Chapter 1 Geography Powerpoint Review

The following slides show a map with areas marked by letters. Determine

what geographical features those letters stand for and then go to the next slide to

see if you were correct.

Bodies of Water

A - Pacific OceanB - Gulf of MexicoC - Atlantic Ocean

Mountain Ranges

A - Appalachian MountainsB - Sierra Nevada

C- Rocky MountainsD - Cascades

Physical Regions

A- Pacific Coast B - Interior Plains

C- Intermountain RegionD - Appalachian Mountain

E - Coastal Plains

Rivers

A - Missouri RiverB - Mississippi River

C - Ohio RiverD - St. Lawrence RiverE - Rio Grande River

Colonies

New England ColoniesA- New HampshireB - MassachusettsC - Rhode IslandD - Connecticut

Middle ColoniesE - New York

F - PennsylvaniaG - New JerseyH - Delaware

Southern ColoniesI - MarylandJ - Virginia

K - North CarolinaL - South Carolina

M - Georgia

What do we call the study of the people, land and resources of an

area?

geography

What do we call a person who

studies history?

historian

Who researches and finds

information for historians?

Social scientists

What do we call a first hand account?

Primary source

Where did the first Native

Americans come from?

Siberia in Asia across a land

bridge

What do we call a second hand

account?

Secondary source

Is the following a primary or

secondary source –

encyclopedia

secondary

Is the following a primary or

secondary source –

journal

primary

Is the following a primary or

secondary source –

letter

primary

Is the following a primary or

secondary source –

video tape

primary

Is the following a primary or

secondary source –

text book

secondary

Is the following a primary or

secondary source –

biography

secondary

Is the following a primary or

secondary source –

autobiography

primary

Is the following a primary or

secondary source –

song

primary

What type of source is the

most reliable?

primary

What do we call the average

weather over a period of time?

Climate

What do we call the total way of life of a group of

people?

culture

How did the first Native Americans get to the North

America?

Across a land bridge

What 5 tribes made up the

Iroquois Confederacy?

Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga,

Oneida, Mohawk (SCOOM)

What did the Iroquois call themselves?

Haudenosaunee

What do the Iroquois call corn,

beans and squash?

3 sisters

What did the Iroquois live in?

Longhouses – this is an adaptation to their woodland

environment in New York State

What did the Iroquois base

their time upon?

Nature and the seasons

What word means a person’s descent is traced

through the female?

matrilineal

What was the sixth nation to

join the Iroquois Confederacy?

Tuscarora

Who were the founders of the

Iroquois Confederacy?

Deganawida, Hiawatha

What are shells used for

communication and trade called?

wampum

What were the 3 reasons for

Spanish colonization of the Americas?

God, Gold and Glory (3 G’s) –

remember I might word these

differently

What do we call the transfer of goods

and ideas between the new and old

world?

Columbian Exchange

What were the two main jobs for

the French settlers?

Trapping and trading

What was the main occupation of the people of

New Netherlands?

Fur trading

What European country originally

controlled Canada?

France

How did Spanish settlement affect

the Native Americans?

Death, slavery,

Native Americans lost land

What European country controlled much of Central

America and Mexico?

Spain

What European country controlled

originally controlled New York State?

The Netherlands (also known as Holland or the

Dutch)

What do we call a passageway through or

around North America?

Northwest Passage

What Native American tribe became friends with the Dutch?

Iroquois

What Native American tribes became allies of

the French?

Algonquins and Hurons

What are assemblies and

legislatures?

Lawmaking bodies

What do we call people who agreed to work in exchange for

their trip to the colonies being paid

for?

Indentured servants

What goods were traded from Africa to

the West Indies as part of the Triangular

Trade Route?

slaves

What region grew wheat, barley and

rye?

Middle Colonies

What types of goods were traded from

England to the colonies as part of

the triangular trade route?

Manufactured goods

In the triangular trade system, what

goods were sent from the West Indies to the

colonies?

Sugar and molasses

(and slaves from Africa)

What colonial region was

educated through private schools?

Middle colonies

Which regions farmers were

mostly subsistence

farmers?

New England

What colonial region was educated through public

schools? (So they can read hte3 Bible.)

New England

What do we call the series of

trading routes found in colonial

times?

Triangular trade

What region was known for its shipbuilding?

New England

What was the name for the series of laws passed to

control the slaves?

Slave codes

What colonies legislature was

called the House of Burgesses?

Virginia

What do we call a person who

learned a trade from a master

craftsman?

apprentice

What religion was associated with

Maryland?

Catholic

What was the name of the slave trip from Africa to

the colonies?

Middle Passage

What was the theory called which said that a country became strong by increasing trade and

building up its gold supply.

mercantilism

What do we call the rich area of the Southern

Colonies?

tidewater

What colony did the Puritans and Pilgrims settle in?

Massachusetts

What are crops called which are sold for a profit?

Cash crop

What was the name for the document which the Pilgrims

wrote telling how they were going to govern

their settlement?

