Chapter 1: Introduction: Some Background Basics FELLMANN & GETIS.

Chapter 1: Introduction: Some Background Basics

FELLMANN & GETIS

Direction with respect to cardinal east, west, north, and south

reference points

Absolute direction

Direction with respect to cardinal east, west, north, and south

reference points

The shortest-path separation between two places measured on a

standard unit of length

Absolute distance

The shortest-path separation between two places measured on a

standard unit of length

The exact position of an object or place stated in spatial coordinates on a grid system designed for locational purposes. In geography, the reference

system is the globe grid of parallels and meridians.

Absolute location

The exact position of an object or place stated in spatial coordinates on a grid system designed for locational purposes. In geography, the reference

system is the globe grid of parallels and meridians.

The relative ease with which a destination may be reached from other locations; the relative opportunity for spatial interaction. May be

measured in geometric, social, or economic terms.

Accessibility

The relative ease with which a destination may be reached from other locations; the relative opportunity for spatial interaction. May be

measured in geometric, social, or economic terms.

The spread of something over a given area.

Concentration

The spread of something over a given area.

The directness of routes linking pairs of places; an indication of the degree of internal connection in a transport network. Generally, all of the tangible and intangible means of connection and communication

between places.

Connectivity

The directness of routes linking pairs of places; an indication of the degree of internal connection in a transport network. Generally, all of the tangible and intangible means of connection and communication

between places.

The natural landscape as modified by human activities and bearing the imprint

of culture group or society, the built environment.

Cultural landscape

The natural landscape as modified by human activities and bearing the imprint

of culture group or society, the built environment.

The quantity of anything per unit area.

Density

The quantity of anything per unit area.

Dispersion

In spatial distributions, a statement of the amount of spread of a phenomenon over area or around a central

location. Dispersion in this sense represents a continuum from clustered, concentrated, or

agglomerated to dispersed or scattered.

In spatial distributions, a statement of the amount of spread of a phenomenon over area or around a central

location. Dispersion in this sense represents a continuum from clustered, concentrated, or

agglomerated to dispersed or scattered.

A region distinguished by a uniformity of one or more characteristics that can serve as the basis for a real generalization and of

contrast with adjacent areas.

Formal Region

A region distinguished by a uniformity of one or more characteristics that can serve as the basis for a real generalization and of

contrast with adjacent areas.

A region differentiated by what occurs within it rather than by a homogeneity

of physical or cultural phenomena.

Functional Region

A region differentiated by what occurs within it rather than by a homogeneity

of physical or cultural phenomena.

A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes and displays

geographic data.

Geographic Information System

A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes and displays

geographic data.

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

Globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

An internal representation of a portion of earth’s surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what

is in a place and where places are located.

Mental Map

An internal representation of a portion of earth’s surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what

is in a place and where places are located.

An idealized representation, abstraction, or simulation of reality. It is designed to simplify real world

complexity and eliminate extraneous phenomena in order to isolate for detailed study casual factors and

interrelationships of spatial systems.

An idealized representation, abstraction, or simulation of reality. It is designed to simplify real world

complexity and eliminate extraneous phenomena in order to isolate for detailed study casual factors and

interrelationships of spatial systems.

The physical environment unaffected by human activities. The duration and near totality of human

occupation of the earth’s surface assure that little or no “natural landscape” so defined remains intact.

Natural Landscape

The physical environment unaffected by human activities. The duration and near totality of human

occupation of the earth’s surface assure that little or no “natural landscape” so defined remains intact.

A region differentiated by what occurs within it rather than by a homogeneity of physical or

cultural phenomena. (Same as Functional Region)

Nodal Region

A region differentiated by what occurs within it rather than by a homogeneity of physical or

cultural phenomena. (Same as Functional Region)

The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study

Pattern

The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study

A region perceived to exist by its inhabitants or the general populace. Also known as Vernacular or Popular Region, is has an element of pop or folk

culture represented in the mental maps of average people.

Perceptual Region

A region perceived to exist by its inhabitants or the general populace. Also known as Vernacular or Popular Region, is has an element of pop or folk

culture represented in the mental maps of average people.

The system used to transfer locations from earth’s surface to that of a flat

Projection

The system used to transfer locations from earth’s surface to that of a flat

An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends and features.

Region

An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends and features.

The view that physical and cultural phenomena on the surface of the earth are rationally

arranged by complex, diverse but comprehensible interrelated spatial processes.

Regional Concept

The view that physical and cultural phenomena on the surface of the earth are rationally

arranged by complex, diverse but comprehensible interrelated spatial processes.

A cultural based locational reference as the Far West, the Old South, or the

Middle-East.

Relative Direction

A cultural based locational reference as the Far West, the Old South, or the

Middle-East.

A transformation of absolute distance into such relative measures as time

or monetary costs.

Relative distance

A transformation of absolute distance into such relative measures as time

or monetary costs.

The location of a place in relation to other places or activities.

Relative location

The location of a place in relation to other places or activities.

The relationship of between the portion of earth being studies and

earth as a whole.

The relationship of between the portion of earth being studies and

earth as a whole.

The physical character of a place.

The location of a place relative to other places.

Situation

The location of a place relative to other places.

The spread or movement of a phenomena over space or through time.

(same as diffusion)

Spatial Diffusion

The spread or movement of a phenomena over space or through

The arrangement of things on earth’s surface.

Spatial Distribution

The arrangement of things on earth’s surface.

The movement of goods between different places; an indication if

interdependence between different geographic locations or areas.

Spatial Interaction

The movement of goods between different places; an indication if

interdependence between different geographic locations or areas.

The arrangement and integrated operation of phenomena produced by or responding to spatial processes on earth’s

surface.

Spatial system

The arrangement and integrated operation of phenomena produced by or responding to spatial processes on earth’s

surface.

A region distinguished by a uniformity of one or more characteristics that can serve as the basis for a real generalization and of contrast with adjacent areas. (same as formal region)

Uniform Region

A region distinguished by a uniformity of one or more characteristics that can serve as the basis for a real generalization and of contrast with adjacent areas. (same as formal region)

Chapter 2: Roots and Meaning of Culture

Fellmann and Getis

Cultural Modification or change that results when one culture group or individual adopts traits from a dominant host or host society.

Acculturation

Cultural Modification or change that results when one culture group or individual adopts traits from a dominant host or host society.

The material manifestations of culture, including tools, housing, systems of land use, clothing and the like.

Artifact

The material manifestations of culture, including tools, housing, systems of land use, clothing and the like.

The maximum population numbers that an area can support on a continuing basis without experiencing unacceptable deterioration.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population numbers that an area can support on a continuing basis without experiencing unacceptable deterioration.

The tendency for cultures to become more alike as they increasingly share technology and organizational structures in a modern world united by improved transportation and communication.

Cultural Convergence

The tendency for cultures to become more alike as they increasingly share technology and organizational structures in a modern world united by improved transportation and communication.

The likelihood or tendency for cultures to become increasingly dissimilar with the passing of time.

Cultural Divergence

The likelihood or tendency for cultures to become increasingly dissimilar with the passing of time.

The study of interactions between society’s and the natural environment.

Cultural Ecology

The study of interactions between society’s and the natural environment.

The interconnectedness of all aspects of a culture, no part can be altered without creating an impact on other components of the culture.

Cultural Integration

The interconnectedness of all aspects of a culture, no part can be altered without creating an impact on other components of the culture.

The retention of established culture traits despite changing circumstances rendering them inappropriate.

Cultural Lag

The retention of established culture traits despite changing circumstances rendering them inappropriate.

The natural landscape as modified by human activities and bearing the imprint of a culture group or society, the built environment.

Cultural Landscape

The natural landscape as modified by human activities and bearing the imprint of a culture group or society, the built environment.

A society’s collective beliefs, symbols, values, forms of behavior, and social organizations, together with its tools, structures, and artifacts created according to the group’s conditions of life; transmitting as a heritage to succeeding generations and undergoing adaptations, modifications, and changes in the process.

Culture

A society’s collective beliefs, symbols, values, forms of behavior, and social organizations, together with its tools, structures, and artifacts created according to the group’s conditions of life; transmitting as a heritage to succeeding generations and undergoing adaptations,

modifications, and changes in the process.

A related set of culture traits descriptive of one aspect of a society’s behavior.

Culture Complex

A related set of culture traits descriptive of one aspect of a society’s behavior.

A nuclear area within which an advanced and distinctive set of culture traits ideas, and technologies develops and from which there is diffusion of those characteristics and the cultural characteristics and complexes.

Culture Hearth

A nuclear area within which an advanced and distinctive set of culture traits ideas, and technologies develops and from which there is diffusion of those characteristics and the cultural characteristics and

complexes.

A collective of culture regions sharing related culture systems.

Culture Realm

A collective of culture regions sharing related culture systems.

A formal or functional region within which common cultural characteristics prevail.

Culture Region

A formal or functional region within which common cultural characteristics prevail.

A single distinguishing feature of regular occurrence within a culture.

Culture Trait

A single distinguishing feature of regular occurrence within a culture.

The spread or movement of a phenomenon over a space or through time.

Diffusion

The spread or movement of a phenomenon over a space or through time.

Any condition that hinders the flow of information, the movement of people, or the spread of innovation.

Diffusion Barrier

Any condition that hinders the flow of information, the movement of people, or the spread of innovation.

The view that the physical environment, particularly climate, controls human action, molds human behavior, and conditions cultural development.

Environmental Determinism

The view that the physical environment, particularly climate, controls human action, molds human behavior, and conditions cultural development.

