World Regions in Global Context:World Regions in Global Context:Peoples, Places, and Environments (3Peoples, Places, and Environments (3rdrd. ed). ed)

Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, & Diana M. Liverman& Diana M. Liverman

Chapter 1: A World of RegionsChapter 1: A World of Regions

Robert M. ArthurRobert M. Arthur

Geography mattersGeography matters• Global differences in Global differences in Cultures, Resources, Cultures, Resources,

Capital, Spatial Organization, & TerritorialityCapital, Spatial Organization, & Territoriality Geographic StudyGeographic Study

• Appreciate the variety of the world’s people Appreciate the variety of the world’s people and placesand places

• Understand the relationships between the Understand the relationships between the world’s communitiesworld’s communities

• Help with regional, national & global Help with regional, national & global developmentdevelopment

The Power of GeographyThe Power of Geography

Geographic StudyGeographic Study• Physical GeographyPhysical Geography

Examines how natural forces shape the EarthExamines how natural forces shape the Earth

• Human GeographyHuman Geography• How human interaction modifies the How human interaction modifies the

environment and the spatial organization of environment and the spatial organization of human activityhuman activity

Regional GeographyRegional Geography• Combines both physical & human approachesCombines both physical & human approaches• Holistic examination of territoriesHolistic examination of territories

The Power of GeographyThe Power of Geography

RegionsRegions

RegionRegion• Large size territories (such as counties, Large size territories (such as counties,

provinces, and countries, or large provinces, and countries, or large sections of countries such as the sections of countries such as the Midwest USA) that encompass many Midwest USA) that encompass many places, all or most of which share a set places, all or most of which share a set of attributes that differ from the of attributes that differ from the attributes of places that make up a attributes of places that make up a different region.different region.

A World of RegionsA World of Regions

Regions are dynamic, changingRegions are dynamic, changing• A two-way process of people’s activities changing their A two-way process of people’s activities changing their

environment and people being affected by their environmentenvironment and people being affected by their environment• Created by people responding to the opportunities and Created by people responding to the opportunities and

constraints presented by their environmentsconstraints presented by their environments

Setting the Boundaries – World Regions

RegionalizationRegionalization• ClassificationClassification

Logical DivisionLogical Division GroupingGrouping HomogeneityHomogeneity

Formal RegionsFormal Regions• High degree of High degree of

homogeneityhomogeneity Functional RegionsFunctional Regions

• Characterized by Characterized by functional functional organization of organization of human occupancyhuman occupancy

The Regional ApproachThe Regional Approach

RegionsRegions

- Formal

- Functional

- Vernacular

Geography & InterdependenceGeography & Interdependence

““The tangible The tangible partitioning of space partitioning of space within which different within which different processes operate”processes operate”

InterdependentInterdependent World RegionsWorld Regions National StatesNational States Supranational Supranational

OrganizationsOrganizations

RegionalizationRegionalization

The geographer’s classification of The geographer’s classification of individual places or areal unitsindividual places or areal units

The geographers equivalent of The geographers equivalent of scientific classificationscientific classification

Boundaries and FrontiersBoundaries and Frontiers Define space, encompass territory.Define space, encompass territory.

• Permeable:Permeable: Allow the flow of goods and people across them.Allow the flow of goods and people across them.

• Impermeable:Impermeable: Act as barriers to movement of goods and people.Act as barriers to movement of goods and people.

Frontier RegionsFrontier Regions

Regionalism & SectionalismRegionalism & Sectionalism Regionalism:Regionalism:

• When individuals begin When individuals begin to relate stronger to to relate stronger to their region than their their region than their country, then separatist country, then separatist movements can occur.movements can occur.

SectionalismSectionalism

IrredentismIrredentism

Geopolitical FrameworkGeopolitical FrameworkNations vs. States Ethnic Separatism – Centripetal

vs. Centrifugal Forces

Basques in Spain

GlobalizationGlobalization The increasing interconnectedness of the world’s regions.The increasing interconnectedness of the world’s regions.

Resulting from:Resulting from:• Technological Factors - Technological Factors -

Advances in communicationsAdvances in communications Advances in information handlingAdvances in information handling Advances in transportationAdvances in transportation

• Economic factors –Economic factors – Multinational corporationsMultinational corporations Trade associations between countriesTrade associations between countries

• Political factors –Political factors – Supranational governments (EU, NAFTA, Supranational governments (EU, NAFTA,

ASEAN, etc)ASEAN, etc)

Issues of ScaleIssues of Scale

Global to Local Global to Local

Example of Call Example of Call Centers (Back Centers (Back Office Jobs)Office Jobs)

• Are we in Are we in Nebraska or in Nebraska or in India??India??

