Post on 14-Apr-2017
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Logistics Operations
Sections:1. Introduction to Logistics2. Transportation Operations3. Material Handling4. Analysis of Material Handling Operations
Chapter 5
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Four Categories of Workers
1. Logistics workers Move things Human components of logistics system Logistic system = work system
2. Production workers3. Service workers4. Knowledge workers
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Introduction to Logistics
Origins in military science Procurement, transportation, and
maintenance of military supplies, equipment, and personnel
Business logistics Acquisition, movement, storage, and
distribution of materials and products, as well as the planning and control of these operations to satisfy customer demand
May also involve movement of people
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Two Categories of Logistics
External logistics = transportation and related activities that occur outside of a facility Movement of materials between different
geographical locations Five traditional modes of transportation: rail
truck, air, ship, and pipeline Internal logistics = material handling and
storage within a facility
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Logistics Workers – Job Titles
Transportation operations Air traffic controller, bus driver, parcel
service dispatcher, railroad train conductor, ship captain, teamster
Material transport in a facility Airport baggage handler, crane operator,
forklift truck operator, material handler Material storage
Crane operator in an AS/RS, inventory control manager, order picker, shipping clerk, tool crib stores clerk
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Work Activities
Various combinations of physical labor and information processing
Physical labor Moving materials, work-in-process, and
finished products Information processing
Planning, coordinating, and controlling the physical movement
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Importance of Logistics
Sometimes viewed as non-value-adding By comparison, manufacturing and
assembly activities add value by physically transforming materials
Logistics does not alter the product However, logistics operations create a time and
place value for customers Having the materials and products available
and getting them to customers when needed or wanted
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Logistics Objectives - Metrics
Accuracy – deliver exactly what the customer orders
Availability – have items in inventory when the customer needs or wants them
Orders shipped complete - every item ordered included in shipment
Speed of delivery – time to delivery Returns and error recovery – how well are
these problems coped with
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Business Logistics Objectives
Provide a specified level of customer service Deliver that level of service at the lowest
possible cost Increased customer service means higher cost
Guaranteed availability for every item means high inventory
Savings in inventory costs means higher stock-out frequency
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
The Logistics System
Consists of five components:1. Facilities – production plants and storage
centers2. Inventory – raw materials, work-in-process,
finished products3. Transportation and material handling – means
of moving inventory4. Information system – integration function5. Logistics workers - they make the system
work
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Supply Chains
Defined as the set of activities that is concerned with the flow of materials and products from raw materials through production and distribution of finished goods to customers.
Supply chain management = the planning, coordination, and administration of the flow of materials and products in the supply chain
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Supply Chain
Block diagram depicting participants and activity sequence in a supply chain
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Basic Logistics Functions
1. Procurement Acquisition and movement of materials
from suppliers to manufacturing and/or assembly plants
2. Logistical support for manufacturing Making raw materials available for
processing and moving work-in-process 3. Distribution
Moving finished goods to customers
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Functions in Logistics Operations
Model indicating three functional areas in logistics operations
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Warehousing
A warehouse is a facility for storing three types of inventory:1. Raw materials in the procurement process2. Maintaining work-in-process for
manufacturing support3. Making finished goods available for
distribution
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Warehousing Functions
1. Receive – unload incoming materials, inspect the materials, record receipt
2. Store – put the materials into storage and record the storage location
3. Pick (“order picking”) – retrieve materials from storage in response to customer orders
4. Ship – pack materials for shipment and load the carrier vehicle
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Distribution Center Operations
Different combinations of products are shipped from suppliers to outlets through the DC
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Improvements in Warehousing
Automated and mechanized storage systems – reduce labor costs, speed the storage and retrieval of materials
Cross-docking – incoming items are sorted and shipped without being placed in storage
Warehouse management systems – for maintaining inventory records, managing transportation operations, optimizing storage locations, and reporting labor performance
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Transportation Operations
External logistics Transportation expenses consume between
one-third and two-thirds of the total costs of logistics
Freight transportation industry in the U.S. represents approximately 6% of gross domestic product Approximately $500 billion
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Five Basic Modes of Transportation
1. Rail2. Truck3. Air4. Ship5. Pipeline
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Transportation Infrastructure
Transport vehicles Planes, trains, and trucks
Rights-of-way Airways, RR tracks, roads and highways
