Chapter 12Chapter 12Respiratory SystemRespiratory System

In this chapter you willIn this chapter you will

Name the organs of the respiratory system Name the organs of the respiratory system and describe their location and function.and describe their location and function.

Recognize medical terms that pertain to Recognize medical terms that pertain to respiration.respiration.

Apply your new knowledge to Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their understanding medical terms in their proper context.proper context.

Organs of the Respiratory SystemOrgans of the Respiratory System

NoseNasal Cavity

Paranasal SinusesNasopharynxPharyngeal tonsilsOropharynxPalatine tonsilsLaryngopharynx

LarynxEsophagusEpiglottis

Trachea

Mediastinum

Bronchial tubes

Lung

Parietal pleura

Visceral pleura

Diaphragm

Bronchioles

Organs of the Respiratory Organs of the Respiratory SystemSystem

Bronchioles

Alveoli

CapillaryErythrocytes

Inhalation and ExpirationInhalation and Expiration

Respiratory Respiratory Flow ChartFlow Chart

Chapter 12 Chapter 12 Respiratory SystemRespiratory System

TerminologyTerminology

p. 464p. 464

adenoidectomyadenoidectomy

adenoid/oadenoid/o: : adenoidsadenoids

-ectomy-ectomy

Surgical removal of the adenoidsSurgical removal of the adenoids– Adenoids: nasopharyngeal tonsilsAdenoids: nasopharyngeal tonsils

adenoid hypertrophyadenoid hypertrophyaden/oaden/o

-oid-oid

hyper-hyper-

-trophy-trophy

Excessive development (enlargement) of the Excessive development (enlargement) of the adenoidsadenoids / can obstruct nasal passages/ can obstruct nasal passages

AlveolarAlveolaralveol/oalveol/o: alveolus, air sac: alveolus, air sac

-ar-ar

Pertaining to an alveolusPertaining to an alveolus

– Small, sac like, gas exchanging area of the Small, sac like, gas exchanging area of the lunglung

– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTMYSGXhJ4E

BronchospasmBronchospasmbronch/obronch/o: bronchial tube, bronchus: bronchial tube, bronchus

-spasm-spasm: sudden contraction of muscles: sudden contraction of muscles

Sudden contraction of muscles in the Sudden contraction of muscles in the bronchial tubebronchial tube

– Seen most commonly in asthmaSeen most commonly in asthma– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lV1XgDL1E-c

– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EdQVTSzUihU&NR=1

bronchiectasisbronchiectasis

bronchi/obronchi/o: bronchial tube, bronchus: bronchial tube, bronchus

-ectasis-ectasis: stretching, dilation, expansion: stretching, dilation, expansion

Dilation of bronchial tubesDilation of bronchial tubes

– Caused by weakening of the bronchial wallsCaused by weakening of the bronchial walls– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H5VrLBglXj

Q

bronchodilatorbronchodilator

bronch/obronch/o

-dilation-dilation: widening, stretching, expanding: widening, stretching, expanding

-or-or: one who: one who

One who widens the bronchial tubeOne who widens the bronchial tube– MedicationMedication

bronchiolitisbronchiolitis

bronchiol/bronchiol/o: bronchiole, small bronchuso: bronchiole, small bronchus

-itis-itis: inflammation: inflammation

Inflammation of bronchiolesInflammation of bronchioles

– Viral infectionViral infection– RSV: respiratory syncytial virusRSV: respiratory syncytial virus

hypercapniahypercapnia

Hyper: Hyper: ExcessiveExcessive

capn/ocapn/o: : carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide

-ia: -ia: condition ofcondition of

Condition of excessive carbon dioxide (in Condition of excessive carbon dioxide (in the blood)the blood)PaC02PaC02

pneumoconiosispneumoconiosis

pneum/opneum/o:: lung, air lung, air

coni/oconi/o: : dustdust

-osis-osis

Abnormal condition of Abnormal condition of dust in the lungsdust in the lungs– AsbestosisAsbestosis– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3vMrme

wfBsc

cyanosiscyanosis

cyan/o:cyan/o: Blue Blue

-osis:-osis: Abnormal ConditionAbnormal Condition

Abnormal condition of blueAbnormal condition of blue– Caused by hypoxemiaCaused by hypoxemia

epiglottitisepiglottitis

epiglott/oepiglott/o: : epiglottisepiglottis

-itis:-itis: inflammationinflammation

Inflammation of the epiglottisInflammation of the epiglottis

– Haemophilus influenzaeHaemophilus influenzae Type B Type B– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eC0VD795i

ag

laryngeallaryngeal

laryng/olaryng/o:: larynx (voice box) larynx (voice box)