Call Center in Mumbai, India

GlobalizationGlobalization Transnational Transnational

CorporationsCorporations

Commodity Commodity ChainsChains

Global Global StratificationStratification• Neo-liberal Neo-liberal

PoliciesPolicies

Globalization and Population ChangeGlobalization and Population Change

Unevenly distributed, 3 major areas of high density, China, India & Europe.Unevenly distributed, 3 major areas of high density, China, India & Europe. Near water, oceans, seas, lakes or rivers, temperate, low lying areas with Near water, oceans, seas, lakes or rivers, temperate, low lying areas with

fertile soils.fertile soils. 6 billion now, projected to rise to 10 billion by 2050.6 billion now, projected to rise to 10 billion by 2050.

Demographic Transition ModelDemographic Transition Model

Attempts to link population growth to Attempts to link population growth to Industrial Growth.Industrial Growth.

Population Growth and ChangePopulation Growth and Change

Age–Sex Structure of Age–Sex Structure of PopulationsPopulations

Globalization and Cultural ChangeGlobalization and Cultural Change

The global spread of common The global spread of common architectural forms, dress, ‘fast food’, architectural forms, dress, ‘fast food’, entertainment, & the English entertainment, & the English language.language.

• These changes do have local character These changes do have local character and are not universal.and are not universal.

• Many local fashions, foods, etc. are Many local fashions, foods, etc. are exported around the world, not just exported around the world, not just those of the developed world.those of the developed world.

Diversity Amid GlobalizationDiversity Amid Globalization

GlobalizationGlobalization• Increasing Increasing

InterconnectednessInterconnectedness• Human and Human and

Physical Physical EnvironmentsEnvironments

• Continual Continual Reorganization of Reorganization of Global and Local Global and Local GeographiesGeographies

Figure 1.0

Contemporary and Traditional Landscapes in Shanghai

Alternative Images of GlobalizationSouthwestern India

Washington, D.C. demonstration

Guilin, China

Cultural GlobalizationCultural Globalization

McDonald’s in Thailand …

… Linguistic Diversity in Maryland

Economic Globalization – FormalEconomic Globalization – Formal

Figure 1.10

Economic Globalization – Economic Globalization – InformalInformal

Figure 1.6

Economic Development, Economic Development, Technology, and Social Well-BeingTechnology, and Social Well-Being

Uneven global distribution of natural Uneven global distribution of natural resources and of energy sourcesresources and of energy sources• Favors a few countries while leaving others Favors a few countries while leaving others

disadvantageddisadvantaged• Political factors important tooPolitical factors important too

Japan has few resourcesJapan has few resources unfavorable conditions (war, civil strife, corrupt unfavorable conditions (war, civil strife, corrupt

governments, poor infrastructure)governments, poor infrastructure)

• Technology facilitates the shift of energy and Technology facilitates the shift of energy and natural resource inputs to cheaper sourcesnatural resource inputs to cheaper sources

Global InequitiesGlobal Inequities

Figure 1.11

Technology SystemsTechnology Systems 1790 – 1840:1790 – 1840:

• Water & steam, textiles, ironworkingWater & steam, textiles, ironworking• Canals & turnpikesCanals & turnpikes

1840 – 1890:1840 – 1890:• Coal powered steam, machine tools, steelCoal powered steam, machine tools, steel• Railroads & world-wide shippingRailroads & world-wide shipping

1890 – 1950:1890 – 1950:• Internal combustion power, oil, plastics, electricalInternal combustion power, oil, plastics, electrical• Aircraft, automobiles, radio & telecommunicationsAircraft, automobiles, radio & telecommunications

1950 – 1990:1950 – 1990:• Nuclear power, electronics, petrochemicalsNuclear power, electronics, petrochemicals• Global air routes, highwaysGlobal air routes, highways

1990 - ?:1990 - ?:• Solar energy, robotics, microelectronics, biotechnology & ITSolar energy, robotics, microelectronics, biotechnology & IT

Economic SectorsEconomic Sectors

Primary Activity:Primary Activity:• Natural resource extractionNatural resource extraction

Secondary Activity:Secondary Activity:• Manufacturing or processing of natural Manufacturing or processing of natural

resourcesresources

Tertiary Activity:Tertiary Activity:• Sale and exchangeSale and exchange

Quaternary Activity:Quaternary Activity:• Information processing and handlingInformation processing and handling

Economic DevelopmentEconomic Development

Gross Domestic Product (GDP):Gross Domestic Product (GDP):• All goods and services produced by a country All goods and services produced by a country

in one yearin one year Gross National Product (GNP):Gross National Product (GNP):

• All goods, services and income or loss All goods, services and income or loss generated abroad from investments, bank generated abroad from investments, bank accounts, etc.accounts, etc.