Mayflower Compact

What is the belief that one race is

superior to another?

racism

What colonial region was known

as the Breadbasket

Colonies?

Middle Colonies

What do we call the area next to the Appalachian

Mountains?

backcountry

What was the religion

associated with Pennsylvania?

Quakers

What were the German speaking

people of Pennsylvania

known as?

Pennsylvania Dutch

In the triangular trade system, what

goods were sent from the colonies

to Africa?

Tools, fish, lumber, etc.

(things found in the colonies)

Which region was home to

plantations?

Southern Colonies

What region was the most religious?

New England (mostly

Massachusetts)

What was the first permanent

English settlement in the

New World?

Jamestown

What word means a

willingness to let others practice

their own beliefs?

toleration

What region had rocky soil?

New England

What was the general name for goods such as lumber and iron, which were traded

from the colonies to England?

Raw materials

What were the main crops of the

Southern Colonies?

Tobacco, indigo and rice

What type of labor dominated

southern plantations?

slaves

What do we call goods entering a

country?

imports

What do we call goods leaving a

country?

exports

Where did the French and Indian War begin?

The Ohio River Valley.

What was the cause of the French and Indian War?

The cause of the French and Indian War was the fur trade with the Native Americans. It was also part of a series of wars that had been going on

for the last 100 years between France and Britain.

What territory did France claim before the war

began?

France controlled much of modern day Canada as well

as the Mississippi River valley.

What tribe was an ally of the British in the French

and Indian War?

Iroquois

What advantages did the French have in the French

and Indian War?

They fought like the Native Americans using the trees for cover. They also had

only 1 government in North America which made

decisions a lot easier to be made.

What disadvantages did the English have in the French

and Indian War?

The English tried to fight the war as they would in

the open fields of Europe. They did not take

advantage of the cover offered and were easy targets for the French.

What did the Treaty of Paris say?

Most of the French land in the colonies was given to

Britain.

Who proposed the Albany Plan of Union?

Ben Franklin

What was the purpose of the Albany Plan of Union?

To unite the colonies to plan for defense. It didn’t

work because colonies didn’t want to give up any

power.

What act forbid settlers to move west of the

Appalachian Mountains?

The Proclamation of 1763 forbid settlers to move west

of the Appalachian Mountains. Many settlers ignored this proclamation. Britain was trying to stop settler / Native American

conflicts over land.

What act, passed in 1765, placed taxes on legal

documents such as wills, diplomas, marriage papers, newspapers, playing cards

and even dice?

The Stamp Act.

What was the colonists reaction to the Stamp Act?

Riots broke out in cities like New York. Mobs harassed

British tax officials by throwing rocks and tarring and feathering them. They hanged or burned effigies

of the British officials.

A huge complaint the colonists had was that of

“No taxation without representation!” What did

this mean?

“No taxation without representation” arose because

the colonists did not elect anybody to the British

Parliament. The colonists claimed that Parliament could

not tax them because they were represented in Parliament.

What does boycott mean?

Boycott means to refuse to buy certain goods. It was a

very common and successful means of colonial protest. The

boycott caused the Stamp Act to be repealed.

What does repeal mean?

Repeal means to cancel. The Stamp Act was

repealed after the colonial boycott.

In 1767 the Townshend Acts were passed. What did

the Townshend Acts tax?

The Townshend Acts taxed glass, paint, lead, paper

and tea. These were very important colonial goods.

What was the colonists reaction to the Townshend

Acts?

The colonists responded to the Townshend Acts by getting

merchants to sign nonimportation agreements.

Nonimportation agreements said that these people would stop importing British goods that

were taxed by the Townshend Acts.

The Sons of Liberty and the Daughters of Liberty were also formed. These were

groups of men (and women) who protested

British actions.

This person was a failure on business. He lived in

Boston where he was a leader of the Sons of

Liberty. He organized the committees of

correspondence. Who was he?

Sam Adams

What were the committees of correspondence?

The committees of correspondence were a group of people who wrote letters

telling people in other colonies what was going on in the writers colony. They were started by Sam Adams in

Boston.

This lawyer from Massachusetts was Sam

Adams cousin. His knowledge of British law was very helpful to the colonists. Who was he?

John Adams

The Quartering Act was passed in 1767. What did the Quartering Act say?

The Quartering Act said that colonists had to house and feed British soldiers.

The Boston Massacre happened on March 5, 1770. What was the

Boston Massacre?

In the Boston Massacre, British soldiers shot and killed 5

colonists. They were mostly Sons of Liberty. The colonists provoked the British into firing. The Sons of Liberty used this

event to get people mad at the British.

Britain repealed much of the Townshend Acts in 1770. It did keep the tax on tea. This small tax was designed to show the colonists that Parliament did

have the right to tax the colonies.

Parliament gave the British East India a monopoly of the tea trade with the Tea Act in 1773. This put

many colonial merchants out of work. It was a very small tax but

the colonists believed in “no taxation without representation.”

What did this lead to?

The Tea Act led to the Boston Tea Party. 342 crates of tea

were dumped into Boston harbor. There were similar responses in several other

locations. Colonists throughout the colonies agreed to boycott

tea, often making their own substitutes.

