Chapter 11: The Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic

1800-1812

The election of 1800

Thomas Jefferson Aaron Burr John Adams

1800 Election Results

“Revolution of 1800”Election of 1800 pitted Thomas

Jefferson and his Democratic-Republican Party vs. John Adams and his Federalist Party

Jefferson and Burr tied.Jefferson prevailed in the HouseLed to 12th Amendment

SIMPLIFYING THE GOVERNMENT

Jeffersonian Republicanism—simple government is best.

Jefferson reduced Naturalization Law requirements from 14 to 5 years.

Eliminated the excise tax

Reduced the militaryJefferson Memorial

JOHN MARSHALL AND THE POWER OF THE SUPREME COURT

Before leaving office, John Adams (2nd President), attempts to “pack” the Federal courts with Federalists Judges

Jefferson argued this was unconstitutional

Supreme Court Chief Justice Marshall rules in Marbury v. Madison (1803) that part of the Judicial Act was unconstitutional

Established principle of Judicial Review – the ability of the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE1803Napoleon needed

money to fight European wars, so he offered to sell Louisiana for $15,000,000

More than doubled the size of our country

Lewis and Clark ordered to go explore new territory

Louisiana Purchase Activity

Lewis and Clark Expedition

The Barbary StatesPirates from North African

countries capture ships in the Mediterranean.

Demand payments to leave ships alone.

Navy is sent to protect ships◦“…to the shores of Tripoli”

Undeclared war from 1801-1805.

A precarious neutralityNapoleon renews his war with

Britain◦Britain ruled the seas and Napoleon

the land1806—London issues Orders in

Council forcing ports closed in France and halting American shipping.

Napoleon responds by seizing merchant ships including American

Chesapeake Incident

The Hated EmbargoIf America voluntarily cut off its

exports, the offending powers would be forced to respect its rights.

1807—Congress passed the Embargo Act.◦Forbade the export of all goods from

America◦Detrimental to the US (north and

south alike)Repealed on March 1, 1809Replaced by the Non-intercourse

Act

Why did the embargo fail?The US overestimated

dependence of Br. and Fr. on American trade.

Britain—received goods from Latin Am.

France—ruled most of Europe Jefferson miscalculated the

unpopularityPositives—helped manufacturing in the US

MADISON ELECTED PRESIDENT

After two terms, Jefferson is succeeded by James Madison

Madison was two-term President 1808-1816

Known as the “Father of the Constitution, Madison also is known for his leadership during the War of 1812

4th President 1808-1816

Macon’s Bill No. 2If either Br. or Fr. repealed its

commercial restrictions, US would restore its embargo against the non-repealing nation.

Napoleon responded but with a bargain.◦Br. had 3 months to revoke the

Orders of Council◦Br. refused and America renewed the

embargo against Br.

Mr. Madison’s WarCauses:

◦British “impressment”

◦Arming of Natives

◦“warhawks”◦Restore faith in

republicanismWar declared on

June 1, 1812 British Impressment of U.S. seamen upset Americans

A divided nationFor:South/West Rep. in PA/VA

Against:Fed. in New

EnglandFed in north/south

sympathized with Britain

Opposed acquisition of Canada.