The spread of ideas, behaviors, or articles through a culture area or from one culture to a neighboring area through contact and exchange of information.

Expansion Diffusion

The spread of ideas, behaviors, or articles through a culture area or from one culture to a neighboring area through contact and exchange of information.

An economic and social system based primarily or exclusively on the hunting of wild animals and the gathering of food, fiber, and other materials from uncultivated plants.

Hunter-Gatherer

An economic and social system based primarily or exclusively on the hunting of wild animals and the gathering of food, fiber, and other materials from uncultivated plants.

The complex of ideas, beliefs, knowledge, and means of their communication that characterize a culture.

Ideological Subsystem

The complex of ideas, beliefs, knowledge, and means of their communication that characterize a culture.

Innovations developed in two or more unconnected locations by individuals or groups acting independently.

Independent Invention

Innovations developed in two or more unconnected locations by individuals or groups acting independently.

Introduction of new ideas, practices, and objects; usually, an alteration of custom or culture that originates with the social group itself.

Innovation

Introduction of new ideas, practices, and objects; usually, an alteration of custom or culture that originates with the social group itself.

The central, enduring elements of a culture expressing its values and beliefs; including language, religion, folklore, artistic traditions, and the like.

Mentifact

The central, enduring elements of a culture expressing its values and beliefs; including language, religion, folklore, artistic traditions, and the like.

A concept of independent but parallel cultural development advanced by the anthropologist Julian Steward.

Multilinear Evolution

A concept of independent but parallel cultural development advanced by the anthropologist Julian Steward.

The philosophical viewpoint that the physical environment offers human beings a set of opportunities from which people may choose to according to their cultural needs and technological awareness.

Possibilism

The philosophical viewpoint that the physical environment offers human beings a set of opportunities from which people may choose to according to their cultural needs and technological awareness.

The transfer of ideas, behaviors, or articles from one place to another through migration of those possessing the feature transported.

Relocation Diffusion

The transfer of ideas, behaviors, or articles from one place to another through migration of those possessing the feature transported.

The institutions and links between individuals and groups that unite a culture, including family structure, and political structure.

Sociofact

The institutions and links between individuals and groups that unite a culture, including family structure, and political structure.

The totality of expected and accepted patterns of interpersonal relations common to a culture or a subculture.

Sociological Subsystem

The totality of expected and accepted patterns of interpersonal relations common to a culture or a subculture.

The development of a new form of culture trait by the fusion of two or more distinct parental elements.

Syncretism

The complex of material objects together with the objects together with the techniques of their use by the means of which people carry out purposeful and productive tasks.

Technological Subsystem

The complex of material objects together with the objects together with the techniques of their use by the means of which people carry out purposeful and productive tasks.

Chapter 3: Spatial Interaction and Spatial Behavior

Fellmann And Getis

The area within which people move freely on their rounds of regular activity.

Activity Space

The area within which people move freely on their rounds of regular activity.

Locations or places about which an individual has knowledge even.

Awareness Space

Locations or places about which an individual has knowledge even.

The process by which migration movements from a common home area to a specific destination are sustained by links of friendship or kinship between first movers and later followers.

Chain Migration

The process by which migration movements from a common home area to a specific destination are sustained by links of friendship or kinship between first movers and later followers.

The tendency for migration to flow between areas that are socially and economically allied by past migration patterns, by economic and trade connections, or by some other affinity.

Channelized Migration

The tendency for migration to flow between areas that are socially and economically allied by past migration patterns, by economic and trade connections, or by some other affinity.

The return of migrants to the regions from which they earlier emigrated.

Counter Migration

The return of migrants to the regions from which they earlier emigrated.

The actual or potential relationship two places or regions that each produce different goods or services for which the other has an efficient demand, resulting in an exchange between the locales.

Complementarily

The actual or potential relationship two places or regions that each produce different goods or services for which the other has an efficient demand, resulting in an exchange between the locales.

The distance beyond which cost, effort, and/or means play a determining role in the willingness of people to travel.

Critical Distance

The distance beyond which cost, effort, and/or means play a determining role in the willingness of people to travel.

The declining intensity of any activity, process, or function with increasing distance from its point of origin.

Distance Decay

The declining intensity of any activity, process, or function with increasing distance from its point of origin.

A measure of the retarding or restricting effect of distance on spatial interaction. Generally, the greater the distance, the greater the “Friction” and the less the interaction or exchange, or the greater the cost of achieving the exchange.

Friction of Distance

A measure of the retarding or restricting effect of distance on spatial interaction. Generally, the greater the distance, the greater the “Friction” and the less the interaction or exchange, or the greater the cost of achieving the exchange.

A mathematical prediction of the interaction between two places as a function of their size and of the distance separating them. Based on Newton’s law the model states that attraction is proportional to the product of the masses of two places and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between two points on the earth’s surface.

Gravity Model

A mathematical prediction of the interaction between two places as a function of their size and of the distance separating them. Based on Newton’s law the model states that attraction is proportional to the product of the masses of two places and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between two points on the earth’s surface.

The concept that closer opportunities will materially reduce the attractiveness of interaction with more distant-even slightly better-alternatives; a closer alternative source of supply between a demand point and the original source of supply.

Intervening Opportunity

The concept that closer opportunities will materially reduce the attractiveness of interaction with more distant-even slightly better-alternatives; a closer alternative source of supply between a demand point and the original source of supply.

The permanent relocation of an individual or group to a new, usually distant, place of residence and employment.

Migration

The permanent relocation of an individual or group to a new, usually distant, place of residence and employment.

Any aggregate control on or regularity of movement of people, commodities, or communication.

Movement Bias

Any aggregate control on or regularity of movement of people, commodities, or communication.

The areal pattern of sets of places and the routes connecting them along which movement can take place.

Network

The areal pattern of sets of places and the routes connecting them along which movement can take place.

An area defined by the distribution of an individual’s short-range informal communications. The size and shape of the field is defined by work, recreation, school, and other regular contacts and are affected by age, sex, employment, and other personal characteristics.

Personal Communication Field

An area defined by the distribution of an individual’s short-range informal communications. The size and shape of the field is defined by work, recreation, school, and other regular contacts and are affected by age, sex, employment, and other personal characteristics.

An invisible, usually irregular area around a person into which he or she does not willingly admit others. The sense of personal space is a situational and cultural variable.

Personal Space

An invisible, usually irregular area around a person into which he or she does not willingly admit others. The sense of personal space is a situational and cultural variable.

The acquisition of information about a place or thing through sensory means: the subjective organization and interpretation of acquired information in light of cultural attitudes and individual preferences or experiences.

Place Perceptive

The acquisition of information about a place or thing through sensory means: the subjective organization and interpretation of acquired information in light of cultural attitudes and individual preferences or experiences.

• In human movement and migration studies, a measure of individual’s perceived satisfaction or approval of a place in its social, economic, or environmental attributes.

• In economic geography, the value imparted to goods or services by tertiary activities that provide things needed in specific markets.

Place Utility

• In human movement and migration studies, a measure of individual’s perceived satisfaction or approval of a place in its social, economic, or environmental attributes.

• In economic geography, the value imparted to goods or services by tertiary activities that provide things needed in specific markets.

A measurement of the total interaction opportunities available under gravity model assumptions to a center in a multicenter system.

Potential Model

A measurement of the total interaction opportunities available under gravity model assumptions to a center in a multicenter system.

Characteristics of a locale that act as attractive forces, drawing migrants from other regions.

Pull Factor

Characteristics of a locale that act as attractive forces, drawing migrants from other regions.

Unfavorable characteristics of a locale that contribute to the dissatisfaction of its residents and impel their emigration.

Push Factor

Unfavorable characteristics of a locale that contribute to the dissatisfaction of its residents and impel their emigration.

Return of migrants to regions from which the earlier emigrated.

Return Migration

Return of migrants to regions from which the earlier emigrated.

A diagram of the volume of space and the length of time within which our activities are confined by constraints of our bodily needs and the means of mobility at our commands.

Space-time Prism

A diagram of the volume of space and the length of time within which our activities are confined by constraints of our bodily needs and the means of mobility at our commands.

The movement between different places; an indication of interdependence between different geographic locations or areas.

Spatial Interaction

The movement between different places; an indication of interdependence between different geographic locations or areas.

The process by which individuals evaluate the alternative locations to which they might move.

Spatial Search

The process by which individuals evaluate the alternative locations to which they might move.

A migration in which an eventual long-distance relocation is undertaken in stage as , for example, from farm to village to small town to city.

Step Migration

A migration in which an eventual long-distance relocation is undertaken in stage as , for example, from farm to village to small town to city.

An individual or group attempt to identify and establish control over a clearly defined territory considered partly or wholly an exclusive domain; the behavior associated with the defense of the home territory.

Territoriality

An individual or group attempt to identify and establish control over a clearly defined territory considered partly or wholly an exclusive domain; the behavior associated with the defense of the home territory.

Acceptable costs of a spatial exchange; the cost of moving a commodity relative to the ability of the commodity to bear that cost.

Transferability

Acceptable costs of a spatial exchange; the cost of moving a commodity relative to the ability of the commodity to bear that cost.

Chapter: 4-Fellman & Getis Population: World Patterns,

Regional Trends

The number of rural residents per unit of agriculturally productive land.

Agricultural Density

The number of rural residents per unit of agriculturally productive land.

The Number of people per unit area of land.

Arithmetic Density

The Number of people per unit area of land.

The maximum population numbers that an area.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population numbers that an area

A population group unified by a specific common characteristic, such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit during their lifetimes.