Britain was not happy with the Boston Tea Party. It

responded with the Intolerable Acts which were

designed to punish the colonists of Massachusetts. What were the Intolerable

Acts?

The Intolerable Acts shut down the port of Boston.

Ships could not come into or leave the port which made it very difficult for the citizens of Boston to get supplies.

Other colonies sent supplies by land.

A new Quartering Act was also passed. This made colonists who weren’t too happy with the British house British soldiers. This raised

tensions in Boston. Town meetings were also limited to 1 a year. This was designed to keep the people of Massachusetts from

organizing against the British.

The Intolerable Acts also said that British officials would be

sent back to British to stand trial if they committed a crime. It

was widely believed that these people would face no

punishment in England since witnesses could not afford to go

to Britain to testify.

How did the colonists react to the Intolerable Acts?

The committees of correspondence sent

supplies to help Boston. The First Continental Congress also met in

Philadelphia in 1774. What was the first Continental

Congress?

The First Continental Congress was a meeting of

12 of the colonies. It agreed to boycott British goods. Each colony was urged to set up its own

militia or volunteer army.

What was the “Shot Heard ‘Round the World?”

This referred to the Battle of Lexington and Concord.

Colonial minutemen (soldiers who could be ready at a

moments notice) stood up to the British. Why did this

battle take place?

The British were trying to destroy guns and ammunition

at Concord and capture leaders of the Sons of Liberty. The

British were unsuccessful and were attacked on the way back to Boston, being defeated by

the Minutemen.

It was called the “Shot Heard ‘Round the World”

because news of this battle spread to all corners of the

Earth.

Who was the great speaker for Virginia? He had a fiery temper and was a member of the House of Burgesses.

Patrick Henry. He was known for saying “Give me liberty, or give me death!”

What is the name given to colonists who sided

with the British?

Loyalists

Who wrote Common Sense, the document which told the

colonies that it was obvious that they should separate from

Britain?

Thomas Paine

What do we call a person that betrays their country?

traitor

What was the name given to the colonists army?

Continental

Which army was better supplied with guns, equipment, etc.?

British

The French joined the war after what battle?

Saratoga

Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?

Thomas Jefferson

What was another term for loyalists?

tories

Where did the Americans spend a cold and hungry winter?

Valley Forge

Which country had a navy strong enough to blockade their enemy’s

ports?

Britain

The British tried to divide the colonies in two. What city did they want to take so they could cut off New England from the

rest of the colonies?

Albany

What was the final battle of the war?

Yorktown

What battle was the turning point of the war?

Saratoga

The Declaration of Independence was signed on what date?

July 4, 1776

Document that sets out the laws

and principles of a government

constitution

What is the main part of the

Legislative Branch?

Congress

What are the 3 branches of

government?

Legislative, Judicial and Executive

Branch of government which

makes the laws

Legislative branch

Document that lists freedoms the

government promises to

protect

bill of rights

What was our first Constitution called?

Articles of Confederation

Who is the main person in the

Executive Branch?

President

Who had the most power under the

Articles of Confederation?

states

The Articles of Confederation

formed a __?___ alliance of states.

The Articles of Confederation formed a loose

alliance of states.

What was the main problem of the Articles

of Confederation?

Congress was too weak

Power of the Supreme Court to decide

whether laws passed by Congress are Constitutional

Judicial review

What was the original purpose of the Constitutional Convention?

Revise the Articles of Confederation

What is the main group in the Judicial Branch?

Supreme Court

In what year did the Constitutional

Convention take place?

1787

What is the job of the Judicial Branch?

Make sure the laws are constitutional.

The __?__ Compromise called for a bicameral

legislature and 3 branches of government.

Great

What was the compromise regarding

slavery at the Constitutional Convention?

3/5ths Compromise

What were the people who supported the Constitution called?

Federalists

What was the name of the group against the

Constitution?

Antifederalists

Formal written change (to the Constitution)

amendment

James Madison, Alexander Hamilton

and John Jay were part of which group during

the ratification debate?

Federalists

What group wanted a bill of rights added to

the Constitution?

Antifederalists

Patrick Henry was a leader of which group during the ratification

debate?

Antifederalists

System of government in which

voters elect representatives to

make laws for them

Representative government

How long do Supreme Court

justices serve for?

life

What did the Bill of Rights protect?

Individual rights

Where is the principle of

popular sovereignty

found?

The Preamble

What does popular sovereignty mean?

The power of the government

comes from the people.

What is the job of the Legislative

Branch?

Make the laws

Branch of government which

carries out the laws

Executive branch

Settlement in which each side gives up

some of its demands in order to reach an

agreement

compromise

System is which the power of the

government is divided among

separate branches

Separation of powers

Division of power between the states

and national government

federalism

System set up by the constitution in which each

branch of the federal government has the power to control the actions of the other

branches

Checks and balances

reject

veto

What allows Congress to

increase its power in times of

emergency?

