Post on 19-Apr-2018
Instructor ResourceWalsh/Jorgensen, Criminology: The Essentials, 3e
SAGE Publishing 2018
Test Bank
Chapter 1: An Overview of Crime and Criminology
Multiple Choice
1. ______ is an interdisciplinary science that gathers and analyzes data on crime and criminal behavior.
a. criminology
b. theory
c. sociology
d. law
Ans: a
Learning Objective: 1.1 Be able to describe the difficulties attached to defining crime and the difference
between crime and criminality
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: What Is Criminology?
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. Criminologists use what is known as the ______ to try to answer the questions they ask rather than
simply speculate about the questions.
a. scientific procedure
b. scientific method
c. technique of natural science
d. observational analysis
Ans: b
Learning Objective: 1.1 Be able to describe the difficulties attached to defining crime and the difference
between crime and criminality
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: What Is Criminology?
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. Universally condemned crimes are known as ______.
a. mala in se
Instructor ResourceWalsh/Jorgensen, Criminology: The Essentials, 3e
SAGE Publishing 2018b. mala prohibita
c. actus reus
d. mens rea
Ans: a
Learning Objective: 1.2 Explain the difference between mala in se and mala prohibita crimes
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Beyond Social Construction: The Stationary Core Crimes
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. Crimes that are time and culture bound are described as ______.
a. mala in se
b. mala prohibita
c. actus reus
d. mens rea
Ans: b
Learning Objective: 1.2 Explain the difference between mala in se and mala prohibita crimes | 1.4
Realize how thinking about crime and criminality is time and culture bound
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Beyond Social Construction: The Stationary Core Crimes
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. When criminologists study ______, they study individuals who commit harmful acts, regardless of the
legal status of those acts.
a. crime
b. criminology
c. criminality
d. law
Ans: c
Learning Objective: 1.3 Understand the legal process required to “officially” become criminal | 1.4
Realize how thinking about crime and criminality is time and culture bound
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Criminality
Difficulty Level: Easy
Instructor ResourceWalsh/Jorgensen, Criminology: The Essentials, 3e
SAGE Publishing 2018
6. A(n) ______ is a set of logically interconnected propositions explaining how phenomena are related.
a. theory
b. hypothesis
c. ideology
d. policy
Ans: a
Learning Objective: 1.5 Understand what theory is, how it is formulated, and how theory functions in
science
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: What Is Criminology?
Difficulty Level: Easy
7. ______ are specific statements about the relationships that we expect to find between and among
factors.
a. theories
b. hypotheses
c. educated guesses
d. formulations
Ans: b
Learning Objective: 1.7 Understand the relationship between theory and policy in criminology
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: What Is Theory?
Difficulty Level: Easy
8. ______ is a way of looking at the world, a general emotional picture of how things should be.
a. theory
b. ideology
c. vision
d. analysis
Ans: b
Learning Objective: 1.6 Be aware of the role of ideology in criminology
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Instructor ResourceWalsh/Jorgensen, Criminology: The Essentials, 3e
SAGE Publishing 2018Answer Location: Ideology in Criminological Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
9. During the Progressive Era (from about 1890 to 1920), ______ became the primary disciplinary home
of criminology.
a. biology
b. psychology
c. sociology
d. theology
Ans: c
Learning Objective: 1.1 Be able to describe the difficulties attached to defining crime and the difference
between crime and criminality
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Progressive Era
Difficulty Level: Easy
10. Driving 26 miles per hour in an area where the speed limit is 25 miles per hour would best be
described as an act
a. mala in se
b. mala prohibita
c. of overcriminalization
d. of felonious proportions
Ans: b
Learning Objective: 1.2 Explain the difference between mala in se and mala prohibita crimes
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Beyond Social Construction: The Stationary Core Crimes
Difficulty Level: Easy
11. Socially harmful acts
a. are deemed to be in need of regulation but not by the criminal law except under exceptional
circumstances
b. are socially harmful, but not sufficiently so to require the heavy hand of the criminal law
c. are considered so socially harmful that they come under the purview of the criminal justice system
Instructor ResourceWalsh/Jorgensen, Criminology: The Essentials, 3e
SAGE Publishing 2018d. include reneging on a contract
Ans: a
Learning Objective: 1.4 Realize how thinking about crime and criminality is time and culture bound
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Crime as a Subcategory of Social Harms
Difficulty Level: Easy
12. The ______ school of thought emphasizes human rationality and free will in its explanations of
criminal behavior.