Cohort

A population group unified by a specific common characteristic, such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit during their lifetimes.

The ratio of the number of live births during one year to the total population, usually at the midpoint of the same year, expressed as

the number of births per year per 1000 population.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The ratio of the number of live births during one year to the total population, usually at the midpoint of the same year, expressed as the number of births per year per 1000 population.

A mortality index usually calculated as the number of deaths per year per 1000 population.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

Then number of people per unit area of land.

Crude Density

Then number of people per unit area of land.

A mathematical expression that summarizes the contribution of different demographic processes to the population change of a given area during a specified time period.

Demographic Equation

A mathematical expression that summarizes the contribution of different demographic processes to the population change of a given area during a specified time period.

The tendency for population growth to continue despite stringent family planning programs because of a relatively high concentration of people in the childbearing years.

Demographic (population) Momentum

The tendency for population growth to continue despite stringent family planning programs because of a relatively high concentration of people in the childbearing years.

A model of the effect of economic development on population growth.

Demographic Transition

A model of the effect of economic development on population growth.

Demography

The scientific study of population, with particular emphasis upon quantitive aspects.

The number of dependents, old or young, that each 100 persons in the economically productive years must on average support.

Dependency Ratio

The number of dependents, old or young, that each 100 persons in the economically productive years must on average support.

The time period required for any beginning total experiencing a compounding growth to double in size.

Doubling Time

The time period required for any beginning total experiencing a compounding growth to double in size.

The part of Earths surface Physically Suitable for permanent human settlements.

Ecumene

The part of Earths surface Physically Suitable for permanent human settlements.

The application of the concept of homeostasis, or relatively stable state of equilibrium, to the balance between population numbers and areal resources.

Homeostatic Plateau

The application of the concept of homeostasis, or relatively stable state of equilibrium, to the balance between population numbers and areal resources.

A curve shaped like the letter, depicting exponential or geometric growth.

J-Curve

A curve shaped like the letter, depicting exponential or geometric growth.

Thomas R. Malthus (1766-1843). English economist, demographer, and cleric who suggested that unless self control, war, or natural disaster checks population, it will inevitably increase faster than will the food supplies need to sustain it.

Malthus

Thomas R. Malthus (1766-1843). English economist, demographer, and cleric who suggested that unless self control, war, or natural disaster checks population, it will

inevitably increase faster than will the food supplies need to sustain it.

Mortality Rate

The growth of population through excess of births over deaths, excluding the effects of immigration or emigration.

Natural Increase

The growth of population through excess of births over deaths, excluding the effects of immigration or emmigration.

The advocacy of population control programs to preserve and improve general national prosperity and well-being.

Neo-Malthusianism

The advocacy of population control programs to preserve and improve general national prosperity and well-being.

That portion of Earths surface that is unhabited or only temporarily or intermittently inhabited.

Nonecumene

That portion of Earths surface that is unhabited or only temporarily or intermittently inhabited.

A value judgment that the resources of an area are insufficient to sustain adequately its present population numbers.

Over Population

A value judgment that the resources of an area are insufficient to sustain adequately its present population numbers.

The number of persons per unit area of cultivable land.

Physiological Density

The number of persons per unit area of cultivable land.

A measurement of the numbers of persons per unit area of land within predetermined limits, usually political or census boundaries.

Population Density

A measurement of the numbers of persons per unit area of land within predetermined limits, usually political or census boundaries.

A division of human geography concerned with spatial variations in distribution, composition, growth, and movements of population

and the relationship of those with the geographic character of areas.

Population Geography

A division of human geography concerned with spatial variations in distribution, composition, growth, and movements of population and the relationship of those with the geographic character of areas.

A statement of a populations future size, age, and sex composition of a population, usually a national one.

Population Projection

A statement of a populations future size, age, and sex composition of a population, usually a national one.

A bar graph in pyramid form showing the age and sex composition of a population, usually a national one.

Population Pyramid

A bar graph in pyramid form showing the age and sex composition of a population, usually a national one.

Birth rate minus the death rate, suggesting the annual rate of population growth without considering net migration.

Rate of Natural Increase

Birth rate minus the death rate, suggesting the annual rate of population growth without considering net migration.

The frequency of events occurrence during a specified time period.

The number of children per woman that will supply just enough births to replace parents and compensate for early deaths.

Replacement Level

The number of children per woman that will supply just enough births to replace parents and compensate for early deaths.

The horizontal bending, or leveling, of an exponential or J-Curve.

S-Curve

The horizontal bending, or leveling, of an exponential or J-Curve.

The average number of that would be born to each woman if during her childbearing years she bore Children at the current

years rate for women that age.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of that would be born to each woman if during her childbearing years she bore Children at the current years rate for women that age.

A term suggesting a population in equilibrium, fully stable in numbers with births (plus immigration) equaling deaths (plus

emigration).

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

A term suggesting a population in equilibrium, fully stable in numbers with births (plus immigration) equaling deaths (plus emigration).

Chapter 5

Language and Religion: Mosaics of CultureFellman and Getis

A belief that natural objects may be the abode of dead people, spirits, of gods who occasionally give the objects the appearance

of life.

Animism

Animism is the name given to a belief that natural objects may be the abode of dead people, spirits, of gods who occasionally give the objects the appearance of life.

A universalizing religion, primarily of eastern and central Asia, based on teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha, that suffering is inherent

is all life but can be relieved be mental and moral self-purification

Buddhism

A universalizing religion, primarily of eastern and central Asia, based on teachings of Siddhartha Gautama,

the Buddha, that suffering is inherent is all life but can be relieved be

mental and moral self-purification.

One of the hereditary social classes in Hinduism that determines one’s occupation and position in society.

One of the hereditary social classes in Hinduism that determines one’s

occupation and position in society.

A monotheistic, universalizing religion based pm the teachings of Jesus Christ and of the Bible as sacred scripture.

Christianity

A monotheistic, universalizing religion based pm the teachings of Jesus Christ and of the Bible as sacred

scripture.

A Chinese value system and ethnic religion emphasizing ethics, social morality, tradition, and ancestor worship.

Confucianism

A Chinese value system and ethnic religion emphasizing ethics, social morality, tradition, and ancestor

worship.

A language developed from a pidgin to become the native tongue of a society.

Creole

A language developed from a pidgin to become the native tongue of a

society.

A language variant marked by vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation differences from other variants of the same common language. When those variations are spatial or

regional, they are called geographic ________; when they are indicative of socioeconomic or educational levels, they are called social ________.

Dialects

A language variant marked by vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation differences from

other variants of the same common language. When those variations are spatial or regional,

they are called geographic dialects; when they are indicative of socioeconomic or educational levels, they are called social

dialects.

A religion identified with a particular ethnic group and largely exclusive to it. Such a religion does not seek converts.

Ethnic religion

A religion identified with a particular ethnic group and largely exclusive to

it. Such a religion does not seek converts.

A religion identified with a particular ethnic group and largely exclusive to it. Such a religion does not seek converts.

Ethnic religion

A religion identified with a particular ethnic group and largely exclusive to

it. Such a religion does not seek converts.

A type of dialect which contains spatial or regional variations.

Geographic dialect

A type of dialect which contains spatial or regional variations.

An ancient and now dominant value system and religion of India, closely identified with Indian culture but without central creed, single doctrine, or religious organization.

Dharma (customary duty and divine law) and caste are uniting elements.

Hinduism

An ancient and now dominant value system and religion of India, closely

identified with Indian culture but without central creed, single

doctrine, or religious organization. Dharma (customary duty and divine law) and caste are uniting elements.

A monotheistic, universalizing religion that includes belief in Allah as the sole deity and in Mohammed as his prophet completing the

work of earlier prophets of Judaism and Christianity.

A monotheistic, universalizing religion that includes belief in Allah as the

sole deity and in Mohammed as his prophet completing the work of earlier prophets of Judaism and

Christianity.

A mapped boundary line marking the limits of a particular linguistic feature.

Isogloss

A mapped boundary line marking the limits of a particular linguistic

feature.

A monotheistic, ethnic religion first developed among the Hebrew people of the ancient Near East; its determining conditions include descent from

Israel (Jacob), the Torah (law and scripture), and tradition.

Judaism

A monotheistic, ethnic religion first developed among the Hebrew

people of the ancient Near East; its determining conditions include descent from Israel (Jacob), the Torah (law and scripture), and

tradition.

The system of words, their pronunciation, and methods of combination used and mutually understood by a community of

individuals.

Language

The system of words, their pronunciation, and methods of combination used and mutually understood by a community of

individuals.

A group of languages thought to have descended from a single, common ancestral tongue.

Language family

A group of languages thought to have descended from a single, common

ancestral tongue.

Any of various auxiliary languages used as common tongues among people of an area where several languages are spoken;

literally, “Frankish language.”

Lingua franca

Any of various auxiliary languages used as common tongues among people of an area where several languages are spoken; literally,

“Frankish language.”

The study of local variations within a speech area by mapping word choices, pronunciations, or grammatical constructions.

Linguistic geography

The study of local variations within a speech area by mapping word

choices, pronunciations, or grammatical constructions.

The belief that there is but a single God.

Monotheism

The belief that there is but a single God.

The common use of two or more languages in a society or country.

Multilingualism

The common use of two or more languages in a society or country.

A governmentally designated language of instruction, or government, of the court, and other official public and private

communication.

Official language

A governmentally designated language of instruction, or government, of the court, and other official public and

private communication.