The elastic clause

Overrule. Congress can override a

President’s veto if two thirds of both houses

vote to do so.

override

Bring formal charges against an

elected official

Impeach – Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton are the

only 2 presidents to be impeached

Right of every citizen to the same

fair rules in all cases brought to

trial

Due process

approve

ratify

national

federal

reject

veto

Not permitted by the Constitution

unconstitutional

Example set for later people to

follow

precedent

Congress is a bicameral or two

house legislature. What two houses

make up Congress?

Senate and the House of

Representatives.

Proposed law

bill

What is the head of the Supreme Court called?

Chief Justice

Who fought on the British side in the War of 1812. He was able to get lots of Native Americans to help

fight the Americans.

Tecumseh

Who was the American General who won a great victory at

New Orleans & Horseshoe Bend?

ANDREW JACKSON

What were the MAIN causes of the war of

1812?

• impressment of American sailors by the British

• War Hawks

What do we call people from the South and West who wanted the War of 1812?

WAR HAWKS

What were the results of the War

of 1812?

Nothing…..things returned to what they were before the war

began.

*Called the Wasted War

What were 3 precedents set by

George Washington?

• CABINET

• 2 TERMS

• ACTED LIKE ROYALTY

What region of the country favored

protective tariffs?

North - it protected their factories

What was the name for the statement

Washington made which warned the U.S. to not take sides in the war between France and

Britain?

Neutrality Proclamation

Why was the Louisiana Purchase

necessary?

NEW ORLEANS WAS NEEDED AS

A PORT FOR WESTERN FARMERS.

Who was President when we did the

Louisiana Purchase?

JEFFERSON

What country did we purchase

Louisiana from?

FRANCE

What year did we purchase

Louisiana?

1803

Who were the 2 people sent to

explore Louisiana?

LEWIS AND CLARK

Who led the Democratic Republicans

(Republicans)?

THOMAS JEFFERSON

What political party was Pro British, Pro National

Bank, had a loose interpetation of the “C”

and were wealthy & well educated?

FEDERALISTS

What political party was for strong state governments, strict interpretation of the“C”, for the common people and Pro French?

REPUBLICANS

What do we call a tax on foreign goods brought into a country?

TARIFF

What is a tax placed on

imported goods to protectprotect factories

from foreign competition?

PROTECTIVE TARIFF

What term means to cancel?

NULLIFY

What word means taking men from a ship or village and

forcing them to serve in the navy?

IMPRESSMENT

What word means pride or devotion in

one’s country or nation?

NATIONALISM

What was the age of prosperity when

Monroe was President called?

Era of Good Feelings

Who was the spokesperson for

the South in the first half of the 1800’s?

John C. Calhoun

Who was the spokesperson for

the North in the first half of the 1800’s?

Daniel Webster

Who was the spokesperson for

the West in the first half of the 1800’s?

Henry Clay

What statement told Europe to stay out

of the Western Hemisphere?

(watchdog policy)

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

What word means that all people are

equal? (this favored common people)

democratic

Who were the 2 most democratic presidents at this

time?

Jefferson and Jackson (remember DJ –

democratic Jackson and democratic

Jefferson)

Who was the famous Chief Justice

of the Supreme Court in the first

half of the 1800’s?

John Marshall

What court case established judicial

review?

Marbury vs. Madison (1803)

Who was the guide for Lewis and Clark?

Sacajawea

Who was the leading War Hawk?

Henry Clay

Who was the President during the

War of 1812?

James Madison

What was the name of the battle which

was fought after the war was over?

New Orleans

Who became president as a result

of the ”corrupt bargain?”

John Quincy Adams

What canal linked Buffalo (and the Great Lakes) to

Albany (and New York City)?

Erie Canal

In what year was the Erie Canal built?

1825

What was the name of the political party led by Jefferson? It

favored the common people.

Democratic- Republicans

(commonly referred to as the

Republicans)

What was the name for the party of the

common people when Jackson was

President?

Democrats

What was the political party called which favored the rich and business

people?

Federalists

What was the name for the change in the ways goods were made and

produced?

Industrial Revolution

What were some of the changes during

the Industrial Revolution?

1. Cities grew2. Machines

replaced hand tools3. New sources of

power

What invention made growing cotton

profitable by making it easier to remove the seeds, changing the

way of life of the South?

Cotton gin

Who invented the cotton gin in 1793?

Eli Whitney

Who brought the ideas for factories

from Britain?

Samuel Slater

What is the name given to machine made parts that

were exactly alike?

Interchangeable parts

Who came up with the idea of interchangeable

parts, allowing assembly lines to

revolutionize factories?

Eli Whitney

What do we call it when supporters

are rewarded with government jobs?

Spoils system

What do we call the advisors that

Jackson actually listened to?

Kitchen cabinet

Congress passed a high protective tariff in 1828. What did the South call this

tariff?

The tariff of Abominations.

Calhoun said that states could declare a federal law illegal. What is this called?

nullification

Calhoun believed that states had the power to limit the power of

the national government. What is

this called?

