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© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicITE PC v4.0Chapter 1 1
Configuring and Testing Your Network
Network Fundamentals – Chapter 11
ITE PC v4.0Chapter 1 2© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Objectives
1. Router Initialization.
2. Router Access
3. CLI First look
4. Basic configuration
5. Viewing, Saving and Erasing the Configurations
6. Discovering & testing the network
7. Remote access (TELNET)
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Router Initialization
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Router is typically like a computer which operates with
Two main components
–Hardware (Router physical components )
–Software (IOS)
• Internetworking operating system.
• configuration file
Router components
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Router external connections
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Management Ports
Console port - Most common of the management ports
Used to connect a terminal,
Or most likely a PC running terminal emulator software,
No need for network access to that router.
The console port must be used during initial configuration of the router.
Auxiliary (AUX) port
Not all routers have auxiliary ports.
At times, can be used similarly to a console port
Can also be used to attach a modem.
Note: Auxiliary ports will not be used in this curriculum.
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Router Interfaces
Interface on Cisco routers refers to a physical connector on the router whose main purpose is to receive and forward packets.
Routers have multiple interfaces used to connect to multiple networks which may mean:
Various types of networks
Different types of media and connectors.
Different types of interfaces.
For example, Fast Ethernet interfaces for connections to different LANs and also have different types of WAN interfaces used to connect a variety of serial links, including T1, DSL, and ISDN.
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LAN Interfaces
Ethernet and Fast Ethernet interfaces.
Used to connect the router to the LAN, similar to how a PC’s Ethernet NIC.
Layer 2 MAC address
Participates in the Ethernet LAN the same way as any other hosts on that LAN.
Example: Address Resolution Protocol (ARP):
Maintains ARP cache for that interface
Sends ARP requests when needed
Responds with ARP replies when required
Typically an RJ-45 jack (UTP).
Router to switch: straight-through cable.
Router to router via Ethernet interfaces, or PC’s NIC to router’s Ethernet interface: crossover cable.
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WAN Interfaces
Example: serial, ISDN, and Frame Relay interfaces.
Used to connect routers to external networks, usually over a larger geographical distance.
The Layer 2 encapsulation can be different types including:
PPP
Frame Relay
HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control).
Similar to LAN interfaces, each WAN interface has its own IP address and subnet mask, making it a member of a specific network.
Note: MAC addresses are used only on Ethernet interfaces and are not on WAN interfaces.
However, WAN interfaces use their own Layer 2 addresses depending on the technology.
Layer 2 WAN encapsulation types and addresses are covered in a later course.
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Serial Connectors
Cisco routers support the EIA/TIA-232, EIA/TIA-449, V.35, X.21, and EIA/TIA-530 standards for serial connections,
Memorizing these connection types is not important.
Just know that a router has a DB-60 port that can support five different cabling standards.
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Serial Connectors
Router is typically a DTE device.
The DTE cable is connected to the serial interface on the router to a CSU/DSU device (DCE).
DTE Cable
DCE Cable
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Physically Connecting a WAN Interface
Typically, the router is the DTE device and is connected to a CSU/DSU, which is the DCE device.
Serial interfaces require a clock signal to control the timing of the communications.
In most environments, the service provider (a DCE device such as a CSU/DSU) will provide the clock.
By default, Cisco routers are DTE devices
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Serial Connectors
In our labs we will use serial DTE/DCE cables (no CSU/DSU) with a DTE cable connected to one router and a DCE cable connected to the other router.
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Cisco Software components
• Cisco IOS (Internetwork Operating System) It is the operating system that manages the hardware platform it is working on.
• Configuration File It is a program file that contains commands that reflect how the router will react.
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Router memory
Memory content
ROM storing startup diagnostic code
POST
(Bootstrap program).
RAM holds the running configuration and routing table information
NVRAM store the startup configuration file.
FLASH full Cisco IOS software images.
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Step in Router Initialization
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Bootup ProcessStep 1: POST (Power On Self Test)
Executes diagnostics from ROM on several hardware components, including the CPU,RAM, NVRAM
Step 2: Loading Bootstrap Program
Copied from ROM into RAM
Executed by CPU
Main task is to locate the Cisco IOS and load it into RAM
Step 3: Locating the IOS
Typically stored in flash memory, but it can be stored in other places such as a TFTP server.
