Post on 10-Nov-2020
Challenges to coping strategies with Challenges to coping strategies with agrometeorological risks and uncertainties agrometeorological risks and uncertainties -- regional regional
perspectivesperspectivesSouth America South America
Ing. Constantino Alarcón Ing. Constantino Alarcón National National SService of Meteorology and Hydrologyervice of Meteorology and Hydrology
PerPerúú
New Delhi, India, 25 - 27 October 2006
INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON AGROMETEOROLOGICAL RISK MANAGEMENT: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
AGENDA
INTRODUCTION
NATURAL PHENOMENA THAT AFFECT AGRICULTURE IN SOUTH LATIN AMERICA
ROLE OF NATIONAL METEOROLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL SERVICES IN DISASTER RISK REDUCTION IN SOUTH AMERICA
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
INTRODUCTION
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
• The climate is a natural resource that affects the agrarian production. Its influence in a determined culture, also does not depend only on the climatic characteristics of the locality in which it is located, but to a great extent of the conditions in which the production is developed. That is to say, the level of exhibition of the culture to the climate has as much importance, like the vulnerability level.
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
H
ANTICYCLONEOF THE
SOUTH PACIFIC
PERUVIANCURRENT
INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCEZONE
FRONTAL SYSTEMS
L
BOLIVIAN LOW
HANTICYCLONEOF THE
SOUTH ATLANTIC
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
FRONTAL SYSTEMS
H
ANTICYCLONEOF THE
SOUTH PACIFIC
PERUVIANCURRENT
INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCEZONE
L
BOLIVIAN LOW
HANTICYCLONEOF THE
SOUTH ATLANTIC
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
FRONTAL SYSTEMS
H
ANTICYCLONEOF THE
SOUTH PACIFIC
PERUVIANCURRENT
INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCEZONE
L
BOLIVIAN LOW
HANTICYCLONEOF THE
SOUTH ATLANTIC
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
FRONTAL SYSTEMS
H
ANTICYCLONEOF THE
SOUTH PACIFIC
PERUVIANCURRENT
INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCEZONE
L
BOLIVIAN LOW
HANTICYCLONEOF THE
SOUTH ATLANTIC
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
FRONTAL SYSTEMS
H
ANTICYCLONEOF THE
SOUTH PACIFIC
PERUVIANCURRENT
INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCEZONE
L
BOLIVIAN LOW
HANTICYCLONEOF THE
SOUTH ATLANTIC
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
CONDITIONSCONDITIONS NIÑONIÑO
El Niño affects agriculture, the provision of potable water, the generation of energy, the health and the slumses, the transport, and the infrastructure of the communications, with negative economic repercussions including low production, diminution of exports and increase of imports.
The events El Niño have shown a tendency to happen with more frequency in recent decades.
• Weakening of the Anticyclone of the South Pacific. • Weakening of tradewinds. • Formation of one 2da band of the ZCIT
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
EFFECTS OF THE PHENOMENON THE NIEFFECTS OF THE PHENOMENON THE NIÑÑO/OSCILACION OF THE SOUTH O/OSCILACION OF THE SOUTH (ENOS) IN SOUTH AMERICA(ENOS) IN SOUTH AMERICA
CENTRO OESTE
There are not evidences of marked effects of the rains
ECUADOR, PERU, BOLIVIA, CHILE
In the western coast Intense rains in summer. Rain absence in summer on the Andean regions of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia
COLOMBIA-VENEZUELA
SURINAME, GUAYANA FRANCESA
Precipitation reduction in most of the year, except of March to June. Colombia receives intense rains in summer
NORTE
Absence of rains in the northeast of Amazonía. Increase of probability of forest fires
NOR ESTE
Absence of rains during the rainy station of February to May
SUR ESTE
Moderate increase of the temperatures. Change in rains does not exist.