a. biosocial
b. classical
c. positivist
d. psychological
Ans: b
Learning Objective: 1.1 Be able to describe the difficulties attached to defining crime and the difference
between crime and criminality
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Enlightenment
Difficulty Level: Easy
13. Lombroso’s theory of the born criminal was aligned with which school of thought?
a. biosocial
b. classical
c. positivist
d. psychological
Ans: c
Learning Objective: 1.5 Understand what theory is, how it is formulated, and how theory functions in
science
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Industrial Revolution and the Age of Science
Difficulty Level: Easy
14. Renaissance
Instructor ResourceWalsh/Jorgensen, Criminology: The Essentials, 3e
SAGE Publishing 2018a. was a period between approximately 1450 and 1600
b. is associated with advances in art, literature, music, and philosophy
c. means rebirth, and refers to the rediscovery of the thinking traditions of the ancient Greeks
d. all of these
Ans: d
Learning Objective: 1.4 Realize how thinking about crime and criminality is time and culture bound
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Renaissance
Difficulty Level: Easy
15. When two factors are correlates, it means that
a. One of the factors causes changes to the other.
b. The two factors vary together.
c. They compose a theory of crime.
d. They have been socially constructed.
Ans: b
Learning Objective: 1.5 Understand what theory is, how it is formulated, and how theory functions in
science
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Role of Theory in Criminology
Difficulty Level: Easy
16. According to Thomas Sowell’s typology, those who have a/an ______ believe that human activities
are restricted by an innate human nature that is self-centered and largely unalterable.
a. classical vision
b. constrained vision
c. phrenological vision
d. unconstrained vision
Ans: b
Learning Objective: 1.6 Be aware of the role of ideology in criminology
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Ideology in Criminological Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
Instructor ResourceWalsh/Jorgensen, Criminology: The Essentials, 3e
SAGE Publishing 2018
17. According to Thomas Sowell’s typology, those who have a/an ______ vision deny an innate human
nature, viewing human activities as formed anew in each different culture.
a. classical vision
b. constrained vision
c. phrenological vision
d. unconstrained vision
Ans: d
Learning Objective: 1.6 Be aware of the role of ideology in criminology
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Ideology in Criminological Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
18. According to John Hagan, which of the following criteria helps us differentiate between real crimes
and those which are arbitrary and socially constructed?
a. consensus
b. harm
c. severity
d. all of these
Ans: d
Learning Objective: 1.1 Be able to describe the difficulties attached to defining crime and the difference
between crime and criminality
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Beyond Social Construction: The Stationary Core Crimes
Difficulty Level: Easy
19. The belief that science can provide answers for everything is most characteristic of the ______
school of thought.
a. ideological
b. positivist
c. progressive
d. renaissance
Ans: b
Instructor ResourceWalsh/Jorgensen, Criminology: The Essentials, 3e
SAGE Publishing 2018Learning Objective: 1.4 Realize how thinking about crime and criminality is time and culture bound
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Industrial Revolution and the Age of Science
Difficulty Level: Easy
20. Which of the following is an example of an indirect cost of crime?
a. maintenance costs of jails and prisons
b. salaries of law enforcement personnel
c. the purchase of police cars
d. the expense of private surveillance and security devices
Ans: d
Learning Objective: 1.1 Be able to describe the difficulties attached to defining crime and the difference
between crime and criminality
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Crime as a Subcategory of Social Harms
Difficulty Level: Easy
21. _____ criminologists tend to believe that the only real cause of crime is capitalism.
a. atavist
b. Marxist
c. positivist
d. classical
Ans: b
Learning Objective: 1.1 Be able to describe the difficulties attached to defining crime and the difference
between crime and criminality
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Critical Period
Difficulty Level: Easy
22. Policy
a. is a set of logically interconnected propositions explaining how phenomena are related, and from
which a number of hypotheses can be derived and tested
b. is the segment of the phenomenon of interest that is measured and analyzed
Instructor ResourceWalsh/Jorgensen, Criminology: The Essentials, 3e
SAGE Publishing 2018c. is a course of action designed to solve some problem that has been selected from among alternative
courses of action
d. is an interdisciplinary science that gathers and analyzes data on crime and criminal behavior
Ans: c
Learning Objective: 1.1 Be able to describe the difficulties attached to defining crime and the difference
between crime and criminality | 1.5 Understand what theory is, how it is formulated, and how theory
functions in science | 1.7 Understand the relationship between theory and policy
in criminology
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Connecting Criminological Theory and Social Policy
Difficulty Level: Easy
23. In the eyes of the law, a person reneging on a contract is handled as a ______.
a. criminal violation
b. private wrong
c. social construction
d. socially harmful act
Ans: b
Learning Objective: 1.1 Be able to describe the difficulties attached to defining crime and the difference
between crime and criminality
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Crime as a Subcategory of Social Harms
Difficulty Level: Easy
24. Which of the following is an intentional act in violation of the criminal law committed without
defense or excuse and penalized by the state?