If a full IOS image cannot be located, a scaled-down version of the IOS is copied from ROM
This version of IOS is used to help diagnose any problems and to try to load a complete version of the IOS into RAM.
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Boot up Process
Step 4: Loading the IOS Some of the older Cisco routers ran the IOS directly from flash Current models copy the IOS into RAM for execution Might see a string of pound signs (#) while the image
decompresses.
Step 5: Locating the Config File Bootstrap program searches for the startup configuration file
(startup-config), in NVRAM. This file has the previously saved configuration commands and
parameters,
Step 6: Loading the Config File If a startup configuration file is found in NVRAM, the IOS loads it
into RAM as the running-config file and executes the commands. If the startup configuration file cannot be located, prompt the user
to enter setup mode
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SECTION SUMMARY
1. Router hardware components
2. Cisco Software components
3. Router memory
4. Router Initialization Steps.
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Router Access
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ROUTER ACCESS METHODS
Directly using the console portNo configuration needed on the router
Telnet – over the networkNetwork connection
Network configuration on both ends (IP address, subnet mask, etc.)
Telnet password configured on router
Modem (AUX.PORT on the router)
Web access
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Console The console port is a management port that provides out-of-band access to a
router.
Examples of console use are:
–The initial configuration of the network device
–Disaster recovery procedures and troubleshooting where remote access is not possible
–Password recovery procedures
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AUXILIARY
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Using HyperTerminal
Match serial port on PC
Settings
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Telnet and SSH
Unlike the console connection, Telnet sessions require active networking services on the device.
A host with a Telnet client can access the z sessions running on the Cisco device.
The Secure Shell (SSH) protocol is a more secure method for remote device access.
SSH client software is not provided by default on all computer operating systems.
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Setup mode -Permit the administrator to install a minimal configuration for a router
( appeared if no saved configuration , Ctrl-C to skip )
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Setup Mode
The router will enter setup mode when:
The contents of NVRAM have been erased with the “erase start” command
When the router is “out of the box” and has not been initially configured
After deleting the backup configuration and reloading the router
You can make the router enter setup mode by entering:
Router#setup
ITE PC v4.0Chapter 1 28© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
1. ROUTER ACCESS METHODS
Console , AUXILIARY , TELNET , WEB ACCESS
2. Using HyperTerminal
3. Telnet and SSH
4. Setup mode
SECTION SUMMARY
© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicITE PC v4.0Chapter 1 29
CLI First look
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exit
end
ROUTER Modes
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User EXEC Mode
The user EXEC mode allows only a limited number of basic monitoring commands.
This is often referred to as a view only mode.
The user EXEC level does not allow any commands that might change the configuration of the router.
The user EXEC mode can be identified by the > prompt.
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Privileged EXEC Mode
The privileged EXEC mode provides access to all router commands.
This mode can be configured to require a password.
Configuration and management commands require that the network administrator be at the privileged EXEC level.
Global configuration mode and all other more specific configuration modes can only be reached from the privileged EXEC mode.
The privileged EXEC mode can be identified by the # prompt.
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Moving between the User EXEC and Privileged EXEC Modes
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11.1.5 Using CLI help Identify the types of help and feedback available while
using IOS and use these features to get help, take shortcuts and ascertain success
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11.1.5 Using CLI help
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Abbreviated commands (Router and Switch)
Router# sh inter
Same as
Router# show interfaces
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11.1.6 IOS "examination" commands Identify the purpose of the show command and several
of its variations
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This command will show all of the Cisco IOS image files – not just the one that the router booted from.
Might compare to a directory listing
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IOS software and features The naming convention for the different Cisco IOS releases
contains three parts:
–The platform on which the image runs
–The special features supported in the image
–Where the image runs and whether it has been zipped or compressed
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show version Command
IOS version
Number & type of interfaces on the routerNVRAM SPACE
FLASH SPACEConfiguration register setting
Router up time
Last restart method
System image file & location
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show version Command
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Verify the router boot-up process
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Editing Commands
<Ctrl><A> Move to beginning of line
<Ctrl><E> Move to the end of the line
<Esc><B> Move back one word
<Ctrl><F> Move forward one character
<Ctrl><B> Move back on character
<Esc><F> Move forward one word
$ Sign means that the line has scrolled to the left
To disable enhanced editing mode, type terminal no editing at the privileged EXEC mode prompt.
