Post on 19-Jan-2016
Chapter 11
Physical Fitness and Activity Assessment in Adults
Adult Fitness Testing
• Reliability
• Validity
• Relevance
• Objectivity
• Normative Data
• Feasibility
Table 11-1Populations and Purposes of Physical Fitness Testing
Population Health-related
Motor Diagnosis Militarypreparation
FunctionalCapacity
Youth * * * *Adults * *The aged * *Special
Mentally impaired * * *Physically impaired * * *Athletes * *The ill or injured *
Table 11-2Health-Related Fitness Factors and Benefits
Factor BenefitsCardiovascular endurance Reduction in risk of cardiovascular disease
Body composition Reduction in risk of cardiovascular disease, adult-onset diabetes, and cancer
Muscular strength, muscular endurance, and flexibility
Reduction in risk of low-back painImproved posture and functional capacityAbility to conduct daily activities
Figure 11.1Relationship Between Cardiovascular Endurance and
Cardiovascular Death Rate
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Q 4 Q 3 Q 2 Q 1Car
dio
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r d
eath
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Cardiovascular endurance quartile
Table 11-3Major Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
Family history Father or brother: CVD < 55 yr
Mother or sister: CVD < 65 yr
Cigarette smoking Current or recently quit
Hypertension SBP > 140 or DBP > 90
Cholesterol Total C > 200 mg/dl or
HDL < 35 mg/dl
Impaired fasting glucose Fasting blood sugar > 110 mg/dl
Obesity BMI > 30 or waist girth > 100 cm
Sedentary lifestyle/physical inactivity
Not meeting Surgeon General’s guidelines
Table 11.3
Risk Classification
Low Risk Men < 45 yr or women < 55 yr who are asymptomatic and meet no more than one risk factor threshold
Moderate Risk Men > 45 and women > 55 or individuals who meet two or more of the risk factors
High Risk Symptomatic or individuals with known cardiovascular, pulmonary, or metabolic disease
Measuring Aerobic Capacity
• Aerobic Capacity• Laboratory
Maximal TestsSubmaximal Estimations
• Field MethodsDistance RunsStep TestsRockport 1-Mile Walk TestPredicting VO2max Without Exercise
Figure 11.4Linear Relationships Among Oxygen Consumption,
Heart Rate, and Workload
Measuring Body Composition
• Body Composition• Laboratory
Hydrostatic WeighingUsing Body Density
• Field MethodsSkinfoldsBody Mass IndexDistribution of Body Fat
Waist/Hip Girth Ratio> 1.00 for males > risk> 0.80 for females > risk
Waist Girth> 102 cm (40 in) for males > risk> 88 cm (35 in) for females >
risk
What is your BMI?
Underweight < 18.5
Normal 18.5 – 24.9
Overweight 25.0 – 29.9
Obesity class I 30.0 – 34.9
Obesity class II 35.0 – 39.9
Extreme obesity 40.0 +
Use Table 11-16 on pages 242 - 243
Harpenden® Skinfold Caliper
Lange Skinfold Caliper
Calculation of Lean Weight and Fat Weight
• 1) Determine total body weight (TBW)
• 2) Determine percent fat
• 3) Fat weight = TBW * percent fat
• 4) Lean Weight (LW) = TBW - FW
Calculation of Target Weight
• Calculation of Target Weight1) Determine your lean weight (TBW - FW)2) Determine your target percent fat (TPF)3) Target weight = LW / (1 - TPF/100)
• This method assumes:1) Your target percent fat is less than
your current percent fat2) Your goal is to lose fat weight
Muscular Strength and Endurance
• SpecificityDetermined with concurrent validity (i.e., PPM)
• PowerThe time rate of doing work
• Muscular enduranceRepetitive performance
• Relative enduranceRelative to maximum performance
• Absolute enduranceAt a fixed resistance
Types of Contractions Measured
Concentric Muscle generate force as it shortens
Eccentric Muscle generates force as it lengthens
Isometric Muscle generates force but remains static in length and causes no movement
Isotonic Muscle generates enough force to move a constant load at a variable speed through full ROM
Isokinetic Muscle generates force at a constant speed through full ROM
Measuring Muscular Strength and Endurance
• Muscular Strength and Endurance• Laboratory
Computerized DynamometersBack Extension Strength Test
• Field methodsTraditional Weight Lifting TestsBody Resistance (i.e., pull-ups, sit-ups, etc.)1 Repetition Max10 Repetition Max
Trial-and-error estimation
Cable Tensiometer
Measuring Flexibility
• Flexibility is very joint specific• Laboratory
GoniometryFlexometerVisual estimationRadiographyPhotographyLinear measurementsTrigonometry
• Field methodsTrunk Flexion (Sit-and-reach)Trunk Extension
Goniometer
Flexometer
Health Related Fitness Battery
• YMCA Physical Fitness Test BatteryHeightWeightResting heart rateResting blood pressureBody compositionCardiovascular evaluationFlexibilityMuscular strength and endurance
Health Related Fitness Battery
• Canadian Standardized Test of FitnessResting heart rateResting blood pressureBody composition (skinfolds)Cardiovascular enduranceFlexibility (sit-and-reach)
Abdominal enduranceUpper-body strength and endurance
Aging is related to . . .