a. criminality
b. crime
c. criminology
d. deviance
Ans: b
Learning Objective: 1.1 Be able to describe the difficulties attached to defining crime and the difference
between crime and criminality
Instructor ResourceWalsh/Jorgensen, Criminology: The Essentials, 3e
SAGE Publishing 2018Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: What Is Crime?
Difficulty Level: Easy
25. Cesare Lombroso’s concept of the born criminal is also known as his theory of ______.
a. atavism
b. ideal types
c. phrenology
d. somatotypes
Ans: a
Learning Objective: 1.5 Understand what theory is, how it is formulated, and how theory functions in
science
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Industrial Revolution and the Age of Science
Difficulty Level: Easy
26. In which case did the Supreme Court invalidate anti-flag burning statutes as unconstitutional?
a. Texas v. Johnson
b. Lawrence v. Texas
c. Bowers v. Hardwick
d. Mapp v. Ohio
Ans: a
Learning Objective: 1.1 Be able to describe the difficulties attached to defining crime and the difference
between crime and criminality
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Crime As a Moving Target
Difficulty Level: Easy
27. Which of the following is an example of a direct cost of crime?
a. protective devices
b. insurance costs
c. surveillance and security devices
d. salaries and benefits of personnel
Instructor ResourceWalsh/Jorgensen, Criminology: The Essentials, 3e
SAGE Publishing 2018Ans: d
Learning Objective: 1.1 Be able to describe the difficulties attached to defining crime and the difference
between crime and criminality
Cognitive Domain: Evaluate
Answer Location: Crime as a Subcategory of Social Harms
Difficulty Level: Easy
28. Harms outside the purview of the criminal justice system include:
a. core offenses
b. all social harms
c. all crimes
d. all of these
Ans: b
Learning Objective: 1.1 Be able to describe the difficulties attached to defining crime and the difference
between crime and criminality
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Crime as a Subcategory of Social Harms
Difficulty Level: Easy
29. The first step in detecting causes of crime is
a. deriving a theory
b. testing a hypothesis
c. discovering correlates
d. determining the level of analysis
Ans: c
Learning Objective: 1.1 Be able to describe the difficulties attached to defining crime and the difference
between crime and criminality | 1.5 Understand what theory is, how it is formulated, and how theory
functions in science
Cognitive Domain: Apply
Answer Location: The Role of Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
30. Predictive scope
Instructor ResourceWalsh/Jorgensen, Criminology: The Essentials, 3e
SAGE Publishing 2018a. maintains that a theory has merit and is useful to the extent that it accurately predicts what is
observed
b. maintains that if two competing theories are essentially equal in terms of the first two criteria, then
the less complicated one is considered more “elegant”
c. asserts that a theory must have the quality of being falsifiable or disprovable
d. refers to the scope or range of the theory and thus the scope or range of the hypotheses that can be
derived from it
Ans: d
Learning Objective: 1.5 Understand what theory is, how it is formulated, and how theory functions in
science
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: What Is a Good Theory?
Difficulty Level: Easy
True/False31. Criminology is an interdisciplinary field.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1.1 Be able to describe the difficulties attached to defining crime and the difference
between crime and criminality
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: What Is Criminology?
Difficulty Level: Easy
32. What constitutes a crime can be defined in and out of existence by courts and legislators.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1.1 Be able to describe the difficulties attached to defining crime and the difference
between crime and criminality
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: What Is Crime?