SUR
Moderate precipitations in the spring and intense of May to June
ARGENTINA, PARAGUAY, URUGUAY
Precipitations above the stocking to the northeast of Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay, mainly of spring to summer..
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
South America Number of Natural Disasters, Loss of Human Life y Economic Losses
(1980-2005)
Flood
Slides
Earthquake
Windstorm
Drought
Extreme Temperature
Wild fires
Volcano
Epidemic, famine, insects
Tsunami
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70Number of Natural Disasters Loss of Human Life Economic Losses
More than 80% of natural disasters are related to hydrometeorolo
30% of loss of life are related to hydrometeorological factors
75% of economic losses are related to hydrometeorological factor
Source: EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database - www.em-dat.net - Université Catholique de Louvain - Brussels - Belgium
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
NATURAL PHENOMENA THAT AFFECT AGRICULTURE IN SOUTH
LATIN AMERICA
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
Strong winds• The wind with high speeds not only favors an excessive evapotranspiración but also it
can provide rupture of parts of the plant
Floods
•Associated mainly to abundant precipitations that bring with himself “swellings” of the natural channels of the rivers.
•During a rainy event the drainage systems collapse, being unableto evacuate the volumes of water that they are entering to an area.
Droughts
•To the drought it is considered him as a natural disaster that is originated by precipitation deficiency in an extended period of time, causing damages in the development of the different activities from the population.
•The effects of the drought also influence not only in agriculture and the agricultural production but in all the alive organisms, including the species domestic servants and wild of plants and animals.
THREATS IN SOUTH AMERICA
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
Climatic global changesThe effect of the changes anticipated on the yields is uncertain, they conjugate positive and negative actions.In relation to the temperature, the increase of this in cold climates is positive. In warmer climates the increase of the temperature can be I criticize when increasing thermal stress and to accelerate the development cycles of the cultures.The decrease of the precipitation, in arid, semi-arid areas and drysubhúmedas can reduce the yields of the cultivations, while in the humid areas with precipitation excess a decrease in the quantity of the fallen precipitation can be beneficial.
Slips The topography of the region makes that most of the slips happen in hillsides and punctual places
Volcanic eruptionsThe gas emanations block the solar radiation causing cooling and
reduction of the luminosity.
The mineral deposit that in high concentrations is toxic for the animals, generates great damages to agriculture and the cattle ranch.
19971997
20052005
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
The variability of the climate (Phenomenon El Niño)One of the factors agitators of the climate is El Niño phenomenon. It elevates the temperatures of the Pacific Ocean in the western coasts, modifies the patterns of atmospheric circulation, the pressures, precipitations, the temperatures, etcThe Boy, produces rains by on normal, simultaneously that the droughts in several
places
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
VULNERABILITIESThe vulnerability of the systems is reflected in
the Region for:Localization of the activities in places of riskExcessive pressure which the natural resources as a result of the marginality are put underThe poverty The lack of social organizationLack of politicians for the management of the atmosphere and of territorial classificationExcessive centralism and bureaucracy of the national organismsLittle technicality of the agricultureLack of the population's education to prevent and to face the risks.
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
Vulnerability of the natural Forests, prairies, mountain Ecosystems and the agricultureThe deforestation of the tropical rainy forests this altering the hydrological cycle of these areas provoking a decrease of the precipitations like consequence of the decrease of the evapotranspiration. The sobrepasturing and the inadequate handling practices, areas of high desertification are generatedThe mountain ecosystems play an important role in south America:
They constitute human establishment placesThey exercise a function hydrological regulator and at the same time the gradient altitudinal created by the mountain range of Andes is source of a rich biodiversity. The snowy ones are at the present time threatened by the global heating they are altering the régimes of glide of the rivers.A great majority of the agricultural lands suffers degradation processes.
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
The unirrigated land agriculture this in precipitation function, making them vulnerable front the annual variations and year to year of the precipitations.