• decreased sensations of taste, smell, vision, and hearing,
• decreased mental abilities,• decreased organ function,• decreased bone mineral content, and• decreased physical fitness.
All of these factors lead to a decreased quality of life,health-related fitness, and functional fitness.
Table 11-24Fitness Parameters and Items of the Older Adult Fitness Test
Physical fitness parameter Test item
Lower-body strength 30 s chair stand
Upper-body strength Arm curl
Lower-body flexibility Chair sit-and-reach
Upper body flexibility Back scratch
Cardiovascular endurance 6 min walk or 2-min step-in-place test
Motor fitnessComposite measure of power, speed, agility, and balance
8 ft up-and-go
Body composition Body mass index (BMI)
Health Related Fitness Battery forSpecial Populations
Anaerobic capacity and power
Aerobic capacity
Electrocardiographic response to exercise
Muscular strength, endurance, and flexibility
Body composition
Measuring Physical Activity
• Is important because physical activity is related to physical fitness
• Physical activity is related to quality of life and functional capacity
• Physical inactivity is related to development of a variety of diseases
Figure 11.19The relationship of health-related fitness to the
physical activity pyramid
Measuring Physical Activity
• Direct measurement include:ObservationCalorimetryStep countersMotion sensors
• Field methods include:Self-reportDiaries
Caltrac® Accelerometer
A five-level single-responseassessment of physical activity
Precontemplation I don’t exercise/walk regularly and I do not plan to start in the near future
Contemplation I don’t exercise/walk regularly but I have been thinking of starting
Preparation I am doing moderate physical activity fewer than 5 times a week, or vigorous ones fewer than 3 times per week
Action I have been doing moderate physical activities 5 or more times a week, or vigorous ones at least 3 times a week, for the last 1 to 6 months
Maintenance I have been doing moderate physical activities 5 or more times a week, or vigorous ones at least 3 times a week, for 7 months or longer
A five-level single-responseassessment of physical activity
Precontemplation I don’t exercise/walk regularly and I do not plan to start in the near future
Contemplation I don’t exercise/walk regularly but I have been thinking of starting
Preparation I am doing moderate physical activity fewer than 5 times a week, or vigorous ones fewer than 3 times per week
These 3 groups do NOT meet theSurgeon General’s guidelines for sufficient
physical activity for a health benefit
A five-level single-responseassessment of physical activity
Precontemplation I don’t exercise/walk regularly and I do not plan to start in the near future
Contemplation I don’t exercise/walk regularly but I have been thinking of starting
Sub-Action I am doing moderate physical activity fewer than 5 times a week, or vigorous ones fewer than 3 times per week
Action I have been doing moderate physical activities 5 or more times a week, or vigorous ones at least 3 times a week, for the last 1 to 6 months
Maintenance I have been doing moderate physical activities 5 or more times a week, or vigorous ones at least 3 times a week, for 7 months or longer
These 2 groups DO meet theSurgeon General’s guidelines for sufficient
physical activity for a health benefit
CRT Reliability
How could you determine thecriterion-referenced reliability of the
5-level single response item?
1) Administer the question on TWO occasions.2) Determine if the respondent meets or fails to
meet the Surgeon General’s guidelines on eachoccasion.
3) Develop a 2X2 table as illustrated in chapter 7.
A five-level single-responseassessment of physical activity
Precontemplation I don’t exercise/walk regularly and I do not plan to start in the near future
Contemplation I don’t exercise/walk regularly but I have been thinking of starting
Preparation I am doing moderate physical activity fewer than 5 times a week, or vigorous ones fewer than 3 times per week
Action I have been doing moderate physical activities 5 or more times a week, or vigorous ones at least 3 times a week, for the last 1 to 6 months
Maintenance I have been doing moderate physical activities 5 or more times a week, or vigorous ones at least 3 times a week, for 7 months or longer
Does NOT meet SG guidelines
DOES meet SG guidelines
CRT Reliability5-level, single-response Physical Activity Item
NotMet
Ad
min
istr
atio
n 1
Met
NotMet
Met
Administration 2
ACSM Fitness Certifications
Health/Fitness Instructor
Exercise Specialist
Registered Clinical Exercise Physiologist
A Practical Health-Related Fitness Battery
• Cardiovascular enduranceRockport 1-Mile Walk Test
• Body compositionBMI and Waist/Hip girth ratio
• Abdominal powerYMCA 1-minute sit-up test
• Upper body strength and enduranceCanadian Standardized test of fitness push-up test
• Hamstring flexibilityYMCA sit-and-reach test