States’ rights

What did South Carolina threaten to

do in the nullification crisis?

Secede or withdraw from the United

States

What tribe used legal means to keep

their land?

Cherokee

What act forced Native Americans to

move West of the Mississippi?

Indian Removal Act (1830)

What was it called when the Cherokees

were forced to move west at

gunpoint?

Trail of Tears

What do we call the idea that the United States should stretch from sea to shining

sea?

Manifest Destiny

What was the name of the battle the people

of Texas lost that became a rallying cry

for the Texans.

The Alamo

How did Texas become a state?

It was annexed or added on.

Who won the election of 1844 on the slogan of “Fifty-four forty or

fight!”

James K. Polk

What was the name of the religious group who moved to Utah from upstate New

York?

Mormons

What culture group was found in all lands gained by the United

States during Manifest Destiny?

Native Americans

The following questions apply to the time period around the

Civil War.

Does the North or South Have more

industry?

North

Does the North or South Have more

slaves?

South

Does the North or South have a more

agricultural economy?

South

Does the North or South Have more

railroads?

North

Does the North or South have more

immigrants settling in its cities?

North

Does the North or South have a

greater population?

North

What were laws called which were designed to keep

slaves under control?

Slave codes

What region of the country was famous

for its traders?

North

Where did Northern factories get their

cotton?

South

Who did the South get manufactured

goods from?

The North and Britain.

What do we call people who worked

to correct the problems of society?

reformers

What was the slavery reform

movement called?

abolition

What was the alcohol reform

movement called?

temperance

Who was the best known African-

American abolitionist?

Frederick Douglass

What was the name of the network of abolitionists who

helped slaves escape to freedom?

Underground railroad

What escaped slave woman made 19 trips to help slaves escape on the underground

railroad?

Harriet Tubman

Who was the women’s rights

advocate who later had her picture on a

dollar coin?

Susan B. Anthony

What was the name of the convention

designed to bring attention to the

problems women faced?

Seneca Falls Convention of 1848

What are corporations?

A corporation is a business owned by investors. The

investors by stock, or partial ownership in the company. If

the business does well then the stockholders (owners) get a share of the profits called

dividends.

What was the North’s strategy during the Civil War?

Chain – Saw – Seize. They wanted to blockade the southern coast so the Confederacy could not receive supplies (chain). They wanted to

cut the South in half by controlling the Mississippi River (saw). They

wanted to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond

(seize).

What was meant by the term Manifest Destiny?

Manifest Destiny was when James Polk was President in the

1840’s. The United States believed it was their right, even

their destiny to stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific

Ocean. The U.S. gained the Mexican Cession, Oregon and

Texas at this time.

Who are muckrakers?

Muckrakers were journalists who exposed the corruption found in the cities during the Progressive

Era. Thomas Nast made political cartoons of William “Boss” Tweed showing his corrupt practices. Ida

Tarbell was a muckraker who targeted big businesses. Lincoln

Steffens reported on the corruption in city governments.

What was the strategy of the Confederacy during the Civil

War?

Keep fighting until the North got tired and gave up.

What was the difference between the 13th, 14th and 15th

amendments?

All 3 amendments were part of the period of Reconstruction. The 13th Amendment freed the slaves. The 14th Amendment made the former

slaves citizens. The 15th Amendment said you couldn’t

keep somebody from voting due to their race. You can remember the

amendments in order by the phrase free(13) citizens(14)

vote(15).

What was the Great Plains like for farmers?

Farmers were able to get cheap land because of the Homestead

Act which gave 160 acres to farmers if they farmed the land for

5 years. These farmers were known as sodbusters because they had to break through the thick sod

to farm. They eventually used barbed wire around their farms

which closed the open range and stopped cattle drives.

What happened to Native Americans as more settlers

moved west?

Settlers moved west to get land and to go to the gold rushes in California (1849)

and the Black Hills (1870’s). Native Americans tried to keep their land but often got into fights such as Little Big Horn where General Custer was killed

and Wounded Knee. Buffalo were killed for meat and sport until they almost disappeared destroying the Native

Americans culture. Most Native Americans were sent to reservations.

The Dawes Act tried to get the Indians to be farmers, unsuccessfully.

How were the rights of blacks limited during and after

Reconstruction?

Black Codes limited the rights of African Americans after Reconstruction. States required a poll tax to vote. Poor blacks could not afford this. A literacy test was sometimes required. Blacks had been

forbidden to read as slaves so most couldn’t pass the test. White people who couldn’t read were able to vote thanks to the grandfather clauses which said if your father or grandfather voted then so could

you.

Were the laws the same for whites and blacks after

Reconstruction?

The case of Plessy vs. Ferguson established that separate but equal facilities was legal. This led to many Jim Crow Laws that

separated black and white people in restaurants, buses

and other places.

What do we know about the steel industry in the late

1800’s?

The steel industry was dominated by Andrew Carnegie. He used the

Bessemer process to create cheap, strong steel. This steel was later used as supports in

skyscrapers.

How did books and pictures expose the problems found in

society around 1900?