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1. Router modes
2. Moving between Modes
3. Basic IOS command structure & CLI help
4. IOS "examination" commands
show version Command, show flash
5. IOS loading control
6. Editing Commands
7. Router Command History
SECTION SUMMARY
© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicITE PC v4.0Chapter 1 45
Basic configuration
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CLI Configuration
Basic Router Configuration:Naming the router
Setting passwords
Configuring interfaces
Configuring a banner
Saving changes on a router
Verifying basic configuration and router operations
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Configuring Router Identification
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Configuring a Router Password
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11.2.4 Configuring Interfaces Identify the role of a router in a network.
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Configuring Interfaces
Router#config tRouterA(config)# interface serial 0/0RouterA(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0RouterA(config-if)# no shutdownRouterA(config-if)# clock rate 56000 (required for serial DCE only)RouterA(config-if)# bandwidth 64 (a value in kbps)RouterA(config-if)# exit
RouterB(config)# int serial 0/1 RouterB(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.252RouterB(config-if)# no shutdownRouterB(config-if)# exitRouterB(config)# exitRouter#To know which interface is the DCE :RouterA# show controller s0/0
S0/0S0/1
192.168.1.1/30192.168.1.2/30
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How can you tell which end is the DTE and which end is the DCE? Look at the label on the cable. Look at the connecter between the two cables - The DTE cable will
always be male and the DCE cable will always be female.
DTE Cable DCE Cable
Configuring a serial interface
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• Shows the cable type of serial cables
Serial Interface show controller Command
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Interfaces
Router#show ip interface briefInterface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
FastEthernet0/0 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
Serial0/0 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
BRI0/0 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
BRI0/0:1 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
BRI0/0:2 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
Serial0/1 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
Router#
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Interpreting the Interface Status
Layer 1 status Layer 2 status
- Serial0/1 is administratively down , line protocol is down
interface is shut down
-Serial0/1 is down , line protocol is down
interface or cable H/W failure ( no keep-alives )
-Serial0/1 is up , line protocol is down
different encapsulation type ( PPP , HDLC , FR ) or no clock rate on the DCE device.
Interface is working properly
Other interface status:
S0/1 S0/0
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Basic Switch configuration
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Managing Console Input
Router(config)#line console 0
Router(config-line)#logging synchronous
Router(config-line)#exec-timeout 0 0
Router(config-line)#exit
Router(config)#no ip domain-lookup
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1. Configuring Router Identification
2. Configuring a Router Password
3. Configuring Interfaces
4. Basic Switch configuration
SECTION SUMMARY
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Viewing, Saving and Erasing the
Configurations
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running-configRouter#show running-config
Current configuration : 542 bytes
!
version 12.2
!
interface FastEthernet0/0
no ip address
shutdown
duplex auto
speed auto
!
interface Serial0/0
no ip address
shutdown
!
line con 0
line aux 0
line vty 0 4
!
end
Router#
The running-config file is the configuration in RAM memory.
All changes are made to the running-config file.
This is the configuration that the router is currently using.
The running-config is lost when the router loses power or reloads.
Privilege mode command.
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startup-configRouter#show startup-config
startup-config is not present
Router#
The startup-config file is the saved configuration in NVRAM.
If there is a startup-config file in NVRAM when the router boots up, this file will be copied into running-config.
The running-config is what the router will use.
Privilege mode command.
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Copy running-config to startup-config
Router#copy running-config startup-configDestination filename [startup-config]? <Press Enter>
Building configuration...
[OK]
Router#show startup-config
Current configuration : 542 bytes
!
version 12.2
!
interface FastEthernet0/0
<text omitted>
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Erase startup-config
Router#erase startup-config
Erasing the nvram filesystem will remove all files! Continue? [confirm] <Press Enter>
[OK]
Erase of nvram: complete
Router#
When you are done with the routers in the lab, please be sure to erase the startup-config.