I use inappropriate of the natural resources they have made him to be carried out agricultural activities in areas whose fragility doesn't allow this practice
The not very efficient watering systems are responsible for the salinization of the water of the rivers, sedimentation of beds, reservoirs and agricultural lands
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
To reduce the disasters and to reach a development grade that offers bigger security to the region, it is needed a political wide commitment and the concerted action of towns, national governments and regional organisms.
Economy of the CountriesThe macroeconomic stability reached in some countries this allowing the governments to respond well to the impacts of the disasters and be investing more in the prevention and the reduction of the risks.
Political of governmentSeveral governments have placed the prevention of disasters in their political calendar.
CAPACITIES AND RESOURCES OF THE REGION TO MAKE IN FRONT OF THE DISASTERS
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
Specialized institutions • Countries are creating interinstitutional and sectorial systems integrated of
prevention and answer to the disasters• Other countries are beginning the modernization of the national institutions
specialized in disasters. Center International for the Investigation of the Phenomenon El Niño (CIFEN)
Prevention of Disasters in the Andean (PREDECAN) Community The Net of Social Studies in Prevention of Disasters in Latin America (La RED)Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLAC) Institutions like the UNDP, UNESCO, OMM, FAO, CAF, IDB and BM are promoting the formation of the scientific and sectorial necessary capacity to reduce the risk. The non government organizations ONGs.
Identification and analysis of the risks• The countries of the region should identify the natural main threats to which are
exposed, their frequency, intensity, duration and localization (maps of risks).• The identification of certain risks is used to define the necessary measures of
prevention and mitigation and focalize public investments and deprived in sure places.
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
Mitigation•The investments in prevention are effective to avoid or to reduce the damages when disasters take place.
•The norms of territorial ordering, codes of construction, professional qualification and campaigns of awareness, are also instruments to reduce the impact of the disasters.
Monitored nets and Alert early•Modernization of the net of information hydrometeorology•Modernization of meteorological services and the means to make presage in the region.
•It improves of the systems of alert early •It improves in the communication among the scientists that evaluate the atmospheric and hydrological conditions and those in charge of giving the early alert are fundamental to reduce their impact
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
Information about the risk for the taking of decisions
• The projections about the incidence and the estimates of the impact of the natural disasters are essential to prioritize the preventive actions
• The information on the risk is crucial for the adoption of policies of prevention and preparation and for the establishment of specific objectives and priorities in the sectorial investments.
• It is necessary to carry out investigation in the region, with the purpose of analyzing the existent evaluation methodologies, their uses and to provide the outstanding and precise information to those in charge of the formulation of political, action plans for the prevention and the institutional development
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
• The mitigación of the impacts of the natural phenomena requires of multisectorial actions
• Definition of a strategy of use of the floor on the base of the predicted risks. • Improvement of the watering techniques and efficient use of the water. • Adoption of systems of handling of the floor to minimize the erosion so much
in rainy events as dry. • Improvement of the systems of handling of the prairies and of adjustment of
the animal load to the capacity of sustentation of the vegetation. • To foment the creation of systems of alert early of the natural catastrophic
phenomena • To evaluate and to zone areas of risk putting in practical plans of territorial
classification that minimize the exhibition from the population to the natural catastrophes.
DEFINITION OF POLITICIANS FOR THE PREVENTION AND MITIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF THE NATURAL
PHENOMENA IN THE AGRICULTURE
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
• Several of these actions they can it turns benefited by the existence of a system of alert early of the climatic adverse phenomena.
• An early alert will contribute to reduce the uncertainties by means of a better sizing of the risk.
