the 1844 becomes the issue of the 1844 electionelection

Election of 1844Election of 1844

James Polk (D)James Polk (D) Henry Clay Henry Clay

(Whig)(Whig) Polk wins (170 to Polk wins (170 to

105 electoral 105 electoral votes)votes)

Mexican WarMexican War

When Texas becomes a state, When Texas becomes a state, Mexico breaks off diplomatic Mexico breaks off diplomatic relations with USrelations with US

Texas boundary disputeTexas boundary dispute

- Texas: Rio Grande is boundary- Texas: Rio Grande is boundary

- Mexico: Nueces River is boundary- Mexico: Nueces River is boundary

President Polk accepts Texas claimPresident Polk accepts Texas claim Polk sends Z. Taylor & troops to protect Polk sends Z. Taylor & troops to protect

TexasTexas Polk sends J. Slidell to buy disputed Polk sends J. Slidell to buy disputed

land; offer was rejectedland; offer was rejected Jan 13, 1846: Polk orders Taylor’s army Jan 13, 1846: Polk orders Taylor’s army

to move across Nueces River to Rio to move across Nueces River to Rio GrandeGrande

Some Mexican troops crossed Rio Some Mexican troops crossed Rio Grande & attacked unit of AmericansGrande & attacked unit of Americans

May 1846: Polk asks for declaration of May 1846: Polk asks for declaration of warwar

Mexican WarMexican War

Controversial Controversial WarWar

Conflict Conflict spreads to spreads to CaliforniaCalifornia

War ends War ends when US when US captures captures Mexico CityMexico City

Treaty of Guadalupe-Treaty of Guadalupe-HidalgoHidalgo

Feb 1848Feb 1848 Mexico gives up CA & NMMexico gives up CA & NM Agrees that Rio Grande is boundary Agrees that Rio Grande is boundary

of TXof TX US pays Mexico $15 millionUS pays Mexico $15 million

Results of the Mexican WarResults of the Mexican War

17 month war cost $100 million & 17 month war cost $100 million & over 13,000 American lives (mostly of over 13,000 American lives (mostly of disease)disease)

New territories were brought into the New territories were brought into the Union which increased tensions over Union which increased tensions over slavery slavery

Created 2 popular Whig generals who Created 2 popular Whig generals who ran for Presidentran for President

Manifest Destiny partially realizedManifest Destiny partially realized

OregonOregon

Both US & Britain claimed sovereigntyBoth US & Britain claimed sovereignty 1818 treaty: joint occupation1818 treaty: joint occupation 1820s & 1830s: US interest grew – 1820s & 1830s: US interest grew –

more Americans than British by 1840more Americans than British by 1840 1846: British accept Polk’s proposal to 1846: British accept Polk’s proposal to

divide territory at 49divide territory at 49thth parallel parallel 54’40 or Fight!54’40 or Fight!

Westward MigrationWestward Migration

Between 1840-1860: 300,000 moved Between 1840-1860: 300,000 moved westwest

For farming, mining, or lumberingFor farming, mining, or lumbering Typically left from IA or MOTypically left from IA or MO Oregon Trail or Santa Fe TrailOregon Trail or Santa Fe Trail Most journeys lasted 5-6 months (15 Most journeys lasted 5-6 months (15

miles per day)miles per day) Indians more helpful than dangerousIndians more helpful than dangerous

Slavery & the TerritoriesSlavery & the Territories

Wilmot Proviso (1846)Wilmot Proviso (1846)

- Prohibited slavery in new territories- Prohibited slavery in new territories

- Passed House but failed in Senate- Passed House but failed in Senate

Other ProposalsOther Proposals

Polk: extend the MO Compromise Polk: extend the MO Compromise line to west coastline to west coast

Popular sovereignty (squatter Popular sovereignty (squatter sovereignty)sovereignty)

Led to creation of new parties: Free Led to creation of new parties: Free Soil & RepublicanSoil & Republican

New PartiesNew Parties

Free Soil PartyFree Soil Party Discontented Discontented

Northern DemocratsNorthern Democrats Anti-slave members Anti-slave members

of the Liberty & of the Liberty & Whig partiesWhig parties

Opposed to Opposed to extension of slavery extension of slavery in new territoriesin new territories

Republican PartyRepublican Party Northern WhigsNorthern Whigs Northern Northern

DemocratsDemocrats Know-NothingsKnow-Nothings Opponents of Opponents of

Kansas-Nebraska Kansas-Nebraska ActAct

Election of 1848Election of 1848

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850

California asked to become a state in California asked to become a state in 18491849

Equal balance 15 free to 15 slaveEqual balance 15 free to 15 slave Compromise has something for free Compromise has something for free

& slave states& slave states

Free/NorthFree/North CA admitted as CA admitted as

free statefree state Slave trade is Slave trade is

outlawed in outlawed in Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C.