An auxiliary language derived, with reduced vocabulary and simplified structure, from other languages. Not a native tongue, it is used for

limited communication among people with different languages.

Pidgin

An auxiliary language derived, with reduced vocabulary and simplified

structure, from other languages. Not a native tongue, it is used for limited communication among people with

different languages.

Belief in or worship of many gods.

Polytheism

Belief in or worship of many gods.

An assumed, reconstructed, or recorded ancestral language.

Protolanguage

An assumed, reconstructed, or recorded ancestral language.

A personal or institutionalized system of worship and of faith in the sacred and divine.

Religion

A personal or institutionalized system of worship and of faith in the sacred

and divine.

A rejection of or indifference to religion and religious practice.

Secularism

A rejection of or indifference to religion and religious practice.

A form of tribal religion based on belief in a hidden world of gods, ancestral spirits, and demons responsive only to a shaman or

interceding priest.

Shamanism

A form of tribal religion based on belief in a hidden world of gods,

ancestral spirits, and demons responsive only to a shaman or

interceding priest.

The polytheistic, ethnic religion of Japan that includes reverence of deities of natural forces and veneration of the emperor as

descendent of the sun-goddess.

Shinto

The polytheistic, ethnic religion of Japan that includes reverence of

deities of natural forces and veneration of the emperor as

descendent of the sun-goddess.

A type of dialect which contains socioenomic or educational variations.

Social dialect

A type of dialect which contains socioenomic or educational

variations.

A group of people having common characteristic patterns of vocabulary, word arrangement, and pronunciation.

Speech community

A group of people having common characteristic patterns of vocabulary,

word arrangement, and pronunciation.

A language substantially uniform with respect to spelling, grammar, pronunciation, and vocabulary and representing the

approved community norm of the tongue.

Standard language

A language substantially uniform with respect to spelling, grammar,

pronunciation, and vocabulary and representing the approved

community norm of the tongue.

Syncretism

The development of a new form of culture trait by the fusion of two or

more distinct parental elements.

A Chinese value system and ethnic religion emphasizing conformity to Tao (Way), the creative reality ordering the

universe.

Taoism

A Chinese value system and ethnic religion emphasizing conformity to

Tao (Way), the creative reality ordering the universe.

A place name.

Toponym

A place name.

The place names of a region or, especially, the study of place names.

Toponymy

The place names of a region or, especially, the study of place names.

An ethnic religion specific to a small, localized, preindustrial culture group.

Tribal (traditional) religion

An ethnic religion specific to a small, localized, preindustrial culture group.

A religion that claims global truth and applicability and seeks the conversion of all humankind.

Universalizing religion

A religion that claims global truth and applicability and seeks the

conversion of all humankind.

1: The nonstandard indigenous language or dialect of a locality. 2: Of or related to indigenous arts and architecture, such as a vernacular house. 3: Of or related to the

perceptions and understandings of the general population, such as a vernacular region.

Vernacular

1: The nonstandard indigenous language or dialect of a locality. 2: Of or related

to indigenous arts and architecture, such as a vernacular house. 3: Of or

related to the perceptions and understandings of the general

population, such as a vernacular region.

Chapter 6Fellmann and Getis

Ethnic Geography: Threads of Diversity

By: Eduardo Aceves

• Cultural modification or change that results when one culture group or individual adopts traits of a dominant or host society; cultural development or change through “borrowing.”

Acculturation

• Cultural modification or change that results when one culture group or individual adopts traits of a dominant or host society; cultural development or change through “borrowing.”

• Genetic modification making a population more fit for existence under specific environmental conditions; in immigration, the term summarizes how individuals, households, and communities respond and adjust to new experiences and social and cultural surroundings.

Adaptation

• Genetic modification making a population more fit for existence under specific environmental conditions; in immigration, the term summarizes how individuals, households, and communities respond and adjust to new experiences and social and cultural surroundings.

• In ethnic geography, the concept that multiethnic societies become a merger of the culture traits of their member groups.

Amalgamation Theory

• In ethnic geography, the concept that multiethnic societies become a merger of the culture traits of their member groups.

• A two-part behavioral and structural process by which a minority population reduces or loses completely its identifying cultural characteristics and blends into the host society.

Assimilation

• A two-part behavioral and structural process by which a minority population reduces or loses completely its identifying cultural characteristics and blends into the host society.

• The process of integration into a common cultural life through acquisition of the sentiments, attitudes, and experiences of other groups.

Behavioral Assimilation

• The process of integration into a common cultural life through acquisition of the sentiments, attitudes, and experiences of other groups.

• The process by which migration movements from a common home area to a specific destination are sustained by links of friendship or kinship between first movers and later followers.

Chain Migration

• The process by which migration movements from a common home area to a specific destination are sustained by links of friendship or kinship between first movers and later followers.

• In plural societies, the early arriving ethnic group that created the first effective settlement and established the recognized cultural norms to which other, later groups are expected to conform.

Charter Group

• In plural societies, the early arriving ethnic group that created the first effective settlement and established the recognized cultural norms to which other, later groups are expected to conform.

• A pattern of movement and settlement resulting from the collective action of a distinctive social or ethnic group.

Cluster Migration

• A pattern of movement and settlement resulting from the collective action of a distinctive social or ethnic group.

• In ethnic geography, an urban ethnic area serving as point of entry and temporary acculturation zone for a specific immigrant group.

Colony

• In ethnic geography, an urban ethnic area serving as point of entry and temporary acculturation zone for a specific immigrant group.

• The readoption by later generations of culture traits and identities associated with immigrant forebears or ancestral homelands.

Culture Rebound

• The readoption by later generations of culture traits and identities associated with immigrant forebears or ancestral homelands.

• A small area occupied by a distinctive minority culture.

Ethnic Enclave

• A small area occupied by a distinctive minority culture.

• The study of spatial ditribution and interactions of ethnic groups and of the cultural characteristics on which they are based.

Ethnic Geography

• The study of spatial ditribution and interactions of ethnic groups and of the cultural characteristics on which they are based.

• People sharing a distinctive culture, frequently based on common national origin, religion, language, or race.

Ethnicity

• People sharing a distinctive culture, frequently based on common national origin, religion, language, or race.

• A large territory, urban and rural, dominated by or closely associated with a single ethnic group.

Ethnic Province

• A large territory, urban and rural, dominated by or closely associated with a single ethnic group.

• Conviction of the evident superiority of one’s own ethnic group.

Ethnocentrism

• Conviction of the evident superiority of one’s own ethnic group.

• The influence that the characteristics of an early dominant settlement group exert on the later social and cultural geography of an area.

First Effective Settlement

• The influence that the characteristics of an early dominant settlement group exert on the later social and cultural geography of an area.

• The transfer of genes of one breeding population into the gene pool of another through interbreeding.

Gene Flow

• The transfer of genes of one breeding population into the gene pool of another through interbreeding.

• A chance modification of gene composition occurring in an isolated population and becoming accentuated through inbreeding.

Genetic Drift

• A chance modification of gene composition occurring in an isolated population and becoming accentuated through inbreeding.

• A forced or voluntarily segregated residential area housing a racial, ethnic, or religious minority.

Ghetto

• A forced or voluntarily segregated residential area housing a racial, ethnic, or religious minority.

• The established and dominant society within which immigrant groups seek accommodation.

Host Society

• The established and dominant society within which immigrant groups seek accommodation.

• The process resulting in the reproductive success of individuals or groups best adapted to their environment, leading to the perpetuation of their genetic qualities.

Natural Selection

• The process resulting in the reproductive success of individuals or groups best adapted to their environment, leading to the perpetuation of their genetic qualities.

• A subset of human population whose members share certain distinctive, inherited biological characteristics.

• A measure of the degree to which members of a minority group are not uniformly distributed among the total population.

Segregation

• A measure of the degree to which members of a minority group are not uniformly distributed among the total population.

• A measure of the perceived degree of social separation between individuals, ethnic groups, neighborhoods, or other groupings; the voluntary or enforced segregation of two or more distinct social groups for most activities.

Social Distance

• A measure of the perceived degree of social separation between individuals, ethnic groups, neighborhoods, or other groupings; the voluntary or enforced segregation of two or more distinct social groups for most activities.

• The distribution of immigrant ethnics among the groups and social strata of a host society, but without their full behavioral assimilation into it.

Structural Assimilation

• The distribution of immigrant ethnics among the groups and social strata of a host society, but without their full behavioral assimilation into it.

• The degree of neighborhood racial or ethnic mixing that induces the former majority group to move out rapidly.

Tipping Point

• The degree of neighborhood racial or ethnic mixing that induces the former majority group to move out rapidly.

Chapter 7:Folk and Popular culture: Diversity and Uniformity

By: Martin Gordon

• Collective heritage of institutions , customs, skills, dress, and way of life of a small, stable, closely knit, usually rural community.

Folk Culture

• Collective heritage of institutions , customs, skills, dress, and way of life of a small, stable, closely knit, usually rural community.

• Physical , visible things everything from musical thing to buildings.

Material Culture

• Physical , visible things everything from musical thing to buildings.

• The Landscape created by humans .

Built Environment

• The Landscape created by humans.

• In contrast, is the intangible part, the mentifacts and sociofacts expressed in oral tradition, folk song and folk story, and customary behavior.

Non-material culture

• In contrast, is the intangible part, the mentifacts and sociofacts expressed in oral tradition, folk song and folk story, and customary behavior.

• Repeated, characteristic acts, behavioral patterns, artistic traditions, and conventions regulating social life-and when those customs and artifacts are distinctively identified with any area long inhabited by a particular group.

