Chapter 12 Enumerated, Structure, Objectives and Union Types · To use enumerated types, ... data...

Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C 1

Objectives

❏ To introduce the structure, union, and enumerated types

❏ To use the type definition statement in programs

❏ To use enumerated types, including anonymous types.

❏ To create and use structures in programs

❏ To be able to use unions in programs

❏ To understand the software engineering concept of coupling and

to be able to evaluate coupling between functions.

Chapter 12

Enumerated, Structure,

and Union Types

FIGURE 12-1 Derived Types

12-1 The Type Definition (typedef)

Before discussing the derived types, let’s discuss a C

declaration that applies to all of them—the type

definition. A type definition, typedef, gives a name to a

data type by creating a new type that can then be used

anywhere a type is permitted.

FIGURE 12-2 Type-definition Format

typedef int INGETER;

12-2 Enumerated Types

The enumerated type is a user-defined type based on the

standard integer type. In an enumerated type, each

integer value is given an identifier called an enumeration

constant.

Declaring an Enumerated Type

Operations on Enumerated Types

Enumeration Type Conversion

Initializing Enumerated Constants

Anonymous Enumeration: Constants

Input/Output Operations

Topics discussed in this section:

Declaring an Enumerated Type

enum typeName {identifier list};

enum color {RED, BLUE, GREEN, WHITE};

enum color skyColor;

Operations on Enumerated Types enum color x, y;

x = BLUE; x = y;

if (color1 == color2)if (color1 == BLUE)

Switch (color1){case BLUE: …

Enumeration Type Conversion

int x; enum color y;x = BLUE; y = 2;

enum color y;y = (enum color) 2;

Initializing Enumerated Constants enum months {JAN, FEB, MAR, APR};

enum months {JAN = 1, FEB, MAR, APR};

enum color {RED, ROSE = 0, CRIMSON = 0, BLUE, AQUA = 1};

Anonymous Enumeration: Constants enum {space = ‘ ‘, comma = ‘,’,

color = ‘:’};

enum {OFF, ON};

PROGRAM 12-1 Print Cable TV Stations

Don’t be confused about strings and enumerated types.

“Jan” is a string made of three characters; JAN

as defined in the previous code example, is an

enumerated type (identifier) which

has the integer value 1.

12-3 Structure

A structure is a collection of related elements, possibly

of different types, having a single name.

Structure Type Declaration

Initialization

Accessing Structures

Operations on Structures

Complex Structures

Structures and Functions

FIGURE 12-3 Structure Examples

Elements in a structure can be of the same or different types.

However, all elements in the structure

should be logically related.

FIGURE 12-4 Tagged Structure Format

FIGURE 12-5 Structure Declaration with typedef

FIGURE 12-6 Structure Declaration Format and Example

FIGURE 12-7 Initializing Structures

FIGURE 12-8 Structure Direct Selection Operator

PROGRAM 12-2 Multiply Fractions

FIGURE 12-9 Copying a Structure

FIGURE 12-10 Pointers to Structures

(*pointerName).fieldName pointerName->fieldName.

FIGURE 12-11 Interpretation of Invalid Pointer Use

FIGURE 12-12 Indirect Selection Operator

PROGRAM 12-3 Clock Simulation with Pointers

FIGURE 12-13 Nested Structure

FIGURE 12-14 Arrays in Structures

FIGURE 12-15 Pointers in Structures

FIGURE 12-16 Array of Structures

PROGRAM 12-4 Sort Array of Student Structures

FIGURE 12-17 Passing Structure Members to Functions

FIGURE 12-18 Passing and returning structures

PROGRAM 12-5 Passing and Returning Structures

FIGURE 12-19 Passing Structures Through Pointers

PROGRAM 12-6 Passing Structures through Pointers

12-4 Unions

The union is a construct that allows memory to be

shared by different types of data. This redefinition can

be as simple as redeclaring an integer as four

characters or as complex as redeclaring an entire

structure.

Referencing Unions

Initializers

Unions and Structures

Internet Addresses

FIGURE 12-20 Unions

PROGRAM 12-7 Demonstrate Effect of Union

FIGURE 12-21 A Name Union

PROGRAM 12-8 Demonstrate Unions in Structures

PROGRAM 12-9 Convert IP Address to long

12-5 Programming Application

In this section, we develop a program that simulates

the operation of an elevator. The elevator serves floors

from zero (the basement) to the top floor. The elevator

is very old and is not fully automatic. When people

enter the elevator, they enter their desired floor

number.

FIGURE 12-22 Elevator Structure

FIGURE 12-23 Elevator Structure Chart

FIGURE 12-24 Elevator State Diagram

PROGRAM 12-10 Elevator: main

PROGRAM 12-11 Elevator: Initialize

PROGRAM 12-12 Elevator: Run Elevator

PROGRAM 12-13 Elevator: Move

PROGRAM 12-14 Elevator: Move Up and Move Down

PROGRAM 12-15 Elevator: Any Up and Any Down Request

PROGRAM 12-16 Elevator: Time Pass

PROGRAM 12-17 Elevator: Terminate

12-6 Software Engineering

In this section we discuss two important aspects of

program design: function coupling and data hiding.

Coupling

Data Hiding

Well-structured functions are highly cohesive

and loosely coupled.

Stamp coupling should pass only the data needed.

Don’t bundle unrelated data to reduce the

number of parameters.

Control coupling should be used only to pass status.

Avoid global coupling within a program.

Never use content coupling.

Programming Standard:

Do not place any variables in the global area of a program.

Chapter 12 Enumerated, Structure, Objectives and Union Types · To use enumerated types, ... data...

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