Post on 15-Dec-2015
CHAPTER 1Introduction To Science
1.1
Science is Part of everyday life
Introduction to Science
What is Science?
Science
Scientific knowledge
Technology
systematic study of nature and how it affects us and our environment.
the information produced from the study of science.
application of scientific knowledge for the use of mankind.
Importance of Science
Agriculture
Medical
Communication & Information
Transportation
Security
Careers Related to Science
Doctor
PharmacistAstronomers
Science Teacher
Importance of Science
Security - The use of computer increases
efficiency of a security system.
Transportation- The use of vehicles reduced the time
to travel from on place to another.
Communication & Information- The invention of satellite helps
people interact with people around he world and
- search information more quickly
Medical- The production of medicine help to
improve human health and cure.
Agriculture- the use of machines increase the
production of food.
1.2
Science laboratory
LABORATORY
It is the place where a scientist do their work.
Students carry out investigations or experiments during science lesson in science laboratories.
Laboratory Rules & Safety Precaution• Never enter the lab unless a
teacher is present.
• Do not eat and drink or taste any chemical in the lab.
• Always follow the teacher’s instruction
• Never touch chemicals with your bare hands. Use a spatula.
Continue… Read the label on a reagent bottle before
using its content. Turn off the Bunsen burner after use. Do not pour back any unused chemical
into its bottle. Wash and keep all apparatus after use. Do not test anything without teacher’s
permission. Report any breakages to the teacher.
Hazardous warning Symbols There are many substances in
science lab. Some of them are hazardous. So, we use hazard warning symbols
to show the danger of the substances.
Toxic/Poisonous
Eg: Mercury, Bromine and Sodium Cyanide
Effects: Causes death or harm if absorbed through skin, swallowed, or inhaled.
Irritant/Harmful
Eg: Ammonia, Chloroform, Chlorine
Effects: Causes discomfort and irritation to body or skin.
Flammable/Inflammable
Eg: Alchohol, Petrol, Kerosine
Effects: Can burn very easily
Radioactive
Eg: Plutonium, Uronium
Effects: Gives out radiation and can cause radioactive effects
Corrosive
Eg: Sodium, Potassium
Effects: Can explode very easily
Eg: Concentrated Acid such as Sulphuric acid
Effects: Can damage the skin and eyes upon contact
Explosive
Laboratory Apparatus I will hand out the pictures of
lab apparatus. Paste it in your book.
Bunsen Burner
Barrel
Collar Air-hole
Gas inletBase
Luminous Flame Non-luminous Flame
Bunsen burner can give 2 types of flame:
Luminous Flame (YELLOW FLAME)
Non-luminous Flame(BLUE FLAME)
Yellow flame when the air-hole is closed.
Blue flame when the air-hole is opened.
Flame is easy to see. Flame is difficult to see.
Flame gives out a lot of soot. Flame does not give out soot.
Not so hot compared to blue flame.
Very hot.
Not suitable for heating. Suitable for heating.
How to use a Bunsen burner1) Close the air-hole by turning the collar.
2) Hold light at the top of the barrel.
3) Turn on the gas slowly, a yellow flame will be obtained.
4) Open the air-hole to obtain a blue flame.
1.3
Steps in scientific investigation
Process Skills in Science asking question making observation taking measurement recording the data collected analyzing and interpreting data making conclusions writing report to communicate the
results
There involves 8 Steps in Scientific Investigation
1) Identifying problems
2) Forming a hypothesis
3) Planning the experiment
4) Carrying out the experiment
5) Collecting data
6) Analyzing the data
7) Making a conclusion
8) Writing a report
Simple pendulum
One Complete Oscillation
Steps in scientific investigation:
Experiment: The simple pendulum
1.Identifying problem- determining ‘what I want to find out’ usually by asking question.
Eg: How does the length of a pendulum affects the period of oscillation?
2.Forming a hypothesis- a smart guess/ possible answer to the problem
Eg: The longer the length of the pendulum the longer the time taken for 10 oscillation.
3. Planning the experiment-
a) identify the variables fixed variables : No. of oscillation manipulated variables : The length of the
pendulum responding variables : periods of
oscillation.
b) determine the apparatus and materials required
c) determine the procedure to carry out the experiment, method to collect and analyze data.
4. Carrying out the experiment- controlling the variables as planned
5. Collecting data- writing down what has been observed. In the form of sentence or table.
Length of pendulum (cm)
10 20 30 40 50
Time of oscillation (s)
X- Manipulated Variables Y- Responding Variables
10 cm
20 cm
30 cm
40 cm
50 cm
6. Analyzing the data- giving an explanation on data collected
Eg: The pendulum with longer string take longer time to oscillate than the pendulum with a shorter string.
7. Making a conclusion- State whether the hypothesis is accepted or not.
Eg: The longer the length of the pendulum, the longer the period of oscillation. Hypothesis is accepted.
8. Writing a report- present the …
a) Aim/ Objective: To study the...
b) Problem statement: How does…?
c) Hypothesis: The … the…
d) Variables: Fixed, manipulated, responding
e) Apparatus: Radas
f) Materials: Bahan
g) Procedures/ Steps
h) Result: Collected data
i) Analysis
j) Conclusion/ Inference: Hypothesis accepted or not
THE END