Industrial organizations that provide transportation services
Government agencies that oversee the transportation industry
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Transportation Terms
Carrier – company that provides the transportation service
Shipper – company that engages the services of a carrier
Consignee – company that receives the shipped materials
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Rail Transport
Efficient movement of large tonnage over long mileage
Disadvantage – slow mover Applications:
Raw materials located away from waterways (coal, ore, lumber)
Low value manufactured goods (paper, wood products)
Intermodal freight
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Improvements in Rail Transport
Elimination of work rules that resulted in high labor costs
Consolidation of companies Abandoning unprofitable railway lines Unit trains for mass transport of bulk
commodities (coal) Double-stack rail cars for intermodal containers Tri-level automobile cars
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Trucking Operations
Deregulation of the trucking industry Motor-Carrier Act of 1980 - encouraged
competition, improved efficiencies Higher intercity tonnage movement than any
other transportation mode Suited to high-value finished products and
semi-finished items over short and medium distances Movement of merchandise Delivery of components/ subassemblies
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Truck Transportation Advantages
Door-to-door delivery Service availability and frequency Speed of delivery
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Trucking Operations
Truckload (TL) Loads greater than 15,000 lb Direct shipper to consignee Lower total cost to shipper
Less-than-truckload (LTL) Loads less than 15,000 lb Stops along the route result in longer
delivery times Higher per ton-mile rates Cheaper for small load sizes
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Improvements in Truck Transport
More efficient scheduling Optimized routing for LTL operations Mechanized handling equipment Tandem trailers Intermodal operations – combination truck and
rail
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Air Transport
Air passenger travel most visible Freight service also available
Major airlines provide freight service UPS and FedEx specialize in movement of
Packages Large containerized loads
Suited to delivery of high-value items over long distances and time is a factor
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Air Transport
Advantage Speed of delivery over long distances
Disadvantages Airports not conveniently located Delivery times include local delivery times:
Shipper-to-airport Airport-to-consignee
High per ton-mile costs
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Air Transport Operational Approaches
Strategic planning of routes and schedules Optimizing assignment of planes to routes Optimizing the number and locations of hubs Scheduling of crews
Adequate coverage Minimum labor costs
Optimizing aircraft maintenance schedules
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Water Transport
Dominant mode of freight transportation in global trade
Ships Rivers and canals: flat barges Coastal waters and Great Lakes: deep-
water vessels Domestic transport: very large shipments
Time: slowest Cost: lowest Supplemental transport usually required
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Improvements in Water Transport
Containerized cargo Mechanized material handling equipment to
speed loading and unloading Satellite navigation (primary importance for
oceangoing vessels Autopilot technology Sonar and radar Improvements in ice-breaking equipment
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Pipelines
Disadvantages Limited in types of materials that can be
moved (e.g., gases, liquids, slurries) Slow (e.g., 4 mi/hr in Alaska pipeline)
Advantages Material moves 24 hours per day Not affected by weather conditions No empty containers or vessels
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
A portion of the Alaska pipeline near Fairbanks (photo by author)
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Other Forms of Distribution
Intermodal operations - combinations of the five basic modes
Parcel delivery services Transportation agencies Internet and similar communication-based
distribution modes
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Intermodal Operations
Rail and truck (piggyback) Containerships Truck and ship (fishyback) Train ship Truck and air
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Giant cranes unload containers from a cargo ship in Vancouver, B.C., Canada (photo by author)
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Parcel Delivery Services
Specialty services: Deliver small packages (<150 lb) Charge a premium price Provide fast transport
Demand for these special services has increased as commerce over the Internet has grown (e.g., companies like Dell Computer and Amazon.com)
Operations are basically intermodal Sortation hubs are required
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Transportation Agencies
Provide specialized transportation services Intermediaries between shippers and
carriers Purchase high-volume, low-cost rates
from shippers and sell the transportation service to small-lot shippers at fees the shipper would not be able to obtain
Consolidate small lots into large shipments
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Categories of Transportation Agencies
Freight forwarders – consolidate small shipments from multiple shippers into large shipments
Shippers’ associations – non-profit freight forwarders who serve member companies
Transport brokers – provide a coordinating and matching service between shippers and carriers
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Internet and Similar Distribution Modes
Airplane tickets – electronic ticketing Digital distribution of music – Apple iTunes Satellite radio – subscribers avoid commercial
interruptions Video-on-demand High-speed Internet access
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Material Handling
Defined as “the movement, storage, protection and control of materials throughout the manufacturing and distribution process including their consumption and disposal” (The Material Handling Industry of America)
Estimated to represent 20-25% of total manufacturing labor cost in US
Internal logistics
