Post on 04-Jan-2017
Chapter 11: Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination
Social Psychology by Tom Giliovich, Dacher Keltner, and Richard Nisbett
Characterizing Intergroup Bias
Stereotypes - beliefs about attributes that are thought to be characteristic of members of particular groups
Prejudice - a negative attitude or affective response toward a certain group and its individual members
Discrimination - unfair treatment of members of a particular group based on their membership in that group
Sources of Prejudice
Social Sources– Unequal Status– Social Identity
Cognitive Sources– Stereotypes– Perceived Similarities and Differences– Illusory Correlation
Social Sources of Prejudice
Unequal Status– realistic conflict theory - direct competition between
groups over valued resources (jobs, schools) Robber’s Cave Experiment Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
Racial Violence and Economic Conditions
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Frustration During Exercise
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Social Sources of Prejudice
Social Identity– social categorization- divide world into in-group
(“us”) and out-group (“them”) in-group bias- view own group more favorably
– Bele: You're finished Lokai. Oh, we got your kind penned in on Cheron in a little district. And it's not going to change. You half-white.Lokai: You half-black.
In-Group Bias from Exercise
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Cognitive Sources of Prejudice
“prejudice is by-product of our thinking processes”stereotypes- sweeping generalizations of social groups influence social thought by:
– process information consistent with stereotype quicker– focus on information consistent with stereotype– use tacit inferences to make inconsistent information appear
consistent
Cognitive Sources of Prejudice
out-group homogeneity– out-group members seen as more alike
in-group differentiation– in-group members seen as more diverse
(heterogeneous) illusory correlations
– overestimating rates of negative behavior in minority groups
Out-Group Homogeneity
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Discrimination
Discrimination- negative behaviors directed toward members of some social group
subtle forms– tokenism- perform trivial actions for minorities– reverse discrimination- leaning over backwards to
treat targets of prejudice favorably– “modern” racism
Characterizing Intergroup Bias
1. Modern Racism and SexismModern racism - prejudice directed at other racial
groups that exists alongside a rejection of explicitly racist beliefsa. Benevolent Racism and Sexism
Characterizing Intergroup Bias
2. Measures to Assess True Attitudesa. Implicit Association Test (IAT)
technique for revealing unconscious prejudices toward particular groupsb. Priming and Implicit Prejudice
Priming - procedure used to increase the accessibility of a concept or schema (for example, a stereotype)
Implicit Attitudes
Are automatically activated evaluations outside of a person’s awareness (unconscious)– Formed slowly through experience– Very resistant to extinction
Changing implicit attitudes– Can be changed without subject’s conscious
awareness Prime subjects with counterstereotypes
Being a Member of a Stigmatized Group
1. Attributional Ambiguity2. Stereotype Threat
- fear that one will confirm the stereotypes that others have regarding some salient group of which one is a member
Reducing Prejudice
Social Learning– teach parents to socialize children to be tolerant
Increase intergroup contact– contact must involve cooperation and interdependence– norms favoring group equality must exist– focus on individual-based (vs. category) processing
Extended Contact Hypothesis– knowing that members of in-group have formed friendships with
out-group members may reduce prejudice
Reducing Prejudice (con’t)
Have groups work on superordinate goals Focus on similarities between in-group and
nonthreatening out-group Recategorization
– reset boundaries between “us” and “them”, so former out-group is now included in in-group
Focus on others’ specific traits and outcomes (attribute-driven processing) rather than on group stereotypes (category-driven processing)
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