Difficulty Level: Easy
33. Criminality is an identifiable trait that some people possess, and others do not.
Instructor ResourceWalsh/Jorgensen, Criminology: The Essentials, 3e
SAGE Publishing 2018Ans: F
Learning Objective: 1.4 Realize how thinking about crime and criminality is time and culture bound
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Criminality
Difficulty Level: Easy
34. The Enlightenment is associated with advances in mathematics, science, and the dignity and worth
of the individual as exemplified by a concern for human rights.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1.4 Realize how thinking about crime and criminality is time and culture bound
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Enlightenment
Difficulty Level: Easy
35. The unconstrained vision denies the existence of an innate human nature, instead holding that
human nature is formed anew in each different culture.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1.6 Be aware of the role of ideology in criminology
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Ideology in Criminological Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
36. Prostitution is an act that would be considered mala in se.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 1.2 Explain the difference between mala in se and mala prohibita crimes
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Beyond Social Construction: The Stationary Core Crimes
Difficulty Level: Easy
37. Questions of cause and effect should be answered at the same level of analysis at which they were
posed.
Ans: T
Instructor ResourceWalsh/Jorgensen, Criminology: The Essentials, 3e
SAGE Publishing 2018Learning Objective: 1.5 Understand what theory is, how it is formulated, and how theory functions in
science
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: How to Think About Theories
Difficulty Level: Easy
38. A hypothesis is best described as a set of interconnected propositions that explain how phenomena
are related.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 1.5 Understand what theory is, how it is formulated, and how theory functions in
science
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: What Is Theory?
Difficulty Level: Easy
39. Criminality is a legal term.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 1.3 Understand the legal process required to “officially” become criminal | 1.4
Realize how thinking about crime and criminality is time and culture bound
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Criminality
Difficulty Level: Easy
40. Mala in se crimes tend to arouse the most intense emotional responses, because they trigger a
sense of threat to our survival.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1.2 Explain the difference between mala in se and mala prohibita crimes
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Beyond Social Construction: The Stationary Core Crimes
Difficulty Level: Easy
41. Criminality is the scientific study of crime and criminals.
Ans: F
Instructor ResourceWalsh/Jorgensen, Criminology: The Essentials, 3e
SAGE Publishing 2018Learning Objective: 1.1 Be able to describe the difficulties attached to defining crime and the difference
between crime and criminality | 1.4 Realize how thinking about crime and criminality is time and culture
bound
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Criminality
Difficulty Level: Easy
42. The 1990s and early 2000s witnessed a strong resurgence of biosocial theories, which view behavior
as the result of biological factors interacting with the environments of the actors involved.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1.4 Realize how thinking about crime and criminality is time and culture bound
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Modern Period
Difficulty Level: Easy
43. The emotional pain and suffering experienced by crime victims is easy to quantify.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 1.1 Be able to describe the difficulties attached to defining crime and the difference
between crime and criminality
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Crime as a Subcategory of Social Harms
Difficulty Level: Easy
44. The criteria for judging the merits of a theory include predictive accuracy, predictive scope,
simplicity, and falsifiability.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1.5 Understand what theory is, how it is formulated, and how theory functions in
science
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: What Is Good Theory?
Difficulty Level: Easy
Instructor ResourceWalsh/Jorgensen, Criminology: The Essentials, 3e
SAGE Publishing 201845. The role of human judgment in determining what is categorized as crime renders the category
arbitrary.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 1.1 Be able to describe the difficulties attached to defining crime and the difference
between crime and criminality
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Crime as a Subcategory of Social Harms
Difficulty Level: Easy
46. The basic idea behind phrenology was that cognitive functions are localized in the brain, and that the
parts regulating the most dominant functions were bigger than parts regulating the less dominant ones.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1.4 Realize how thinking about crime and criminality is time and culture bound
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Industrial Revolution and the Age of Science
Difficulty Level: Easy
47. A correlate is that segment of the phenomenon of interest that is measured and analyzed.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 1.5 Understand what theory is, how it is formulated, and how theory functions in
science
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Role of Theory in Criminology
Difficulty Level: Easy
48. The constrained vision maintains that there is an innate human nature that is self-centered and
largely unalterable.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1.6 Be aware of the role of ideology in criminology
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Ideology in Criminological Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
Instructor ResourceWalsh/Jorgensen, Criminology: The Essentials, 3e
SAGE Publishing 201849. The definition of crime is problematic because acts that are defined as criminal vary across time and
culture.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 1.1 Be able to describe the difficulties attached to defining crime and the difference
between crime and criminality; 1.4 Realize how thinking about crime and criminality is time and culture
bound
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Summary
Difficulty Level: Easy
50. The Industrial Revolution brought with it more secular thinking regarding crime and criminality.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 1.1 Be able to describe the difficulties attached to defining crime and the difference
between crime and criminality
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Industrial Revolution and the Age of Science
Difficulty Level: Easy
Essay51. Explain the difference between mala in se and mala prohibita.