-eal-eal pertaining topertaining to

Pertaining to the larynxPertaining to the larynx

LaryngitisLaryngitis– Occurs with a coldOccurs with a cold– Chronic condition in smokersChronic condition in smokers

laryngospasmlaryngospasm

laryng/o:laryng/o: larynxlarynx

-spasm:-spasm:

Sudden contraction of the muscles of the Sudden contraction of the muscles of the larynxlarynx

laryngitislaryngitis

laryng/olaryng/o larynxlarynx

-itis;-itis; inflammationinflammation

Inflammation of the voice boxInflammation of the voice boxhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IDnfdtFlK18

lobectomylobectomy

lob/olob/o: : lobe of the lunglobe of the lung

-ectomy:-ectomy: surgical removalsurgical removal

Surgical removal of a lobe (of the lung)Surgical removal of a lobe (of the lung)

mediastinoscopymediastinoscopy

mediastin/mediastin/o: mediastinumo: mediastinum

-scopy-scopy

Visual examination of the mediastinumVisual examination of the mediastinum

paranasal sinusesparanasal sinuses

parapara-: near; beside; abnormal; apart from; along -: near; beside; abnormal; apart from; along side ofside of

nas/onas/o: nose: nose

-al-al

SinusesSinuses: air filled cavities: air filled cavities

Pertaining to air filled cavities near the nosePertaining to air filled cavities near the nose

nasogastric intubationnasogastric intubation

nas/onas/o

gastr/ogastr/o

-ic-ic

in-in-

tubetube

-ation-ation

Process of inserting tube through the a Process of inserting tube through the a nose into the stomach (NG Tube)nose into the stomach (NG Tube)

orthopneaorthopneaorth/o:orth/o: straight, uprightstraight, upright

-pnea-pnea breathingbreathing

Upright breathingUpright breathing– Breathing discomfort in any position but sitting Breathing discomfort in any position but sitting

upup

hypoxiahypoxia

hypo-hypo-

ox/oox/o

-ia-ia

Condition of deficient oxygenCondition of deficient oxygen– In the tissuesIn the tissues

expectorationexpectoration

exex-: -: out, away fromout, away from

pector/opector/o: : chestchest

-ation-ation:: process ofprocess of

Process of away from chestProcess of away from chest– Expulsion of material (mucus or phlegm)Expulsion of material (mucus or phlegm)

pharyngealpharyngeal

pharyng/opharyng/o:: pharynxpharynx

-eal-eal pertaining topertaining to

Pertaining to the throatPertaining to the throat

dysphoniadysphonia

dys-dys- bad,painful, difficultbad,painful, difficult

phon/ophon/o: : voicevoice

-ia-ia condition ofcondition of

Condition of difficult (abnormal) voiceCondition of difficult (abnormal) voice– Hoarseness or any voice impairmentHoarseness or any voice impairment

phrenic nervephrenic nerve

phren/ophren/o: : diaphragmdiaphragm

-ic-ic pertaining topertaining to

NerveNerve nervenerve

Nerve pertaining to the diaphragmNerve pertaining to the diaphragm

pleurodyniapleurodynia

pleur/o:pleur/o: pleurapleura

-dynia:-dynia: painpain

Pain of the pleuraPain of the pleura

– Associated with inflammation of intercostal Associated with inflammation of intercostal musclesmuscles

pleural effusionpleural effusion

pleur/opleur/o pleuralpleural

-al-al pertaining topertaining to

-fusion-fusion:: to pour to pour

To pour fluid into the pleural cavityTo pour fluid into the pleural cavity– Fluid collects in the pleural spaceFluid collects in the pleural space