• One has a information accumulation on the generation and evolution of the climatic phenomena, information that is generated daily by different organizations. At the present time there are several systems of prognosis of ElNiño, between whom they emphasize: NCEP-NOAA, of the National Ocean Atmosphere Administration, the USA; MM5 of UCAR, for University Corporation Atmospheric Research, the USA
At the farmers' level• To adapt the strategies of use of the ground, to select to seeds and types of
cultures, to change dates of sowing of the cultures to reduce losses.• To carry out small works for the efficient handling of the water and the
prevention of floods or erosion of floors. • Adjust of the animal load in shepherding lands according to the forecasts of the
climatic risk
TOOLS OF PREVENTION AND OF MITIGATION
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
•To implement and to operate systems of alert early regional•To elaborate national and regional letters of territorial vulnerability•To improve the efficiency of use of the water•To implement pursuit Systems by means of environmental indicators
•To support the programs of the biodiversity and of the desertification
•Development of territorial systems of information and their applications to the territorial classification
BASE OF A PROGRAM OF PREVENTION AND MITIGATION OF THE IMPACTS OF THE NATURAL PHENOMENA
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
ROLE OF NATIONAL METEOROLOGICAL AND
HYDROLOGICAL SERVICES IN DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
IN SOUTH AMERICA
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
CRED # of events CRED average SURVEYFlood Flood FloodSlides Earthquakes DroughtEarthquake s Volcanic events Strong windsStrong winds Slides Slides Drought Drought Forest or wild land fireExtreme Temperature Strong winds EarthquakesForest or wild land fire Extreme Temperature Volcanic events Volcanic events Forest or wild land fire TsunamiTsunami Tsunami Extreme Temperature
Source: WMO (DPM)
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
LOWIMPACT
River f
loodin
gFla
sh floo
dDr
ough
tStr
ong w
inds
Land
slide
or m
udsli
deEa
rthqu
akes
Forest
or w
ild la
nd fire
Thun
derst
orm
or ligh
tning
Hails
torm
Avalan
che
Tornad
oHe
avy s
now
Cold
wave
Coas
tal floo
ding
Hydrom
eteorolo
gical
haz
to av
iationTsun
ami
Volca
nic ev
ents
Heat w
ave
Dense f
og
Tropic
al cyclo
ne
Smok
e, Du
st or Haz
eFre
ezing
rain
Waterbo
rne h
azards
Marine
haza
rds
Storm
surge
Sand
storm
Airborne
haza
rdou
s Sub
stances
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
NMS NHS Combined service Other
HIGHIMPACT Hazards are classified according to their average impact
Number of countries issuing warnings
Source: WMO (DPM)
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
Rive
r floo
ding
Flash
floo
dDr
ough
t
Stron
g wind
s
Land
slide
or m
udsli
deEa
rthqu
akes
Forest
or w
ild la
nd fire
Thun
derst
orm
or ligh
tning
Hails
torm
Avala
nche
Tornad
oHe
avy s
now
Cold
wave
Coas
tal floo
ding
Hydrom
eteorolo
gical
haz
to av
iationTsun
ami
Volca
nic ev
ents
Heat w
ave
Dens
e fog
Tropic
al cyclo
ne
Smok
e, Du
st or Haz
eFre
ezing
rain
Waterbo
rne h
azards
Marine
haza
rds
Storm
surge
Sand
storm
Airborne
haza
rdou
s Sub
stances
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
HIGHIMPACT
Hazards are classified according to their average impact LOWIMPACT
Number of countries keeping data archives
Source: WMO (DPM)
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
Are there dedicated 24-hour Warning Services within the NMHSs ?