Ans: Mala in se crimes are consideredinherently bad, while mala prohibita refers to crimes that are time
and culture bound.
Learning Objective: 1.2 Explain the difference between mala in se and mala prohibita crimes; 1.4 Realize
how thinking about crime and criminality is time and culture bound
Cognitive Domain: Comprehend
Answer Location: Beyond Social Construction: The Stationary Core Crimes
Difficulty Level: Easy
52. Briefly explain how the concept of criminality differs from legal definitions of who is criminal.
Ans: Criminality is a clinical or scientific term that can be defined independently of legal definitions; it is
essentially a trait that varies on a continuum. By contrast, the population of criminals is legally defined.
Instructor ResourceWalsh/Jorgensen, Criminology: The Essentials, 3e
SAGE Publishing 2018Learning Objective: 1.3 Understand the legal process required to “officially” become criminal; 1.4 Realize
how thinking about crime and criminality is time and culture bound
Cognitive Domain: Comprehend
Answer Location: Criminality
Difficulty Level: Hard
53. Briefly contrast the constrained vision of human nature with the unconstrained vision of human
nature.
Ans: Those with a constrained vision of human nature see human activities as constrained by an innate
human nature that is self-centered and largely unalterable. Those with an unconstrained vision view
human nature as being formed anew in each different culture, and perceive human nature to be
perfectible.
Learning Objective: 1.6 Be aware of the role of ideology in criminology
Cognitive Domain: Evaluate
Answer Location: Ideology in Criminological Theory
Difficulty Level: Hard
54. Provide two examples of acts that would be considered mala in se.
Possible Answers: murder, rape, robbery.
Learning Objective: 1.2 Explain the difference between mala in se and mala
prohibita crimes
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Beyond Social Construction: The Stationary Core Crimes
Difficulty Level: Easy
55. Provide two examples of acts that would be considered mala prohibita.
Possible Answers: prostitution, drug dealing
Learning Objective: 1.2 Explain the difference between mala in se and mala
prohibita crimes
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Beyond Social Construction: The Stationary Core Crimes
Difficulty Level: Easy
Instructor ResourceWalsh/Jorgensen, Criminology: The Essentials, 3e
SAGE Publishing 201856. Briefly explain the concept of correlation. How do we know if two factors are correlates?
Ans: Correlates are factors that co-vary‚ when one variable changes, the other does as well. Correlation
does not necessarily indicate causation.
Learning Objective: 1.5 Understand what theory is, how it is formulated, and how theory functions in
science
Cognitive Domain: Comprehend
Answer Location: The Role of Theory in Criminology
Difficulty Level: Hard
57. Define ideology.
Ans: A way of looking at the world; a general emotional picture of how things should be.
Learning Objective: 1.6 Be aware of the role of ideology in criminology
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Ideology in Criminological Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
58. Define theory.
Ans: A set of logically interconnected propositions explaining how phenomena are related and from
which a number of hypotheses can be derived and tested. Theories help us make sense of seemingly
unrelated facts and propositions.
Learning Objective: 1.5 Understand what theory is, how it is formulated, and how theory functions in
science
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: What Is Criminology?
Difficulty Level: Easy
59. Briefly explain the difference between the Renaissance and Enlightenment in regards to crime and
criminality.
Ans: Whereas the Renaissance is associated with advances in art, literature, music, and philosophy, the
Enlightenment is associated with advances in mathematics, science, and the dignity and worth of the
individual as exemplified by a concern for human rights.
Learning Objective: 1.1 Be able to describe the difficulties attached to defining crime and the difference
between crime and criminality
Instructor ResourceWalsh/Jorgensen, Criminology: The Essentials, 3e
SAGE Publishing 2018Cognitive Domain: Comprehend
Answer Location: The Renaissance/The Enlightenment
Difficulty Level: Hard
60. Briefly explain the difference between socially harmful acts and private wrongs.
Ans: Socially harmful acts are acts deemed to be in need of regulation, but not by the criminal law
except under exceptional circumstance. Private wrongs are socially harmful, but not sufficiently so to
require the heavy hand of the criminal law.
Learning Objective: 1.1 Be able to describe the difficulties attached to defining crime and the difference
between crime and criminality
Cognitive Domain: Comprehend
Answer Location: Crime as a Subcategory of Social Harms
Difficulty Level: Hard
61. Provide two examples of direct and indirect costs of crime.
Ans: Direct costs include costs of running the criminal justice system (salaries and benefits of personnel,
and the maintenance costs of buildings and equipment) and the costs associated with each crime.