If you are starting a lab, and you do not get the message:
Would you like to enter the initial configuration dialog? [yes/no]:
You will need to erase the startup-config and reboot.
Privilege mode command.
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Cisco IOS copy Command
#
#
#
#
#
#
To save IOS image or configuration file
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11.2.3 Managing configuration files Use a text file to backup and restore config settings
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Return the Device to Its Original Configuration
Router#reload
System configuration has been modified. Save? [yes/no]: n
Proceed with reload? [confirm]
To erase the startup configuration file use erase NVRAM:startup-config or erase startup-config at the privileged EXEC mode prompt:
Router#erase startup-config
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Discovering & testing the network
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Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)
Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) is a powerful network-monitoring and –troubleshooting tool.
CDP is an information-gathering tool used by network administrators to get information about directly connected Cisco devices.
CDP is a proprietary tool that enables you to access a summary of protocol and address information about Cisco devices that are directly connected.
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By default, each Cisco device sends periodic messages to directly connected Cisco devices.
These messages are known as CDP advertisements.
A Cisco device frequently has other Cisco devices as neighbors on the network.
Information gathered from other devices can assist you:
in making network design decisions
in troubleshooting
in making changes to equipment.
CDP can be used as a network discovery tool
CDP Advertisements
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Layer 2 Neighbors
CDP operates at Layer 2 only.
Therefore, CDP neighbors are Cisco devices that are directly connected physically and share the same data link.
R1 ,S1, R2 are CDP neighbors
R2 , R1 , S2, R3 are CDP neighbors
R3 ,R2 S3 are CDP neighbors
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Discovering Neighbors with CDP CDP runs on routers with Cisco IOS
to get information about the direct connected Cisco devices.
Summary information includes:
Device identifiers
Address list
Port identifier
Capabilities list
Platform
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Using the show cdp neighbors Command
RouterA# show cdp neighbors detail
provide also the neighbors ip addresses.
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SH CDP Neighbor detail Cairo# sh cdp entry -------- Device ID: tanta Entry address(es): IP address : 192.168.2.1 Platform: cisco C2800, Capabilities: Router Interface: FastEthernet0/0, Port ID (outgoing port): FastEthernet0/1 Hold time: 155
Version : Cisco IOS Software, 2800 Software (C2800NM-IPBASE-M), Version
12.3(14)T7, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)
advertisement version: 2 Duplex: full ---------------------------
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Enabling CDP on a RouterTo enable CDP, use the cdp run global configuration command. CDP is on by default. Use the no form of this command to disable CDP.
Router(config)#cdp run
To enable Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) on an interface, use the cdp enable interface configuration command. Use the no form of this command to disable CDP on an interface. CDP is enabled by default on all supported interfaces.
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0 Router(config-if)#cdp enable
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Using the ping and trace Commands
Ping commands tests the connectivity and path to a remote device
( test layer 3 in TCP/IP )
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IOS Ping Indicators
A ping from the IOS will yield to one of several indications for each ICMP echo that was sent. The most common indicators are:
–! - indicates receipt of an ICMP echo reply
–. - indicates a timed out while waiting for a reply
–U - an ICMP unreachable message was received
the ping command moves from Layer 3 of the OSI model to Layer 2 and then Layer 1. Ping uses the ICMP protocol to check for connectivity.
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11.3.3 Testing the Local Network
Router#ping
Protocol [ip]:
Target IP address:10.0.0.1
Repeat count [5]:
Datagram size [100]:
Timeout in seconds [2]:5
Extended commands [n]: n
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TELNET
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To initiate a Telnet session any of the following alternatives can be used:
Denver>connect paris
Denver>paris
Denver>131.108.100.152
Denver>telnet 131.108.100.152
Denver>telnet paris
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Using Telnet to Connect to Remote Devices
Telnet is used to check all the TCP/IP stack
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Viewing Telnet Connections
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Suspending and Resuminga Telnet Session
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Closing a Telnet Session
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Summary
1. Router Initialization.
2. Router Access
3. CLI First look
4. Basic configuration
5. Viewing, Saving and Erasing the Configurations
6. Discovering & testing the network
7. TELNET
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