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Material Handling Objectives
To move materials within a facility Safely Efficiently At low cost In a timely manner Accurately Without damage
Material handling is often an overlooked issue in industry
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Material Handling Equipment
1. Material transport 2. Storage 3. Unitizing equipment4. Identification and tracking systems
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Material Transport Equipment
Five categories:1. Industrial trucks2. Automated guided vehicles3. Monorails and other rail guided vehicles4. Conveyors5. Cranes and hoists
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Industrial Trucks
Two basic categories:1. Non-powered
Human workers push or pull loads Low volume Short distances
2. Powered Self-propelled Larger loads Greater distances Common example: forklift truck
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Forklift Truck
Forks are used to move pallet loads
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Automated Guided Vehicle Systems
Material handling system that uses independently operated, self-propelled vehicles guided along defined pathways in the facility floor
Types of AGV: Driverless trains Pallet trucks Unit load AGVs
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Automated Guided Vehicle
A unit-load automated guided vehicle
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Rail-Guided Vehicles
Fixed rail system Overhead monorail - suspended overhead
from the ceiling On-floor - parallel fixed rails, tracks
generally protrude up from the floor Powered by electrified rail Routing variations: switches, turntables, and
other special track sections
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Overhead Monorail
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Conveyor Systems
1. Non‑powered Materials moved by human workers or
by gravity2. Powered
Power mechanism for transporting materials is contained in the fixed path, using chains, belts, rollers or other mechanical devices
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Conveyor Types
Roller: can be powered or non‑powered Skate‑wheel Belt In‑floor towline Overhead trolley conveyor
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Roller Conveyor
Common conveyor type
Can be powered or unpowered
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
In-floor Towline
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Cranes and Hoists
Cranes Used for horizontal movement of materials
Hoists Used for vertical lifting of materials
Cranes usually include hoists so that the crane-and-hoist combination provides Horizontal transport Vertical lifting and lowering
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Jib Crane with Hoist
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Storage Systems
Function – to store materials (e.g., parts, work-in-process, finished goods) for a period of time and permit retrieval when required
Used in factories, warehouses, distribution centers, wholesale dealerships, and retail stores
Important supply chain component Automation available to improve efficiency
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Conventional Storage Methods
Bulk storage Storage in an open floor area
Rack systems Permits vertical stacking of materials
Shelving Steel shelving comes in standard sizes
Drawer storage Modular storage units are available
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Pallet Rack System
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Automated Storage Systems
Mechanized and automated storage equipment to reduce the human resources required to operate a storage facility
Significant investment Level of automation varies
In mechanized systems, an operator participates in each storage/retrieval transaction
In highly automated systems, loads are entered or retrieved under computer control
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Reasons to Use Automated Storage
Increase storage capacity Increase storage density Recover factory floor space Improve security and reduce pilferage Reduce labor cost & increase labor productivity Improve safety Improve control over inventories Improve stock rotation Improve customer service Increase throughput
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Types of Automated Storage Systems
1. Automated storage/retrieval systems2. Carousel storage systems
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Automated Storage/Retrieval System
Abbreviated AS/RS Consists of:
One or more storage aisles (S/R) machine for each aisle Storage racks – where loads are stored Input/output stations (P&D)
Manually operated Automated – interfaced to automated
material handling system (e.g., AGVS)
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
AS/RS
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Carousel Storage System
Series of bins or baskets suspended from overhead chain conveyor in the form of an oval loop
Operation similar to systems used in dry-cleaning shops to bring clothes on hangars to front of store
Bins are positioned at pick & deposit station at one end of loop where human worker loads and unloads
Carousel systems can be horizontal or vertical
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Carousel Storage System
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Applications of AS/RS and Carousels
Unit load storage and handling (usually associated with AS/R systems)
Order picking Work‑in‑process storage Kitting – components to be used in assembly
are gathered from storage into a “kit” (usually associated with carousel systems)
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Unitizing Equipment: Containers
Containers used to hold individual items during handling
Equipment used to load and package the containers
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Unitizing Equipment for Packaging
Palletizers and Depalletizers Unit Load Principle
Simultaneous handling of multiple items Number of trips reduced Reduction in loading and unloading times Higher operating efficiency
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Workby Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Identification and Tracking Systems
Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC) Bar codes Magnetic stripes Radio frequency tags (RFID)
The trouble with manual data collection & entry Error rate Time factor Labor cost