Jacob Riis used pictures and wrote the book How the Other Half Lives to show rich people

what life was like in the tenement slums. Upton

Sinclair wrote The Jungle which graphically showed what life was like in the meat packing

town of Chicago.

What was going on with slavery before the Civil War?

Abolitionists were trying to get slavery in the South stopped.

Harriet Beecher Stowe, an abolitionist, wrote Uncle Tom’s

Cabin which aroused anger against slavery in the North. It was a major cause of the Civil

War.

What is sectionalism?

Sectionalism is loyalty to your section of the country. The

South was an agricultural area with slaves. They had little manufacturing or railroads. The North was much more

populated than the South. It had a lot of industry and

railroads.

How did businesses eliminate competition?

Some railroads offered rebates. These were secret discounts to

people who shipped a lot of goods to get their business. Rebates raised the prices for

small farmers. They would also get involved in price wars.

What were the characteristics of the Industrial Revolution?

The Industrial Revolution had many characteristics. There was a shift to new sources of power such

as electricity. Cities grew as people came to the cities work in factories. The assembly line was

used in factories as goods became more machine made. The first automated assembly line was

in Henry Ford’s car plant.

How did some businesses become giant?

A goal of businesses was to become a monopoly. A monopoly was when a business controlled most of a certain

industry. Sometimes they would form trusts which is when 1 board of

directors ruled over several corporations. John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Trust was one of the

largest. Reformers used the Sherman Antitrust Act to try to break up trusts

although judges used it to weaken labor unions that were striking.

What is Teddy Roosevelt known for?

He was the first conservation President. He, along with Gifford

Pinchot and John Muir tried to stop the destruction of the American

countryside. One of his goals was to break up the trusts. He was fairly

successful and became known as the trustbuster. He wanted everyone to

have a Square Deal or the equal opportunity to be successful.

What was the women’s rights movement?

This movements main goal was to get suffrage, or the right to vote, for women. At the Seneca Falls Convention, the Declaration

of Sentiments was passed. Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were

staunch advocates for women’s rights. Women eventually got the right to vote with the 19th Amendment in 1920. Many women also joined the temperance movement to

stop the use of alcohol. They saw that alcohol was destroying families. Carry Nation was a prominent woman in this

movement. The 18th Amendment (1919) made the sale of alcohol illegal.

What do we know about labor unions?

Labor unions were groups of people who tried to get better conditions for workers

during the Industrial Revolution. Terence Powderly founded the Knights of Labor which was too idealistic. Samuel

Gompers founded the American Federation of Labor which set more realistic goals. Early judges usually

sided with business owners when unions tried work stoppage called strikes to get

better conditions. The Sherman Antitrust Act was used against unions at

first.

What do we need to know about African American rights

around 1900?

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

was established to push for more rights for blacks. Booker T. Washington pushed for equality but said unfair treatment was o.k. until blacks were educated and rich enough

to be equals. He founded Tuskegee Institute, a college for black people. W.E.B.

Du Bois wanted equality quicker and criticized Booker T. Washington. George Washington Carver was a great scientist

who made many discoveries such as

peanut butter.

Who were the military leaders during the Civil War?

Robert E. Lee from Virginia was the Confederate leader for

much of the war. The North had many leaders until Ulysses

S. Grant became a very successful leader.

What was the most important battle of the Civil War?

Gettysburg is often known as the turning point of the war. The North gained momentum after this battle. The Battle of the Monitor vs. the Merrimack,

two ironclad ships, was the most famous battle at sea.

What was the Gettysburg Address?

In the Gettysburg Address Lincoln said that the war was a

test of whether democracy would be able to survive in the

United States. It was also made to honor the dead at

Gettysburg.

Who was president during the Civil War?

Abraham Lincoln was president of the United States and

Jefferson Davis was for the Confederacy.

What was the Emancipation Proclamation.

Lincoln freed the slaves with the Emancipation Proclamation.

It did not apply to border states because he didn’t want to anger them so they might

leave the Union. This changed his goal for the war from

keeping the United States Union together to also freeing

the slaves.

What industry do we associate the industrial giant J.P. Morgan

with?

J.P. Morgan was a giant in the banking industry.

What industry was Cornelius Vanderbilt involved in?

Vanderbilt started off in the steamship business but is most

famous for his ruthless behavior in dominating the

railroad industry.

What are push factors?

Push factors are things such as religious and political

persecution which drove people from their native

country to the United States. The Irish potato famine is

another example of a push factor.

What are ethnic groups?

Ethnic groups are groups of people from the same country. They often lived in ghettoes in cities. A ghetto was an area

with a dominant ethnic group. Ghettoes helped to provide

support for immigrants when they first arrived in the United

States.

What was the 54th Massachusetts?

The 54th Massachusetts was a group of black soldiers with white officers. They faced

discrimination before finally becoming famous for their

bravery at Fort Wagner.

What advantages did both sides have in the Civil War?

The South had better leaders and were fighting a defensive

war. The North and much more people, more railroads to transport supplies and soldiers and factories to make goods.