Measures the overall wealth of a country, Measures the overall wealth of a country, not how that wealth is distributed.not how that wealth is distributed.• Divide by the population to give GDP Divide by the population to give GDP per per

capita.capita.

Economic DevelopmentEconomic Development

Figure 1.47

Figure 1.49

Economic DevelopmentEconomic Development

Social Well-BeingSocial Well-BeingHuman Development Index – UN:Human Development Index – UN:

Measures distribution of wealth, education, infant mortality, life Measures distribution of wealth, education, infant mortality, life expectancy, gender issues & many other factorsexpectancy, gender issues & many other factors

Social Development – Health and Social Development – Health and EducationEducation

< Receiving a polio vaccine in Jakarta

Women and Literacy

Development & Gender EqualityDevelopment & Gender Equality

Global inequality of female income & attainmentGlobal inequality of female income & attainment• In many countries women perform most of the workIn many countries women perform most of the work

Earth System ScienceEarth System Science Dynamic ProcessesDynamic Processes Plate TectonicsPlate Tectonics

• Continental DriftContinental Drift• Continental ShieldContinental Shield

Alfred WegenerAlfred Wegener

Plate TectonicsPlate Tectonics

Seasons, Weather & ClimateSeasons, Weather & Climate Earth’s OrbitEarth’s Orbit

• Axial TiltAxial Tilt• EquinoxEquinox• Summer SolsticeSummer Solstice• Winter SolsticeWinter Solstice

WeatherWeather• At a specific time & At a specific time &

placeplace RainRain SnowSnow WindyWindy

ClimateClimate• Average conditions Average conditions

over longer time over longer time framesframes

SeasonalitySeasonality MonsoonsMonsoons

Atmospheric CirculationAtmospheric Circulation

Hadley CellsHadley Cells• Trade WindsTrade Winds• WesterliesWesterlies• Jet StreamsJet Streams• Subtropical Subtropical

HighsHighs• Intertropical Intertropical

Convergence Convergence ZoneZone

• Polar FrontsPolar Fronts

PrecipitationPrecipitation

Convectional PrecipitationConvectional Precipitation• EquatorialEquatorial

Orographic PrecipitationOrographic Precipitation• Rising air over mountainsRising air over mountains

Global Global Rainfall Rainfall

& & Climatic Climatic ZonesZones

World EcosystemsWorld Ecosystems EcosystemsEcosystems

• BiomesBiomes

BiogeographyBiogeography• BiodiversityBiodiversity

Climate ChangeClimate Change

Natural ProcessesNatural Processes• GlaciersGlaciers• VolcanoesVolcanoes• TectonicsTectonics

Human ProcessesHuman Processes• Greenhouse GasesGreenhouse Gases• Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide• Water VaporWater Vapor• AerosolsAerosols

World-SystemWorld-System

Economic TiesEconomic Ties• CapitalismCapitalism• CommunismCommunism

Immanuel Immanuel WallersteinWallerstein

InterdependentInterdependent• CoreCore• Semi-PeripherySemi-Periphery• PeripheryPeriphery• Consolidation of the Consolidation of the

World EconomyWorld Economy• Spatial JusticeSpatial Justice

Organizing the CoreOrganizing the Core Division of LaborDivision of Labor

• Separation of productive Separation of productive processesprocesses

• Gender division of laborGender division of labor

StandardizationStandardization• TimeTime• SpaceSpace• MeasureMeasure• ValueValue• MoneyMoney

Organizes laborOrganizes labor Facilitates tradeFacilitates trade Supports IndustrySupports Industry Supports creditSupports credit

National IdentitiesNational Identities Nation Nation

Nation-StateNation-State

Nationalism Nationalism

DiasporaDiaspora

Commodification of NatureCommodification of Nature Judeo-Christian ViewJudeo-Christian View

Earlier View, Organic:Earlier View, Organic:• Nature as nurturing and chaoticNature as nurturing and chaotic• Both considered femaleBoth considered female

EnlightenmentEnlightenment• Rationalize the nurturingRationalize the nurturing• Tame the chaoticTame the chaotic