pneumothoraxpneumothorax

pneum/opneum/o airair

-thorax-thorax chestchest

Air in the pleural spaceAir in the pleural space

pneumonectomypneumonectomy

pneumon/opneumon/o lunglung

-ectomy-ectomy surgical removalsurgical removal

Removal of a lungRemoval of a lung

pulmonarypulmonary

pulmon/o:pulmon/o: lunglung

-ary-ary pertaining topertaining to

Pertaining to lungsPertaining to lungs

rhinorrhearhinorrhearhin/orhin/o: : nosenose

-rrhea-rrhea:: flow, dischargeflow, discharge

Discharge from the noseDischarge from the nose– Runny noseRunny nose

rhinoplastyrhinoplasty

rhin/orhin/o nosenose

-plasty-plasty surgical repairsurgical repair

Surgical repair of the noseSurgical repair of the nose– Nose jobNose job

sinusitissinusitis

sinus/osinus/o:: sinus, cavity sinus, cavity

-itis-itis inflammationinflammation

Inflammation of sinusesInflammation of sinuses

spirometerspirometerspir/o:spir/o: breathingbreathing

-meter-meter instrument to measureinstrument to measure

Instrument to measure breathingInstrument to measure breathing

expirationexpiration

ex-ex- outout

spir/ospir/o breathingbreathing

-ation-ation process ofprocess of

Process of breathing outProcess of breathing out– Note that the S is omittedNote that the S is omitted

respirationrespiration

re-re- againagain

spir/ospir/o breathingbreathing

-ation-ation process ofprocess of

Process of breathing againProcess of breathing again– Breathing (inspiration and expiration)Breathing (inspiration and expiration)

atelectasisatelectasis

aa- without- without

tel/o:tel/o: complete complete

-ectasis-ectasis: stretching, : stretching, dilation, expansiondilation, expansion

Without complete Without complete expansion of a lungexpansion of a lung– collapsed lungcollapsed lung

thoracotomythoracotomy

thorac/othorac/o: : chestchest

-tomy-tomy:: incisionincision

Incision of the chestIncision of the chest

thoracicthoracic

thorac/othorac/o chestchest

-ic-ic pertaining topertaining to

Pertaining to the chestPertaining to the chest

tonsillectomytonsillectomy

tonsill/otonsill/o:: tonsilstonsils

-ectomy-ectomy:: surgical removalsurgical removal

Removal of tonsilsRemoval of tonsils– The nasopharyngeal tonsils are removedThe nasopharyngeal tonsils are removed

tracheotomytracheotomytrache/otrache/o tracheatrachea

-tomy-tomy incisionincision

Incision of the tracheaIncision of the trachea

tracheal stenosistracheal stenosis

trache/otrache/o tracheatrachea

-al--al- pertaining topertaining to

stenosis:stenosis: tightening; stricturetightening; stricture

Pertaining to tightening (narrowing) of the Pertaining to tightening (narrowing) of the tracheatrachea

Suffixes – Page 468Suffixes – Page 468

empyemaempyemaem-em- inin

py/opy/o puspus

-ema-ema: : conditioncondition

Condition of pus in (the chest)Condition of pus in (the chest)– A collection of pusA collection of pus– Most commonly occurs in the pleural cavity as Most commonly occurs in the pleural cavity as

pyothoraxpyothorax

anosmiaanosmia

anan--

-osmia-osmia: smell: smell

Without smellWithout smell

apneaapnea

a-a- withoutwithout

-pnea-pnea breathingbreathing

Without breathingWithout breathing

dyspneadyspnea

dysdys-- bad, difficultbad, difficult

-pnea-pnea breathingbreathing

Difficult breathingDifficult breathing

hyperpneahyperpnea

hyperhyper-- increased, excessiveincreased, excessive

-pnea-pnea breathingbreathing

Increased breathingIncreased breathing– Increase in Increase in depthdepth of breathing of breathing

– What is the term for increased rate of What is the term for increased rate of breathing?breathing?

tachypneatachypnea

tachytachy-- fastfast

-pnea-pnea breathingbreathing

Fast breathingFast breathing

hemoptysishemoptysis

hem/ohem/o bloodblood

-ptysis-ptysis: : spittingspitting

Spitting up bloodSpitting up blood

asphyxiaasphyxia

a-a- withoutwithout

-sphyxia-sphyxia: : pulsepulse

Without pulseWithout pulse

hemothoraxhemothorax

hem/ohem/o bloodblood

-thorax: -thorax: chest, pleural cavitychest, pleural cavity

Blood in the pleural cavityBlood in the pleural cavity

pyothoraxpyothorax

py/opy/o

-thorax-thorax

Pus in the chestPus in the chest

– empyema of the chestempyema of the chest

Diagnostic and Pathologic Terms – Diagnostic and Pathologic Terms – page 469page 469

auscultationauscultation

percussionpercussion

pleural rubpleural rub

rale (crackle)rale (crackle)

rhonchusrhonchus

sputumsputum

stridorstridor

wheezewheeze

Upper Respiratory Tract Disorders Upper Respiratory Tract Disorders page 470page 470

CroupCroup

DiptheriaDiptheria

EpistaxisEpistaxis

PertussisPertussis

Croup-Croup-p. 470p. 470

Acute respiratory syndrome in children Acute respiratory syndrome in children and infantsand infants