Custom

• Repeated, characteristic acts, behavioral patterns, artistic traditions, and conventions regulating social life-and when those customs and artifacts are distinctively identified with any area long inhabited by a particular group.

•Oral tradition of a group

Folklore

•Oral tradition of a group

• The learned behavior shared a society that prescribes accepted and common modes of conduct-become those of the country as a whole as a acculturation and popularization dictated the ways of life of all.

Folkways

• The learned behavior shared a society that prescribes accepted and common modes of conduct-become those of the country as a whole as a acculturation and popularization dictated the ways of life of all.

• The general mass of people, primarily but not exclusively urban based, constantly adopting, conforming to, and quickly abandoning ever changing common modes of behavior and fads of material and on material culture.

Popular

• The general mass of people, primarily but not exclusively urban based, constantly adopting, conforming to, and quickly abandoning ever changing common modes of behavior and fads of material and on material culture.

• Part of fold culture rather than a political imposition or scholarly constructs.

Vernacular Regions

• Part of fold culture rather than a political imposition or scholarly constructs.

Chapter 8 Livelihood and Economy: Primary Activity

• The science and practice of farming including cultivation of soil and raising of livestock

Agriculture

• The science and practice of farming including cultivation of soil and raising of livestock

• Production and harvesting of fish and shellfish in land-based ponds

Aquaculture

• Production and harvesting of fish and shellfish in land-based ponds

• The view that population growth independently forces a conversion from extensive to intensive subsistence agriculture

Boserup Thesis

• The view that population growth independently forces a conversion from extensive to intensive subsistence agriculture

• A system of production of goods and services for exchange in competitive markets where price and availability are determined by supply and demand forces

Commercial Economy

• A system of production of goods and services for exchange in competitive markets where price and availability are determined by supply and demand forces

• The branch of systematic geography concerned with how people support themselves, with the spatial patterns of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, and with the areal variation of economic activities over the surface of Earth

Economic Geography

• The branch of systematic geography concerned with how people support themselves, with the spatial patterns of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, and with the areal variation of economic activities over the surface of Earth

• A crop or livestock system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit area of land. It may either be part of a subsistence or a commercial economy

Extensive Agriculture

• A crop or livestock system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit area of land. It may either be part of a subsistence or a commercial economy

• Primary activity involving the mining and quarrying of nonrenewable metallic and nonmetallic mineral resources

Extractive Industry

• Primary activity involving the mining and quarrying of nonrenewable metallic and nonmetallic mineral resources

• Primary activity involving the subsistence or commercial Harvesting of renewable resources of land or water. Primitive gathering involves local collection of food and other materials of nature, both plants and animals; commercial gathering usually implies forestry and fishing industries

Gathering Industry

• Primary activity involving the subsistence or commercial Harvesting of renewable resources of land or water. Primitive gathering involves local collection of food and other materials of nature, both plants and animals; commercial gathering usually implies forestry and fishing industries

• A term suggesting the great increases in food production, primarily in subtropical areas, accomplished by introduction of very high yielding grain crops, particularly wheat, maize, and rice

Green Revolution

• A term suggesting the great increases in food production, primarily in subtropical areas, accomplished by introduction of very high yielding grain crops, particularly wheat, maize, and rice

• Any agricultural system involving the application of large amounts of capital and/or labor per unit of cultivated land; this may be part of either a subsistence or a commercial economy

Intensive agriculture

• Any agricultural system involving the application of large amounts of capital and/or labor per unit of cultivated land; this may be part of either a subsistence or a commercial economy

• Maximum rate at which a renewable resource can be exploited without impairing its ability to be renewed or replenished

Maximum Sustainable Yield

• Maximum rate at which a renewable resource can be exploited without impairing its ability to be renewed or replenished

• A physically occurring item that a population perceives to be necessary and useful to its maintenance and well-being

Natural Resource

• Migratory but controlled movement of livestock solely dependent on natural forage

Nomadic Herding

• Migratory but controlled movement of livestock solely dependent on natural forage

• A natural resource that is not replenished or replaced by natural processes or is used at a rate that exceeds its replacement rate

Nonrenewable resource

• A natural resource that is not replenished or replaced by natural processes or is used at a rate that exceeds its replacement rate

• A system of production of goods and services, usually consumed or distributed by governmental agency, in quantities, at prices, and in locations determined by governmental programs

Planned Economy

• A system of production of goods and services, usually consumed or distributed by governmental agency, in quantities, at prices, and in locations determined by governmental programs

• A large agricultural holding, frequently foreign owned, devoted to the production of a single export crop

Plantation

• A large agricultural holding, frequently foreign owned, devoted to the production of a single export crop

• Those parts of the economy involved in making natural resources available for use or further processing; included are mining, agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting, and grazing

Primary Activity

• Those parts of the economy involved in making natural resources available for use or further processing; included are mining, agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting, and grazing

• Those parts of the economy concerned with research, with the gathering and dissemination of information, and with administration; often considered a specialized subdivision of tertiary activity

Quaternary Activity

• Those parts of the economy concerned with research, with the gathering and dissemination of information, and with administration; often considered a specialized subdivision of tertiary activity

• A sometimes separately recognized subsection of tertiary activity management functions involving highest level decision making in all types of large organizations

Quinary Activity

• A sometimes separately recognized subsection of tertiary activity management functions involving highest level decision making in all types of large organizations

• Natural resource that is potentially inexhaustible because it is either constantly or periodically replenished as long as its use does not exceed its maximum sustainable yield

Renewable Resource

• Natural resource that is potentially inexhaustible because it is either constantly or periodically replenished as long as its use does not exceed its maximum sustainable yield

Resource

• Those part of the economy involved in the processing of raw materials derived from primary activities and in altering or combining materials to produce commodities of enhanced utility and value; included manufacturing, construction and power generation

Secondary Activity

• Those part of the economy involved in the processing of raw materials derived from primary activities and in altering or combining materials to produce commodities of enhanced utility and value; included manufacturing, construction and power generation

• Crop production on tropical forest clearings kept in cultivation until their quickly declining fertility is lost. Cleared plots are then abandoned and new sites are prepared

Shifting Cultivation

• Crop production on tropical forest clearings kept in cultivation until their quickly declining fertility is lost. Cleared plots are then abandoned and new sites are prepared

• An economic system of relatively simple technology in which people produce most or all of the goods to satisfy their own and their family’s needs; little or no exchange occurs outside of the immediate or extended family

Subsistence Economy

• An economic system of relatively simple technology in which people produce most or all of the goods to satisfy their own and their family’s needs; little or no exchange occurs outside of the immediate or extended family

• The integrated system of knowledge, skills, tools, and methods developed within or used by a culture to successfully carry out purposeful and productive tasks

Technology

• The integrated system of knowledge, skills, tools, and methods developed within or used by a culture to successfully carry out purposeful and productive tasks

• Those part of the economy that fulfill the exchange function, that provide market availability of commodities, and that bring together consumer and providers of services; included are wholesale and retail trade, associated transportational and governmental services, and personal and professional services of all kind

Tertiary Activity

• Those part of the economy that fulfill the exchange function, that provide market availability of commodities, and that bring together consumer and providers of services; included are wholesale and retail trade, associated transportational and governmental services, and personal and professional services of all kind

• Observation that in the absence of collective control over the use of the resource available to all, it is to the advantage of all users to maximize their separate shares even though their collective pressures may diminish total yield or destroy the resource all together

Tragedy of the Commons

• Observation that in the absence of collective control over the use of the resource available to all, it is to the advantage of all users to maximize their separate shares even though their collective pressures may diminish total yield or destroy the resource all together

• Intensive production of fruits and vegetables for market rather than for processing or canning

Truck farm

• Intensive production of fruits and vegetables for market rather than for processing or canning

• Mineral deposits that have been identified and can be recovered at current prices and with current technology

Usable Reserves

• Mineral deposits that have been identified and can be recovered at current prices and with current technology

• The concentric zonal pattern of agricultural land use around a single market center

Von Thunen model

• The concentric zonal pattern of agricultural land use around a single market center

Chapter 9Livelihood and Economy: From Blue Collar to Gold Collar

The spatial grouping of people pr activities for mutual benefit

Agglomeration

• The spatial grouping of people pr activities for mutual benefit

• The savings to an individual enterprise derived from locational association with a cluster of other similar economic activities, such as other factories or retail stores.

Agglomeration Economies

• The savings to an individual enterprise derived from locational association with a cluster of other similar economic activities, such as other factories or retail stores.

• A location where goods are transferred from one type of carrier to another

Break-of-bulk point

• A location where goods are transferred from one type of carrier to another

• The principle that an area produces the items for which it has the greatest ratio of advantage or the least ratio of disadvantage in comparison to other areas, assuming free trade exists

Comparative advantage

• The principle that an area produces the items for which it has the greatest ratio of advantage or the least ratio of disadvantage in comparison to other areas, assuming free trade exists

• The process of deconcentration; the location of industrial or other activities away from established agglomerations in response to growing costs of congestion, competition, and regulation.

deglomeration

• The process of deconcentration; the location of industrial or other activities away from established agglomerations in response to growing costs of congestion, competition, and regulation.

• An activity cost that must be met without regard to level of output; an input cost that is spatially constant

Fixed costs

• An activity cost that must be met without regard to level of output; an input cost that is spatially constant

• A descriptive term applied to manufacturing activities for which the cost of transporting material or product is not important in determining location of production; an industry or firm showing neither market nor material orientation

Footloose firm

• A descriptive term applied to manufacturing activities for which the cost of transporting material or product is not important in determining location of production; an industry or firm showing neither market nor material orientation

• The manufacturing economy ad system derived from assembly-line mass production and the mass consumption of standardized goods.