Slave/SouthSlave/South Fugitive Slave Fugitive Slave

Law: slave owners Law: slave owners get more power to get more power to reclaim escaped reclaim escaped slavesslaves

Slavery is Slavery is protected in D.C.protected in D.C.

Compromise of 1850 cont.Compromise of 1850 cont.

Compromise is drafted by Clay but Compromise is drafted by Clay but Douglas gets it passedDouglas gets it passed

Many Northerners refuse to comply Many Northerners refuse to comply with Fugitive Slave Lawwith Fugitive Slave Law

Election of 1852Election of 1852

Franklin Pierce (D)Franklin Pierce (D) Winfield Scott (W)Winfield Scott (W) John Hale (Free Soil)John Hale (Free Soil) Pierce won – avoided divisive issuesPierce won – avoided divisive issues

Kansas-Nebraska Act Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)(1854)

Objective: to survey & settle land in Objective: to survey & settle land in Great Plains in order to build a Great Plains in order to build a transcontinental railroadtranscontinental railroad

Gadsen Purchase: $10 million for Gadsen Purchase: $10 million for land from Mexico (part of AZ & NM)land from Mexico (part of AZ & NM)

Douglas wanted it to go through Douglas wanted it to go through ChicagoChicago

PartsParts

Divided Nebraska Territory into Divided Nebraska Territory into Kansas & Nebraska TerritoriesKansas & Nebraska Territories

Repealed MO CompromiseRepealed MO Compromise Slavery would be decided by Slavery would be decided by

territorial legislature (popular territorial legislature (popular sovereignty)sovereignty)

EffectsEffects

Divided Northern DemocratsDivided Northern Democrats Helped to create Republican Party Helped to create Republican Party

(1854)(1854) Divided & destroyed Whig PartyDivided & destroyed Whig Party Bleeding KansasBleeding Kansas

“Bleeding Kansas”“Bleeding Kansas”

Border “Ruffians”

(pro-slavery Missourians)

Border “Ruffians”

(pro-slavery Missourians)

Bleeding KansasBleeding Kansas

White settlers began pouring into White settlers began pouring into KansasKansas

Pro-slavery supporters attacked Pro-slavery supporters attacked antislavery town of Lawrenceantislavery town of Lawrence

John Brown & followers murdered 5 John Brown & followers murdered 5 slavery supporters (Pottawatomie slavery supporters (Pottawatomie Massacre)Massacre)

John Brown: Madman or John Brown: Madman or Martyr?Martyr?

Violent Violent abolitionistabolitionist

Wanted to lead a Wanted to lead a slave revolt by slave revolt by raising an army raising an army of freed slaves of freed slaves

Harpers FerryHarpers Ferry

Brown & followers Brown & followers attacked US attacked US Ammunition Ammunition depot to capture depot to capture weaponsweapons

Oct 1859Oct 1859 Unsuccessful & Unsuccessful &

captured by US captured by US military led by Leemilitary led by Lee

•He was found guilty of treason and sentenced

to death.

•His last words were to this effect: “I believe “I believe

that the issue of slavery that the issue of slavery will never be solved will never be solved unless through the unless through the shedding of blood.”shedding of blood.”

Trial of JohnTrial of John Brown Brown

Lecompton ConstitutionLecompton Constitution

1857: Pro slavery supporters wrote 1857: Pro slavery supporters wrote state constitution legalizing slavery state constitution legalizing slavery (KS)(KS)

President Buchanan pressured President Buchanan pressured Congress to acceptCongress to accept

Rejected by Congress & Kansas Rejected by Congress & Kansas votersvoters

Dred Scott v. Sanford Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)(1857)

Slave who sued Slave who sued for his freedomfor his freedom

S. Court ruledS. Court ruled

- Scott was not a - Scott was not a citizen & could citizen & could not suenot sue

- MO - MO Compromise was Compromise was unconstitutionalunconstitutional

http://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/AP US History I/course files/multimedia/lesson34/lessonp.html?showTopic=2

Chart/Effect of ScottChart/Effect of Scott

•Supreme Court hands down the Dred Scott

decision

•North refused to enforce Fugitive Slave Law

•Free states pass personal liberty laws.

•Republicans claim the decision is not binding

•Southerners call on the North to accept the decision if the South is to remain in

the Union.

•Slaves cannot sue the U.S. for their freedom because they are property.

•They are not citizens and have no legal right under the

Constitution.•Supreme Court

legalized slavery by saying that

•Congress could not stop a slaveowner from moving his slaves to a new

territory•Missouri

Compromise and all other compromises

were unconstitutional

Election of 1860Election of 1860

Democrats splitDemocrats split

- Northern wing: Douglas- Northern wing: Douglas

- Southern wing: John Breckinridge- Southern wing: John Breckinridge Constitutional Union Party: John Bell Constitutional Union Party: John Bell

(ex-Whigs)(ex-Whigs) Republicans: LincolnRepublicans: Lincoln Lincoln wins (39% popular vote)Lincoln wins (39% popular vote)