Characterized by:Characterized by:– Obstruction of the larynxObstruction of the larynx– Barking coughBarking cough– stridorstridor

DiptheriaDiptheria

bacterial infection usually affecting the bacterial infection usually affecting the mucous membranes of your nose and mucous membranes of your nose and throat. Diphtheria typically causes a sore throat. Diphtheria typically causes a sore throat, fever, swollen glands and throat, fever, swollen glands and weakness. But the hallmark sign is a sheet weakness. But the hallmark sign is a sheet of thick, gray material covering the back of of thick, gray material covering the back of your throat. This material can block your your throat. This material can block your windpipe so that you have to struggle for windpipe so that you have to struggle for breath.breath.

EpistaxisEpistaxis

Nose bleedNose bleed

PertussisPertussis

Whooping Cough; highly contagious Whooping Cough; highly contagious bacterial infection of the pharynx, larynx, bacterial infection of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea.and trachea.

DTaP and Tdap VaccinesDTaP and Tdap Vaccines

Bronchial Disorders – page 470-Bronchial Disorders – page 470-471471

AsthmaAsthma

BronchiectasisBronchiectasis

Chronic bronchitisChronic bronchitis

Cystic FibrosisCystic Fibrosis

Cystic FibrosisCystic Fibrosis

Inherited disorder of the exocrine glands Inherited disorder of the exocrine glands resulting in thick mucous secretions in the resulting in thick mucous secretions in the respiratory tract.respiratory tract.

Gene carrying the disease in known and Gene carrying the disease in known and persons carrying the gene may be persons carrying the gene may be identified.identified.

Lung Disorders – page 471-475Lung Disorders – page 471-475

AtlectasisAtlectasis

EmphysemaEmphysema

Lung cancerLung cancer

PneumoconiosisPneumoconiosis

PneumoniaPneumonia

Pulmonary abcessPulmonary abcess

Pulmonary edemaPulmonary edema

EmphysemaEmphysema

Hyperinflation of the air sacs with Hyperinflation of the air sacs with destruction of alveolar wallsdestruction of alveolar walls

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aktIMBQSXMo

PneumoniaPneumonia

Acute inflammation and infection of the Acute inflammation and infection of the alveoli which fill with pus or products of the alveoli which fill with pus or products of the inflammatory reactioninflammatory reaction

Lung DisordersLung Disorders

Pulmonary Embolism (PE)Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

Pulmonary FibrosisPulmonary Fibrosis

Sarcoidosis – chronic inflammationSarcoidosis – chronic inflammation

Tuberculosis (TB)Tuberculosis (TB)

Pulmonary FibrosisPulmonary Fibrosis

Pleural Disorders – page 475Pleural Disorders – page 475

Mesothelioma – rare malignant tumor in Mesothelioma – rare malignant tumor in pleurapleura

Pleural EffusionPleural Effusion

Pleurisy (pleuritis)Pleurisy (pleuritis)

PneumothoraxPneumothorax

MesotheliomaMesothelioma

Pleural EffusionPleural Effusion

Clinical Procedures – p 476-481Clinical Procedures – p 476-481

Chest x-rayChest x-ray

Ventilation/Perfusion Scan (V/Q)Ventilation/Perfusion Scan (V/Q)

BronchoscopyBronchoscopy

Endotracheal IntubationEndotracheal Intubation

PFTsPFTs

ThoracentesisThoracentesis

Clinical ProceduresClinical Procedures

ThoracotomyThoracotomy

ThoracoscopyThoracoscopy

TracheostomyTracheostomy

Tuberculin test (PPD)Tuberculin test (PPD)

Tube Thoracostomy (Chest tube)Tube Thoracostomy (Chest tube)

QUICK QUIZQUICK QUIZ::

1.1. What is the tip or What is the tip or uppermost portion of the uppermost portion of the lung?lung?

A.A.base base

B.B. lobelobe

C.C.apexapex

D.D.naresnares

Chest tubeChest tube

Abbreviations p. 482Abbreviations p. 482COPDCOPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary : Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseDisease

CXRCXR: Chest X-Ray: Chest X-Ray

PFTPFT: Pulmonary Function Test: Pulmonary Function Test

TBTB: Tuberculosis: Tuberculosis

OSAOSA: Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Obstructive Sleep Apnea

DOEDOE: Dyspnea on Exertion: Dyspnea on Exertion

URIURI: Upper Respiratory Infection: Upper Respiratory Infection