Fordism

• The manufacturing economy ad system derived from assembly-line mass production and the mass consumption of standardized goods.

• The charge levied by a transporter for loading, moving, and unloading of goods; includes line-haul costs and terminal costs

Freight rates

• The charge levied by a transporter for loading, moving, and unloading of goods; includes line-haul costs and terminal costs

• The basic structure of services, instillations, and facilities needed to support industrial, agricultural, and other economic development; included are transport and communications, along wit water, power, and other public utilities

infrastructure

• The basic structure of services, instillations, and facilities needed to support industrial, agricultural, and other economic development; included are transport and communications, along wit water, power, and other public utilities

• The application of a single haul freight rate from origin to destination even though the shipment is halted for processing en route, after which the journey is completed.

In-transit privilage

• The application of a single haul freight rate from origin to destination even though the shipment is halted for processing en route, after which the journey is completed.

• The view that the optimum location of a manufacturing establishment is at the place where the costs of transport and labor and the advantages of agglomeration or deglomeration are most favorable

Least-cost theory

The costs involved in the actual physical movement of goods haulage, excluding terminal costs.

Line-haul costs

• The costs involved in the actual physical movement of goods haulage, excluding terminal costs.

• The circumstance under which the locational decision of a particular firm is influenced by the locations chosen by competitors.

Locational interdependence

• The circumstance under which the locational decision of a particular firm is influenced by the locations chosen by competitors.

• The point of intersection of demand and supply curves of a given commodity; at equilibrium the market is cleared of the commodity

Market equilibrium

• The point of intersection of demand and supply curves of a given commodity; at equilibrium the market is cleared of the commodity

• The tendency of an economic activity to locate close to its market; a reflection of large and variable distribution costs.

Market orientation

• The tendency of an economic activity to locate close to its market; a reflection of large and variable distribution costs.

• The tendency of an economic activity to locate near or at its source of raw material; this is experienced when material costs are highly variable spatially and/ or represent a significant share of total costs.

Material orientaion

• The tendency of an economic activity to locate near or at its source of raw material; this is experienced when material costs are highly variable spatially and/ or represent a significant share of total costs.

• The direct, indirect, and induced consequences of change in an activity.

Multiplier effect

• The direct, indirect, and induced consequences of change in an activity.

• Producing abroad parts or products for domestic use or sale; subcontracting production or services rather than performing those activities “ in house”

Outsourcing

• Producing abroad parts or products for domestic use or sale; subcontracting production or services rather than performing those activities “ in house”

• Those parts of the economy concerned with research, with the gathering and dissemination of information, and with administration including administration of the other economic activity levels.

Quaternary activities

• Those parts of the economy concerned with research, with the gathering and dissemination of information, and with administration including administration of the other economic activity levels.

• A sometimes separately recognized subsection of tertiary activity management functions involving highest-level decision making in all types of jobs,

Quinary activities

• A sometimes separately recognized subsection of tertiary activity management functions involving highest-level decision making in all types of jobs,

• A less-than-ideal best location, but one providing an acceptable level of utility or satisfaction

Satisficing location

• A less-than-ideal best location, but one providing an acceptable level of utility or satisfaction

• Those parts of the economy involved in the processing of raw materials derived from primary activities and in altering or combing materials to produce commodities of enhanced utility and value; include are manufacturing, constructing, and power generation

Secondary activities

• Those parts of the economy involved in the processing of raw materials derived from primary activities and in altering or combing materials to produce commodities of enhanced utility and value; include are manufacturing, constructing, and power generation

• An input in manufacturing that remains constant wherever production is located

Spatially fixed costs

An input in manufacturing that remains constant wherever production is located

• An input cost in manufacturing that changes significantly from place to place in its amount and its relative share of total costs.

Spatially variable costs

• An input cost in manufacturing that changes significantly from place to place in its amount and its relative share of total costs.

• The set of points delaminating the area within which a firms’ profitable operation is possible.

Spatial margin of profitability

• The set of points delaminating the area within which a firms’ profitable operation is possible.

• In industry, the tendency to substitute one factor one factor of production for an other in order to achieve optimum plant location

Substitution principle

• In industry, the tendency to substitute one factor one factor of production for an other in order to achieve optimum plant location

• The costs incurred, and charged, for loading and unloading freight at origin and destination points and for paperwork involved

Terminal costs

• The costs incurred, and charged, for loading and unloading freight at origin and destination points and for paperwork involved

• Those parts of the economy that fulfill the exchange function, that provide market availability of commodities and providers of services.

Tertiary activities

• Those parts of the economy that fulfill the exchange function, that provide market availability of commodities and providers of services.

• A large business organization operating in at least two separate national economies; a form of multinational corporation

Transnational corporation

• A large business organization operating in at least two separate national economies; a form of multinational corporation

• A market-oriented industry whose establishments are distributed in direct proportion to the distribution of population

Ubiquitous industry

• A market-oriented industry whose establishments are distributed in direct proportion to the distribution of population

• A hypothetical portion of the earth’s surface assumed to be an unbounded, uniformly flat plain with uniform and unvarying distribution of population, purchasing power, transport costs, accessibility, and the like.

Uniform plain

• A hypothetical portion of the earth’s surface assumed to be an unbounded, uniformly flat plain with uniform and unvarying distribution of population, purchasing power, transport costs, accessibility, and the like.

Weberian analysis

Chapter 10Fellmann and Getis

Patterns of Development and Change

• A process that polarizes development and, leads to a permanent division between prosperous (and domination) cores and depressed (and exploited) peripheral districts that are milked of surplus labor, raw materials, and profits.

Circular and Cumulative causation

• A process that polarizes development and, leads to a permanent division between prosperous (and domination) cores and depressed (and exploited) peripheral districts that are milked of surplus labor, raw materials, and profits.

• Based on the observation that within many spatial systems sharp territorial contrasts exist in wealth, economic advancement, and growth– in “development”--between economic heartlands and outlying subordinate zones.

Core-periphery Models

• Based on the observation that within many spatial systems sharp territorial contrasts exist in wealth, economic advancement, and growth– in “development”--between economic heartlands and outlying subordinate zones.

• The increasing similarity in technologies and ways of life among societies at the same levels of development– does not as well unite the most and least advanced economies.

Cultural Convergence

• The increasing similarity in technologies and ways of life among societies at the same levels of development– does not as well unite the most and least advanced economies.

• The extent to which the resources of an area or country have been brought into full productive use.

Development

• The extent to which the resources of an area or country have been brought into full productive use.

• Distinctions between masculinity and femininity.

Gender

• Distinctions between masculinity and femininity.

• A commonly available statistic that reports the total market value of goods and services produced within an economy within a given time period, usually a year.

Gross National Income

• A commonly available statistic that reports the total market value of goods and services produced within an economy within a given time period, usually a year.

• The shadow or underground economy.

Informal Economy

• The shadow or underground economy.

• A monetary measurement which takes account of what money actually buys in each country.

Purchasing Power Parity

• A monetary measurement which takes account of what money actually buys in each country.

• The diffusion outward of the benefits of economic growth and prosperity from the power center or core area to poorer districts and people.

Spread Effect

• The diffusion outward of the benefits of economic growth and prosperity from the power center or core area to poorer districts and people.

• The integrated system of knowledge, skills, tools, and methods developed within or used by a culture successfully carry out purposeful and productive tasks.

Technology

• The integrated system of knowledge, skills, tools, and methods developed within or used by a culture successfully carry out purposeful and productive tasks.

• The contrast between the technology available in developed core regions and that present in peripheral areas of underdevelopment.

Technology Gap

• The contrast between the technology available in developed core regions and that present in peripheral areas of underdevelopment.

• The diffusion to or acquisition by one culture or region of the technology possessed by another, usually more developed society.

Technology Transfer

• The diffusion to or acquisition by one culture or region of the technology possessed by another, usually more developed society.

• Also known as the Spread Effect.

Trickle-Down Effect

• Also known as the Spread Effect.

• A level of economic and social achievement below what could be reached—given the natural and human resources of and are—were necessary capital and technology available.

Underdevelopment

• A level of economic and social achievement below what could be reached—given the natural and human resources of and are—were necessary capital and technology available.

• The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period (usually a year)

Gross Domestic Product

• The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period (usually a year)

Chapter 11Felmann and Getis

Urban Systems and Urban Structures

Mark Barr

• A continuous extended urban area formed by the growing together of several formerly separate, expanding states.

Conurbation

• A continuous extended urban area formed by the growing together of several formerly separate, expanding states.

• A multifunctional nucleated settlement with a central business district and both residential and non residential land uses.

• A nucleated settlement that contains a central business district but that is small and less functionally complex than a city.

• A functionally specialized segment of a large urban complex located outside the boundaries of the central city; usually, a relatively homogeneous residential community separately incorporated and administered

Suburb

• A functionally specialized segment of a large urban complex located outside the boundaries of the central city; usually, a relatively homogeneous residential community separately incorporated and administered

• The part of a metropolitan area contained within the boundaries of the main city around which suburbs have developed.

Central City

• The part of a metropolitan area contained within the boundaries of the main city around which suburbs have developed.

• A continuously built-up urban landscape defined by building and population densities with no reference to the political boundaries of the city; it may contain a central city and many contiguous towns, suburbs, and unincorporated areas.