Indirect costs include all manner of surveillance and security devices, protective devices (guns, alarms,
security guards) and insurance costs, medical services, and the productivity and taxes lost of
incarcerated individuals.
Learning Objective: 1.1 Be able to describe the difficulties attached to defining crime and the difference
between crime and criminality
Cognitive Domain: Apply
Answer Location: Crime as a Subcategory of Social Harms
Difficulty Level: Hard
62. Briefly explain the views of the classical school of criminology in regard to explaining criminal
behavior.
Ans: The classical school emphasized human rationality and free will in its explanations for criminal
behavior.
Learning Objective: 1.4 Realize how thinking about crime and criminality is time and culture bound
Cognitive Domain: Comprehend
Answer Location: The Enlightenment
Instructor ResourceWalsh/Jorgensen, Criminology: The Essentials, 3e
SAGE Publishing 2018Difficulty Level: Hard
63. Define level of analysis.
Ans: Segment of the phenomenon of interest that is measured and analyzed; that is, individuals,
families, neighborhoods, states, etc.
Learning Objective: 1.5 Understand what theory is, how it is formulated, and how theory functions in
science
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: How to Think About Theories
Difficulty Level: Easy
64. Describe the role of ideology in criminology. How do constrained and unconstrained visionaries
differ in their views of human nature and crime?
Learning Objective: 1.6 Be aware of the role of ideology in criminology
Cognitive Domain: Comprehend
Answer Location: Ideology in Criminological Theory
Difficulty Level: Hard
65. Provide an overview of some of the major historical developments of criminological theory. Be sure
to identify and describe at least three of the main eras or schools of thought from the history of
criminology.
Learning Objective: 1.4 Realize how thinking about crime and criminality is time and culture bound
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge/Comprehend/Apply
Answer Location: A Short History of Criminology
Difficulty Level: Hard
66. In criminological/sociological study, what are some of the limitations to defining as only those
actions in violation of criminal law? Do you feel that criminologists should limit their study in this way?
Support your response.
Learning Objective: 1.1 Be able to describe the difficulties attached to defining crime and the difference
between crime and criminality
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: What Is Crime?
Instructor ResourceWalsh/Jorgensen, Criminology: The Essentials, 3e
SAGE Publishing 2018Difficulty Level: Hard
67. Discuss the significance of criminological theory in shaping criminal justice policies.
Learning Objective: 1.5 Understand what theory is, how it is formulated, and how theory functions in
science | 1.7 Understand the relationship between theory and policy in criminology
Cognitive Domain: Comprehend
Answer Location: Connecting Criminological Theory and Social Policy
Difficulty Level: Hard
68. Define criminology and discuss the common questions asked in pursuit of better understanding this
interdisciplinary science.
Learning Objective: 1.1 Be able to describe the difficulties attached to defining crime and the difference
between crime and criminality
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge/Comprehend
Answer Location: What Is Criminology?
Difficulty Level: Hard
69. Discuss the role of theory in criminology. What is a theory? What are the criteria for judging a
theory? How do levels of analysis relate to how to think about theories?
Learning Objective: 1.5 Understand what theory is, how it is formulated, and how theory functions in
science
Cognitive Domain: Comprehend
Answer Location: What Is Criminology?
Difficulty Level: Hard
70. Discuss crime as a moving target. Are laws stable across time and culture? Support your response.
Learning Objective: 1.1 Be able to describe the difficulties attached to defining crime and the difference
between crime and criminality | 1.4 Realize how thinking about crime and criminality is time and culture
bound
Cognitive Domain: Comprehend
Answer Location: Crime as a Moving Target
Difficulty Level: Hard
Instructor ResourceWalsh/Jorgensen, Criminology: The Essentials, 3e
SAGE Publishing 201871. Explain the continuum of harmful acts. How do socially harmful acts compare to private wrongs?
Learning Objective: 1.1 Be able to describe the difficulties attached to defining crime and the difference
between crime and criminality
Cognitive Domain: Comprehend
Answer Location: Crime as a Subcategory of Social Harms
Difficulty Level: Hard
72. Define mala in se and mala prohibita. Discuss the differences between these two types of acts and
give examples of each.
Learning Objective: 1.2 Explain the difference between mala in se and mala prohibita crimes
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehend
Answer Location: Beyond Social Construction: The Stationary Core Crimes
Difficulty Level: Easy