What was sharecropping?

Sharecropping was when freedmen farmed a white person’s land, using

the white person tools and seed. They had to give a share of their crop back

to the landowner. Often the white land owner was their former master.

They were locked into a cycle of poverty because they never made

enough money to pay off the cost of the seed and tools so they were

unable to leave and buy their own land.

What was the transcontinental railroad?

The Transcontinental Railroad made it possible to travel from

the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean by train. It attracted many Chinese

immigrants to help build the railroad.

What was the free enterprise system?

The free enterprise system is when private individuals own businesses. The goal of these businesses is to make a profit.

Who was the Wizard of Menlo Park?

Thomas Edison was the Wizard of Menlo Park. He was

responsible for hundreds of inventions including the

phonograph and an effective light bulb.

What are pull factors?

Pull factors are things in the United States which attracted

immigrants. They included the promise of cheap land and jobs

in factories. Family that was already established in the

United States also drew people. Religious and political freedom

were also pull factors.

Where did many immigrants come to when they landed in

the United States?

Immigrants from Asia on the west coast often landed at

Angel Island in San Francisco while European immigrants

usually landed at Ellis Island in New York City.

What was assimilation?

Assimilation is when immigrants tried to become Americanized.

Some people believe in the melting pot theory of

Americanization where all cultures combined into 1 culture. The salad bowl theory says that

Americans share some culture while maintaining their own

traditions.

How did voters gain power during the Progressive Era?

During the Progressive Era voters got many more rights. They could

introduce an initiative which is when they introduced a bill

directly to the state legislature. A referendum allowed voters to put

a bill on the ballot for the next election. Recalls allowed the

people to remove corrupt officials from office.

What was the Civil Service Exam?

The Civil Service Exam is a test so that the most qualified

people are able to get government jobs. This was an

attempt to end the spoils system which is when people got government jobs because

somebody owed them a favor, regardless of their

qualifications.

What was our foreign policy for the first 100 years of our country’s

existence?

We were isolationists starting with

Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation (1793).

This was due to the fact that we were weak militarily and were

separated from Europe by the Atlantic Ocean.

What is imperialism?

Imperialism is when a strong country

attempts to influence the economic and political affairs of a weaker country.

What is economic imperialism?

Economic imperialism is when the United States got involved

in another country for economic reasons. Examples include controlling a place for its raw materials or as a place to trade. This idea went along

with dollar diplomacy as presented by Teddy Roosevelt,

which called for the U.S. to have its businesses go into a

country to try to gain influence there.

What were the reasons given for U.S.

expansion in the age of imperialism?

Expansion allowed the U.S. to increase trade. There was

also the desire to spread Christianity and democracy.

We had settled all of the land that is now the U.S. so

we now had to gain land elsewhere. There was also

competition with other countries. If we didn’t get

land then they would.

What was going on in China in the late

1800’s?

China, once a powerful nation, had failed to

industrialize and fell prey to more powerful nations.

Many European countries and Japan

established spheres of influence, which were

areas where the country had special trading

privileges.

What about the United States?

The U.S. didn’t have a sphere of influence. As a way to get involved in the Chinese trade it proposed

the Open Door Policy. The Open Door Policy allowed a country to

trade in the sphere of influence of another

country.

Did the United States get involved in the

problems of Cuba in the late 1800’s?

Yellow Journalists exaggerated the cruelty of the Spanish leader General Weyler. When the American warship the Maine was blown up they coined the phrase “Remember the Maine”

which got the U.S. citizens demanding war. The U.S. sent down troops to help the Cubans. The most famous

group involved were the Rough Riders, a mix of cowboys and college students

led by Teddy Roosevelt. The most famous victory was when the Rough Riders helped to take San Juan Hill.

What did the United States get after the Spanish – American

War?

Cuba was freed and the U.S. got Guam, the Philippines and Puerto

Rico.

How did we get permission to build the

Panama Canal?

The U.S. offered Colombia $10 million

dollars plus $250,000 for the right to build the canal. When this was unsuccessful the U.S. backed up a revolt by

Panama and got permission from Panama

for the same deal.

What was the Roosevelt Corollary?

This built upon the Monroe Doctrine(1823)

which told Europe to stay out of the Western Hemisphere. The

Corollary said the U.S. could intervene to

preserve peace in Latin America. (and protect our business interests)

What was the Big Stick policy.

This was based upon the statement “Speak softly and carry a big stick, and you will go far.” What it meant was that the U.S. would say what was to

happen in South America and use force to back up

what we said if necessary.

What were the 4 underlying causes of World War I?

MilitarismAlliances ImperialismNationalism

What term means pride in your country?

Nationalism.

What term means when a country takes over a weaker

country either economically or politically?

Imperialism. European countries had colonies

throughout Asia and Africa before World War I. There was competition between countries to get more colonies which led

to tension.

What term refers to when a country builds up its military?

Militarism. Remember the RISK example. When one nation

starts building up its army then others rush to do the same

thing.

What is it called when a country has a secret

agreement to help another country if the country gets in

trouble?