60%
Is there a national legislation governing DRR? yes, 100%Is this legislation defining NMHSs’ role in DRR? 50%
NMHSs’ Forecasting capacities: Nowcast 80%24 hours 100%3-5 days 100%7 days 10%10 days 20%Seasonal 80%
NMHSs participate in... National structure for DRR 100%Disaster prevention 90%Emergency planning and preparedness 100%Emergency response 100%Reconstruction 80%
Source: WMO (DPM)
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
National Meteorological Services with independent agrometeorological unitsArgentina Bolivia Brazil Colombia Chile Ecuador Paraguay Perú Uruguay Venezuela
Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Colom
bia
Chile
Ecuador
Paraguay
Perú
Uruguay
Venezuela
Current availability of data (70%) Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Analytical tools (80%) Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Methods of provision of operational agrometeorological services (80%) No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Deficiencies and limitations in developing agrometeorological work
NETWORK OF STATIONS AGROMETEOROLÓGICAS
• Lack to renew technology of the stations
• To improve its cover and density
• To equip them with communication systems
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
Agrometeorological services provided by NMHSs A
rgentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Colom
bia
Chile
Ecuador
Paraguay
Perú
Uruguay
Venezuela
Issuing regular agrometeorological bulletins and advisories (10%) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Issuing early warnings/alerts as appropriate (90%) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Helping with strategic studies (agroecological zoning) (70%) No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes
Assessment of the impact of extreme events (30%) No Yes No No No Yes No Yes No No
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
Important agrometeorological services provided by NMHSS
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Colom
bia
Chile
Ecuador
Paraguay
Perú
Uruguay
Venezuela
Services to help reduce the impact of natural disasters including pests and diseases Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Early warning and monitoring systems Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Short- and medium-range weather forecasting for agriculture Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Climate prediction/forecasting for agriculture Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No
Services to help reduce the contributions of agricultural production to global warming No No No No No No No No No No
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Num
b er o
f cou
ntrie
s
Services to help reduce the impact of natural disasters, including pests and diseasesEarly warning and monitoring systemsShort- and medium-range weather forecasting for agricultureClimatic prediction/forecasting for agricultureServices to help reduce the contributions of agricultural production to global warming
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
Regional projects
Agricultural universities and Schools
Consulting companies
Independent agriculturists
Agro-industrial companies
Governmental organisms:Ministry of AgricultureNational Forest CorporationAgricultural Service and CattlemanNational Institute of Agricultural Investigations
Agricultural associations
Producing companies Agricultural companies USERS
Regional projects
Agricultural universities and Schools
Consulting companies
Independent agriculturists
Agro-industrial companies
Governmental organisms:Ministry of AgricultureNational Forest CorporationAgricultural Service and CattlemanNational Institute of Agricultural Investigations
Agricultural associations
Producing companies Agricultural companies USERS
DIFFUSION OF PRODUCTS
USERS
GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
MASS MEDIA
AGRICULTURE MINISTRY
COOPERATIVES AND ASSOCIATION OF
AGICULTORES
REGIONAL DIRECTIONS
PRIVATE COMPANIES
PAGE WEB
BULLETINS
ALERTS
WARNINGS
ANALYSISPROCESSING AND
SERV. AGROME.
GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
MASS MEDIA
AGRICULTURE MINISTRY
COOPERATIVES AND ASSOCIATION OF
AGICULTORES
REGIONAL DIRECTIONS
PRIVATE COMPANIES
PAGE WEB PAGE WEB
BULLETINS
BULLETINS
ALERTS
WARNINGS
ALERTS
WARNINGS
ANALYSISPROCESSING AND
SERV. AGROME.
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
CHALLENGES AND NEEDS IN SOUTH AMERICA
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
1. Technology transfer, capacity building, technical guidelines andtraining
2. Assist Member governance in the development of national disaster risk reduction plans
3. Cost-benefit analysis of hydro-meteorological services in disaster risk reduction
4. Education, training and public outreach programs in disaster risk reduction
5. Strengthening strategic partnerships with national and regional stakeholders
6. Carry out studies of modeling of risks and potential impacts
7. Foment the use of the systems of alert early and of the predictions of the climate and the time like strategy of adaptation to the climatic change.
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
8. To Improve Alert Early
• To Strengthen Seasonal Presage
• To generate Scenarios of sectoral Risk
• To Optimize the Systems of Information
• To connect System of Alert early with the Governments to level of Planning, sectoral action and answer
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
Fuente: Adaptado de Lugo, A. Sress and Ecosystems (1978).