Urbanized area

• A continuously built-up urban landscape defined by building and population densities with no reference to the political boundaries of the city; it may contain a central city and many contiguous towns, suburbs, and unincorporated areas.

• In the United States, a large functionally integrated settlement area comprising one or more whole country units and discontinuously built up, it operates as a coherent economic whole.

Metropolitan Area

• In the United States, a large functionally integrated settlement area comprising one or more whole country units and discontinuously built up, it operates as a coherent economic whole.

• Those products or services of an urban economy that are exported outside the city itself, earning income for the community.

Basic Sector

• Those products or services of an urban economy that are exported outside the city itself, earning income for the community.

• Those economic activities of an urban unit that supply the resident population with goods and services that have no “export” implication.

Nonbasic sector/Service sector

• Those economic activities of an urban unit that supply the resident population with goods and services that have no “export” implication.

• The direct, indirect, and induced consequences of change in an activity. In industrial agglomerations, the cumulative processes by which a given change (such as a new plant opening) sets in motion a sequence of further industrial employment and infrastructure growth. In urban geography, the expected addition of nonbasic workers and dependents to a city’s total employment and population that accompanies new basic sector employment.

Multiplier effect

• The direct, indirect, and induced consequences of change in an activity. In industrial agglomerations, the cumulative processes by which a given change (such as a new plant opening) sets in motion a sequence of further industrial employment and infrastructure growth. In urban geography, the expected addition of nonbasic workers and dependents to a city’s total employment and population that accompanies new basic sector employment.

• An observed regularity in the city size distribution of some countries.

Rank Size Rule

• An observed regularity in the city size distribution of some countries.

• A country’s leading city, disproportionately larger and functionally more complex than any other; a city dominating an urban hierarchy composed of a base of small towns and an absence of intermediate sized cities.

Primate City

• A country’s leading city, disproportionately larger and functionally more complex than any other; a city dominating an urban hierarchy composed of a base of small towns and an absence of intermediate sized cities.

• One of a small number of interconnected, internationally dominant centers (e.g., New York, London, Tokyo) that together control the global systems of finance and commerce.

World City

• One of a small number of interconnected, internationally dominant centers (e.g., New York, London, Tokyo) that together control the global systems of finance and commerce.

• An area outside of a city that is nevertheless affected by a city.

Urban influence area

• An area outside of a city that is nevertheless affected by a city.

• An urban or other settlement node whose primary function is to provide goods and services to the consuming population of it’s hinterland, complementary region, or trade area.

Central Place

• An urban or other settlement node whose primary function is to provide goods and services to the consuming population of it’s hinterland, complementary region, or trade area.

• A deductive theory formulated by Walter Christaller (1893-1969) to explain the size and distribution of settlements through reference to competitive supply off goods and services to dispersed rural populations.

Central Place Theory

• A deductive theory formulated by Walter Christaller (1893-1969) to explain the size and distribution of settlements through reference to competitive supply off goods and services to dispersed rural populations.

• Two or more nearby cities, potentially or actually complementary in function, that cooperate by developing transportation links and communications infrastructure joining them.

Network Cities

• Two or more nearby cities, potentially or actually complementary in function, that cooperate by developing transportation links and communications infrastructure joining them.

A ranking of cities based on their size and functional complexity.

Urban Hierarchy

• A ranking of cities based on their size and functional complexity.

• The nucleus or “Downtown” of a city, where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated, mass transit systems converge, and land values and building densities are high.

Central Buisness District (CBD)

• The nucleus or “Downtown” of a city, where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated, mass transit systems converge, and land values and building densities are high.

• A model describing urban land uses as a series of circular belts or rings around a core central business district, each ring housing a distinc type of land use.

Concentric Zone Model

• A model describing urban land uses as a series of circular belts or rings around a core central business district, each ring housing a distinc type of land use.

• The postulate that large cities develop by peripheral spread not from one central buisness district but from several nodes of growth each of specialized use. The seperately expanding use districts eventually coalesce at their margins.

Multiple nuclei model

• The postulate that large cities develop by peripheral spread not from one central buisness district but from several nodes of growth each of specialized use. The seperately expanding use districts eventually coalesce at their margins.

• A description of urban land uses as wedge-shaped sectors radiating outward from the central business district along transportation corridors. The radial access routes attract particular uses to certain sectors, with high status residential uses occupying the most desirable wedges.

Sector Model

• A description of urban land uses as wedge-shaped sectors radiating outward from the central business district along transportation corridors. The radial access routes attract particular uses to certain sectors, with high status residential uses occupying the most desirable wedges.

Chapter 12: The Political Ordering of Space

Fellmann & Getis

• A boundary line established before the area in question is well populated.

Antecedent Boundary

• A boundary line established before the area in question is well populated.

• A boundary without obvious physical geographic basis; often a section of a parallel of latitude or a meridian of longitude.

Artificial (geometric) Boundary

• Movement by a dissident minority intent to achieve partial or total independence of territory if occupies form the state within which it lies.

Autonomous Nationalism

• Movement by a dissident minority intent to achieve partial or total independence of territory if occupies form the state within which it lies.

• 1: In urban geography, economic and social forces pushing households and businesses outward form central and inner-city locations. 2: In political geography, forces of disruption and dissolution threatening the unity of a state.

Centrifugal Force

• 1: In urban geography, economic and social forces pushing households and businesses outward form central and inner-city locations. 2: In political geography, forces of disruption and dissolution threatening the unity of a state.

• 1: In urban geography, a force attracting establishments or activities to the center city. 2: In political geography, forces tending to bind together the citizens of a state.

Centripetal Force

• 1: In urban geography, a force attracting establishments or activities to the center city. 2: In political geography, forces tending to bind together the citizens of a state.

• A state whose territory is nearly circular.

Compact State

• A state whose territory is nearly circular.

• A boundary line that coincides with some cultural divide, such as religion or language.

Consequent (ethnographic) Boundary

• A boundary line that coincides with some cultural divide, such as religion or language.

• A guiding principle of U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War period: to prevent or restrict the expansion of the Soviet Union’s influence or control beyond its then existing limits.

Containment

• A guiding principle of U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War period: to prevent or restrict the expansion of the Soviet Union’s influence or control beyond its then existing limits.

• 1: In economic geography, a “core region,” the national or world districts of concentrated economic power, wealth, innovation, and advanced technology. 2:In political geography, the heartland or nucleus of a state, containing its most developed area, greatest wealth, densest populations, and clearest national identity.

Core area

• 1: In economic geography, a “core region,” the national or world districts of concentrated economic power, wealth, innovation, and advanced technology. 2:In political geography, the heartland or nucleus of a state, containing its most developed area, greatest wealth, densest populations, and clearest national identity.

• The transfer of certain powers from the state central government to separate political subdivisions within the state’s territory.

Devolution

• The transfer of certain powers from the state central government to separate political subdivisions within the state’s territory.

• A geopolitics theory made part of American containment (of the former Soviet Union) policy beginning in the 1950s. The theory maintained that if a single country fell under Soviet influence or control, its neighbors would likely follow, creating a ripple effect like a line of toppling dominos.

Domino Theory

• A geopolitics theory made part of American containment (of the former Soviet Union) policy beginning in the 1950s. The theory maintained that if a single country fell under Soviet influence or control, its neighbors would likely follow, creating a ripple effect like a line of toppling dominos.

• The study of the geographical elements of the organization and results of elections.

Electoral Geography

• The study of the geographical elements of the organization and results of elections.

• A state whose territory is long and narrow.

Elongated State

• A state whose territory is long and narrow.

• A small bit of foreign territory lying within a state but not under its jurisdiction.

Enclave

• A small bit of foreign territory lying within a state but not under its jurisdiction.

• An economic association established in 1957 by a number of Western European countries to promote free trade among members; often called the Common Market.

European Union (EU)

• An economic association established in 1957 by a number of Western European countries to promote free trade among members; often called the Common Market.

• A portion of a state that is separated from the main territory and surrounded by another country.

Exclave

• A portion of a state that is separated from the main territory and surrounded by another country.

• As established in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, a zone of exploitation extending 200 nautical miles (370 km) seaward from a coastal state that has exclusive mineral and fishing rights over it.

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

• As established in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, a zone of exploitation extending 200 nautical miles (370 km) seaward from a coastal state that has exclusive mineral and fishing rights over it.

• A state whose territory contains isolated parts, separated and discontinuous.

Fragmented State

• A state whose territory contains isolated parts, separated and discontinuous.

• In political geography, a disagreement between neighboring states over policies to be applied to their common border; often induced by differing customs regulation, movement of nomadic groups, or illegal immigration or emigration.

Functional Dispute

• In political geography, a disagreement between neighboring states over policies to be applied to their common border; often induced by differing customs regulation, movement of nomadic groups, or illegal immigration or emigration.

Geometric Boundary

• That branch of political geography treating national power, foreign policy, and international relations as influenced by geographic considerations of location, space, resources, and demography.

Geopolitics

• That branch of political geography treating national power, foreign policy, and international relations as influenced by geographic considerations of location, space, resources, and demography.

• To redraw voting district boundaries in such a way as to give one political party maximum electoral advantage and to reduce that of another party, to fragment voting blocks, or to achieve other nondemocratic objectives.

Gerrymandering

• To redraw voting district boundaries in such a way as to give one political party maximum electoral advantage and to reduce that of another party, to fragment voting blocks, or to achieve other nondemocratic objectives.

• The belief of Halford Mackinder (1861-1947) that the interior of Eurasia provided a likely base for world conquest.