CommodifyCommodify

Organizing the PeripheryOrganizing the Periphery

ExplorationExploration SettlementSettlement 1870s on – 1870s on –

• Growth of coloniesGrowth of colonies Leadership CyclesLeadership Cycles HegemonyHegemony

• Imperial Imperial OverstretchOverstretch

ImperialismImperialism ColonialismColonialism

• BritainBritain• GermanyGermany• FranceFrance• The NetherlandsThe Netherlands• U.S.U.S.• JapanJapan

Carving of AfricaCarving of Africa

Imperialism & ColonialismImperialism & Colonialism

Imperialism & ColonialismImperialism & Colonialism

International Division of LaborInternational Division of Labor

Specialization of regions & Specialization of regions & peoplespeoples• Supply the coreSupply the core• Comparative AdvantageComparative Advantage• Non-CompetitiveNon-Competitive

World Economic World Economic GeographyGeography

International Trade International Trade RoutesRoutes

Exploration & ExploitationExploration & Exploitation

U.S. Tribal LandsU.S. Tribal Lands

Discovery or InvasionDiscovery or Invasion

Economic, Political, & Economic, Political, & Religious MotivesReligious Motives

Supposed Superiority Supposed Superiority of the Westof the West

Transformation and Transformation and Destruction of Local Destruction of Local SystemsSystems

Development TheoryDevelopment Theory

Rostow’s Stages of Economic GrowthRostow’s Stages of Economic Growth• Assumes that poverty and lack of development are the problems Assumes that poverty and lack of development are the problems • Also assumes that poor countries need to emulate Western growthAlso assumes that poor countries need to emulate Western growth

DevelopmentalismDevelopmentalism

NeoliberalismNeoliberalism World BankWorld Bank International Monetary Fund (IMF)International Monetary Fund (IMF) Structural AdjustmentStructural Adjustment

• PrivatizationPrivatization• Export ProductionExport Production• Removal of Import RestrictionsRemoval of Import Restrictions• Encourage Foreign InvestmentEncourage Foreign Investment• Reduce Government BudgetsReduce Government Budgets

Food Subsidies, Welfare Programs, Health Food Subsidies, Welfare Programs, Health Care, Education usually first to sufferCare, Education usually first to suffer

Key Factors of GlobalizationKey Factors of Globalization New International New International

Division of LaborDivision of Labor• Decline of U.S. as an Decline of U.S. as an

Industrial ProducerIndustrial Producer• Decentralization of Decentralization of

Manufacturing Manufacturing ProductionProduction

• Specializations Within Specializations Within the Corethe Core

Internationalization of Internationalization of FinanceFinance• Global Banking & Global Banking &

Financial MarketsFinancial Markets• World CitiesWorld Cities

Key Factors of GlobalizationKey Factors of Globalization New Technology SystemsNew Technology Systems

• Energy TechnologiesEnergy Technologies• Manufacturing & Manufacturing &

Management TechnologiesManagement Technologies• Communications & Communications &

TransportationTransportation Time-Space ConvergenceTime-Space Convergence

Homogenization of Homogenization of Consumer MarketsConsumer Markets• World ProductsWorld Products• MaterialismMaterialism• Advertising & EntertainmentAdvertising & Entertainment

Key Factors of GlobalizationKey Factors of Globalization Transnational CorporationsTransnational Corporations

• Limited Liability CorporationsLimited Liability Corporations• Investments & Activities Span International BoundariesInvestments & Activities Span International Boundaries• Exercise of Power Over Peripheral StatesExercise of Power Over Peripheral States• Export of Jobs to Cheaper Labor MarketsExport of Jobs to Cheaper Labor Markets

Footloose CompaniesFootloose Companies

Transnational Transnational Economic Economic IntegrationIntegration

Urban StructureUrban Structure

Seattle and Industry

Contrasts between high and low income – New Delhi

Cultural DiversityCultural DiversityCultural Collisions … and Hybridization

Figure 1.33

Figure 1.35Gujarat, India

South Asia

Culture (cont’d)Culture (cont’d)

Cultural Cultural ImperialismImperialism

Cultural Cultural NationalismNationalism

Cultural Syncretism Cultural Syncretism or Hybridizationor Hybridization

Figure 1.34a–c

Language …Language …

Figure 1.36

Figure 1.37

Dubai, UAE

… … and Religionand Religion

Figure 1.38

World Regions in Global Context:World Regions in Global Context:Peoples, Places, and Environments (3Peoples, Places, and Environments (3rdrd. ed). ed)

Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, & Diana M. Liverman& Diana M. Liverman

End of Chapter 1:End of Chapter 1:

A World of RegionsA World of Regions