Alliances.

What was the original position of the United States regarding

World War I?

They were neutral. There were people of German ancestry, Russian Jews (Russia was an

Allied nation and had persecuted Jews) and Irish Americans (disliked Britain)

who wanted to help the Germans. There were many people who supported the

Allies because of their British ancestry.

What is propaganda?

Propaganda is when somebody spreads ideas to hurt an opposing cause or help a

particular cause. The Germans used propaganda to try and get

Allied soldiers to join the Central Powers. The United

States used propaganda to get people on the home front to support the war. Examples include victory gardens and

Meatless Tuesdays.

What was the Zimmermann Telegram?

This was a telegram from Germany to Mexico. It

proposed an alliance between the two nations if the United

States declared war on Germany. Mexico was to

attack the United States. They were also supposed to get Japan to help the Central

Powers. Mexico would receive the lands it lost in the Mexican

Cession when the Central Powers won the war.

Why were programs such as

-“Victory Gardens” -“Wheatless Mondays” -”Meatless Tuesdays”

heard in the United States during the war?

There was a shortage of food in Europe. Many farmers were

serving in the war. Much of the farmland had been destroyed during the war so not enough

food was being produced.

What were the Fourteen Points?

Wilson’s plan for peace after the war. The goal was to

prevent international problems from starting another war.

What was self-determination?

One of Wilson’s key goals. It called for national groups to

have their own territory and be able to set up their own

governments. Czechoslovakia, Poland and Yugoslavia were created as a result of self-

determination.

What was the League of Nations?

Wilson called for a general association of nations whose

goal was to protect the independence of all nations.

The United States Congress did not pass the Treaty of

Versailles so the United States did not join the League of

Nations.

What were the goals for the treaty of Versailles, the treaty

which ended the war?

Wilson wanted to achieve peace. Europe wanted to

punish Germany fo the war. They wanted Germany to pay

reparations. (Pay for the cost of the war.) They wanted

Germany to admit that the war was their fault. They wanted to eliminate Germany’s military.

Germany was not invited to the peace treaty. The Europeans got their way on most points.

What did Americans think of the Treaty of Versailles?

They thought it was too harsh. Because of this, Congress

ejected the treaty and never joined the League of Nations that Wilson helped to create.

Describe Henry Ford’s automobile business.

Henry Ford used the automated assembly line to create the Model T. The automated assembly line allowed Ford to build a car in

93 minutes. The price of Model T’s dropped from $850 to $290 dollars. The

cars were black and boring but the average person could afford one. The ripple effect

of the car industry was that 4 million people worked in jobs related to the

industry. Roads were paved, restaurants and gas stations sprouted up and hotels

dotted the landscape. Cars allowed people to live in the suburbs and work in the city.

What was happening to the stock market in the 1920’s?

It was going up like crazy. People saw prices rising and did whatever they could

to take advantage of the bull market (prices going up). They bought stocks on margin which was when a person paid a certain percentage of the stock and then

borrowed the money to buy the rest. If the price of the stock went up people were able

to get rich. This is what was happening. People put all their savings into the stock

market. If the price of the stock went down, the people who bought on margin

would be in serious trouble.

What was prohibition?

Prohibition was due to the 18th Amendment. This made the making and

buying of alcohol illegal. People broke this law like crazy. Bootleggers made or

smuggled alcohol in from other countries. Speakeasies, or illegal bars, sprang up

everywhere. Organized crime developed to control the illegal trade in alcohol.

Government officials and police officers were bribed so that they wouldn’t raid

speakeasies. The “noble experiment” was a failure and prohibition was repealed with

the 21st Amendment.

What did the 19th Amendment do?

It allowed women to vote.

What was the Harlem Renaissance?

Harlem, in New York City, was a center of African American culture and pride. Jazz was huge here. Langston Hughes wrote

poems denouncing violence toward African Americans. The Harlem Renaissance was a

rebirth in African culture.

What was the Sacco and Vanzetti trial?

Sacco and Vanzetti were immigrants and anarchists. They were brought to trial for murder and robbery. They were convicted and killed although it was more likely that they were killed for being anarchists and

immigrants than for committing the crimes. The judge trying the case was openly

biased against them.

What was the Quota Act of 1921?

This limited immigration to the United States. Immigration was open to a certain

number of people determined by the number of people from that country

already living in the United States. This favored immigrants from Northern Europe and basically shut many immigrants out of

the United States.

What was the Scopes Trial?

John Scopes was a science teacher in Chicago. He taught Darwin’s theory of

evolution. This was against the law. He was convicted. This trial attracted the best legal minds (Williams Jennings Bryant was

the prosecuting attorney and Clarence Darrow was the defense attorney) and also

the attention of the country.

What was the Ku Klux Klan?

The KKK was started after the Civil War to terrorize African Americans. Hatred toward immigrants led the group to gain strength

in the 1920’s. Now Catholics, Jews and immigrants as well as African Americans were targeted. They used hangings and other means to terrorize. The KKK was able to gain political influence in many

states.