Heartland Theory

• The belief of Halford Mackinder (1861-1947) that the interior of Eurasia provided a likely base for world conquest.

• The policy of a state wishing to incorporate within itself territory inhabited by people who have ethnic or linguistic links with the country but that lies within a neighboring state.

Irredentism

• The policy of a state wishing to incorporate within itself territory inhabited by people who have ethnic or linguistic links with the country but that lies within a neighboring state.

• A culturally distinctive group of people occupying a specific territory and bound together by a sense of unity arising form shared ethnicity, beliefs, and customs.

Nation

• A culturally distinctive group of people occupying a specific territory and bound together by a sense of unity arising form shared ethnicity, beliefs, and customs.

• A sense of unity binding the people of a state together; devotion to the interests of a particular country or nation; and identification with the state and an acceptance of national goals.

Nationalism

• A sense of unity binding the people of a state together; devotion to the interests of a particular country or nation; and identification with the state and an acceptance of national goals.

• A state whose territory is identical to that occupied by a particular ethnic group or nation.

Nation-state

• A state whose territory is identical to that occupied by a particular ethnic group or nation.

• A boundary line based on recognizable physiographic features, such as mountains or rivers.

Natural Boundary

• A state whose territory is interrupted (“perforated”) by a separate, independent state totally contained within its borders.

Perforated State

• A state whose territory is interrupted (“perforated”) by a separate, independent state totally contained within its borders.

Physical (natural) Boundary

• The study of the organization and distribution of political phenomena, including their impact on other spatial components of society and culture.

Political Geography

• The study of the organization and distribution of political phenomena, including their impact on other spatial components of society and culture.

• In political geography, disagreement about the actual location of a boundary.

Positional Dispute

• In political geography, disagreement about the actual location of a boundary.

• A state of basically compact form but with one or more marrow extensions of territory.

Prorupt State

• A state of basically compact form but with one or more marrow extensions of territory.

• In political geography, group-frequently ethnic group-identification with a particular region of a state rather than with the state as a whole.

Regionalism

• In political geography, group-frequently ethnic group-identification with a particular region of a state rather than with the state as a whole.

• A former boundary line that is still discernible and marked by some cultural landscape feature.

Relic Boundary

• A former boundary line that is still discernible and marked by some cultural landscape feature.

• In political geography, disagreement over the control or use of shared resources, such as boundary rivers or jointly claimed fishing grounds.

Resource Dispute

• In political geography, disagreement over the control or use of shared resources, such as boundary rivers or jointly claimed fishing grounds.

• The belief of Nicholas Spykman (1894-1943) that domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provide a base for world conquest.

Rimland Theory

• The belief of Nicholas Spykman (1894-1943) that domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provide a base for world conquest.

• Desired regional autonomy expressed by a culturally distinctive group within a larger, politically dominant culture.

Separatism

• Desired regional autonomy expressed by a culturally distinctive group within a larger, politically dominant culture.

• An independent political unit occupying a defined, permanently populated territory and having full sovereign control over its internal and foreign affairs.

• A boundary line that is established after the area in question has been settled and that considers the cultural characteristics of the bounded area.

Subsequent Boundary

• A boundary line that is established after the area in question has been settled and that considers the cultural characteristics of the bounded area.

• A boundary line placed over and ignoring an existing cultural pattern.

Superimposed Boundary

• A boundary line placed over and ignoring an existing cultural pattern.

• Term applied to associations created by three or more states for their mutual benefit and achievement of shared objectives.

Supranationalism

• Term applied to associations created by three or more states for their mutual benefit and achievement of shared objectives.

• In political geography, disagreement between states over the control of surface area.

Territorial Dispute

• In political geography, disagreement between states over the control of surface area.

• Systematic open and covert action employing fear and terror as a means of political coercion.

Terrorism

• Systematic open and covert action employing fear and terror as a means of political coercion.

• Any of several devices federating or consolidating city governments.

Unified Government

• Any of several devices federating or consolidating city governments.

• A code of maritime law approved by the United Nations in 1982 that authorizes, among other provisions, territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles (22 km) from shore and 200-mautical-mile-wide (370-km-wide) exclusive economic zones.

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

• A code of maritime law approved by the United Nations in 1982 that authorizes, among other provisions, territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles (22 km) from shore and 200-mautical-mile-wide (370-km-wide) exclusive economic zones.

Chapter 13: Human Impacts on Natural Systems

Fellmann & Getis

Precipitation that is unusually acidic; created when oxides of sulfur and nitrogen change chemically as they dissolve in water vapor in the atmosphere and return to earth as acidic rain, snow, or fog.

Acid Rain

Precipitation that is unusually acidic; created when oxides of sulfur and nitrogen change chemically as they dissolve in water vapor in the atmosphere and return to earth as acidic rain, snow, or fog.

A porous, water-bearing layer of rock, sand, or gravel below ground level.

Aquifer

A porous, water-bearing layer of rock, sand, or gravel below ground level.

A major ecological community, including plants and animals, occupying an extensive earth area.

The thin film of air, water, and earth within which we live, including the atmosphere, surrounding and subsurface waters, and the upper reaches of the earth’s crust.

BiosphereThe thin film of air, water, and earth within which we live, including the atmosphere, surrounding and subsurface waters, and the upper reaches of the earth’s crust.

Extension of desert like landscapes as a result of overgrazing, destruction of the forests, or other human-induced changes, usually in semiarid regions.

DesertificationExtension of desert like landscapes as a result of overgrazing, destruction of the forests, or other human-induced changes, usually in semiarid regions.

A population of organisms existing together in a small, relatively homogenous area (pond, forest, small island), together with the energy, air, water, soil, and chemicals upon which it depends.

Ecosystem

A population of organisms existing together in a small, relatively homogenous area (pond, forest, small island), together with the energy, air, water, soil, and chemicals upon which it depends.

Surroundings; the totality of things that in any way may affect an organism, including both physical and cultural conditions; a region characterized by a certain set of physical conditions.

Environment

Surroundings; the totality of things that in any way may affect an organism, including both physical and cultural conditions; a region characterized by a certain set of physical conditions.

The introduction into the biosphere of materials that because of their quantity, chemical nature, or temperature have a negative impact on the ecosystem or that cannot be readily disposed of by natural recycling processes.

Environmental Pollution

The introduction into the biosphere of materials that because of their quantity, chemical nature, or temperature have a negative impact on the ecosystem or that cannot be readily disposed of by natural recycling processes.

The practice of allowing plowed or cultivated land to remain (rest) uncropped or only partially cropped for one or more growing seasons.

Fallowing

The practice of allowing plowed or cultivated land to remain (rest) uncropped or only partially cropped for one or more growing seasons.

Heating of the earth’s surface as shortwave solar energy passes through the atmosphere, which is transparent to it but opaque to reradiated long –wave terrestrial energy; also, increasing the opacity of the atmosphere through addition of increased amounts of carbon dioxide and other gases that trap heat.

Greenhouse Effect

Heating of the earth’s surface as shortwave solar energy passes through the atmosphere, which is transparent to it but opaque to reradiated long –wave terrestrial energy; also, increasing the opacity of the atmosphere through addition of increased amounts of carbon dioxide and other gases that trap heat.

Discarded solid, liquid, or gaseous material that poses a substantial threat to human health or to the environment when improperly disposed of or stored.

Hazardous Waste

Discarded solid, liquid, or gaseous material that poses a substantial threat to human health or to the environment when improperly disposed of or stored.

The natural system by which water is continuously circulated through the biosphere by evaporation, condensation, and precipitation.

Hydrologic Cycle

The natural system by which water is continuously circulated through the biosphere by evaporation, condensation, and precipitation.

The tendency for certain kinds of air pollutants to lower temperatures on earth by reflecting incoming sunlight back into space and thus preventing it from reaching (and heating) the earth.

Icebox Effect

The tendency for certain kinds of air pollutants to lower temperatures on earth by reflecting incoming sunlight back into space and thus preventing it from reaching (and heating) the earth.

The distribution of an organism or the structure of an ecosystem can be explained by the control exerted by the single factor (such as temperature, light, water) that is most deficient, that is, that falls below the levels required.

Limiting Factor PrincipleThe distribution of an organism or the structure of an ecosystem can be explained by the control exerted by the single factor (such as temperature, light, water) that is most deficient, that is, that falls below the levels required.

A gas molecule consisting of three atoms of oxygen formed when diatomic oxygen is exposed to ultraviolet radiation. In the upper atmosphere it forms a normally continuous, thin layer that blocks ultraviolet light; in the lower atmosphere it constitutes a damaging component of photochemical smog.

The annual alternation of crops alternation of crops that differential demands on contributions to soil fertility.

RotationThe annual alternation of crops alternation of crops that differential demands on contributions to soil fertility.

The complex mixture of loose material including minerals, organic and inorganic compounds, living organisms, air, and water found at the earth’s surface and capable of supporting plant life.

The wearing away and removal of rock and soil particles from exposed surfaces by agents such as moving water, wind or ice.

Soil Erosion

The wearing away and removal of rock and soil particles from exposed surfaces by agents such as moving water, wind or ice.

The practice of planting crops on steep slopes that have been converted into a series of horizontal steplike level plots.

Terracing

The practice of planting crops on steep slopes that have been converted into a series of horizontal steplike level plots.

Discarded chemical substances that can cause serious illness or death.

Toxic Waste

Discarded chemical substances that can cause serious illness or death.

Chapter 1: Introduction: Some Background Basics FELLMANN & GETIS.

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