EJEMPLOS DE EFECTOS POSITIVOS Y NEGATIVOS DE DETERMINADOS FENOMENOS NATURALES PARA ACTIVIDADES DE DESARROLLO
Fenómenos Naturales Efectos Positivos Efectos Negativos Huracanes Transportan agua, nutrientes y sedimentos Elimina estructuras. Baja temperatura Disminuye el ritmo de los procesos, da lugar a
mejor conservación y almacenamiento. El congelamiento puede ser mortal.
Alta temperatura Acelera los procesos, particularmente la respiración .
Puede ser mortal; reduce la diversidad de especies.
Lluvias fuertes Inician eventos fenológicos en desiertos; disminuye la salinidad en ambientes costeros; redistribuye nutrientes.
Eliminan estructuras y pueden causar otros esfuerzos tales como inundaciones, las cuales afectan el intercambio de gas entre sedimentos de tierras húmedas
Incendio Hace más disponibles los nutrientes y la humedad; reduce la competencia.
Elimina estructuras.
Salinidad Da lugar a mejorar productividad bruta en manglares hasta concentraciones de agua de mar.
A valores mayores que 35 panes por 1000, aumenta las tasas de respiración y disminuye las tasas de producción neta de transpiración.
Erupciones volcánicas Dan lugar a mejorar nutrientes y humedad, y a ambientes competitivos.
Sofocan y matan plantas y animales.
Inundaciones Eliminan la competencia; inician eventos fenológicos.
Aumentan los costos de mantenimiento de energía; temporalmente disminuyen la cantidad de flora y fauna y de especies individuales.
Flujo de agua Transporta nutrientes y oxígeno; elimina tóxicos; redistribuye larvas.
Elimina estructuras; da lugar a altos costos de mantenimiento de energía para la biota.
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
Natural Phenomena Positive Effects Negative Effects Hurricanes They transport water, nutritious and silts It eliminates structures. Low temperature It diminishes the rhythm of the processes,
he/she gives place to better conservation and storage.
The freezing can be mortal.
High temperature It accelerates the processes, particularly the breathing.
It can be mortal; it reduces the diversity of species.
Strong rains They begin events Phenological in deserts; it diminishes the salinity in coastal atmospheres; it redistributes nutritious.
They eliminate structures and they can cause other such efforts as floods, which affect the exchange of gas among silts of humid lands
Fire He/she makes more available the nutrients and the humidity; it reduces the competition.
It eliminates structures.
Salinity He/she gives place to improve gross productivity in swamps until concentrations of seawater.
To more values that 35 breads for 1000, it increases the breathing rates and it diminishes the rates of net production of perspiration.
Volcanic eruptions They give place to improve nutritious and humidity, and to competitive atmospheres.
They suffocate and they kill plants and animals.
Floods They eliminate the competition; they begin events Phenological.
The costs of energy maintenance increase; temporarily they diminish the quantity of flora and fauna and of individual species.
Flow of water It transports nutritious and oxygen; it eliminates toxic; it redistributes grubs.
It eliminates structures; he/she gives place at high costs of energy maintenance for the biota.
Source: Adapted of Lugo, A. Sress and Ecosystems (1978).
EXAMPLES OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF NATURAL DETERMINED PHENOMENA FOR ACTIVITIES OF DEVELOPMENT
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION III (SOUTH AMERICA)
• Apoyar la creación de capacidades en materia de alerta temprana para la prevención de los desastres y la atenuación de sus efectos
• Realizar estudios de modelización de riesgos e impactos potenciales• Fomentar el uso de los sistemas de alerta temprana y de las predicciones del
clima y el tiempo como estrategia de adaptación al cambio climático.
Mejorar Alerta TempranaAlerta Temprana• Fortalecer Pronóstico Estacional• Generar Escenarios de Riesgo SECTORIAL• Optimizar los Sistemas de Información• Enlazar Sistema de Alerta temprana con los Gobiernos a nivel de
Planificación, acción sectorial y respuesta