Ch. 5 SKELETAL

SYSTEM

Chapter Objectives

Use the terminology associated with the skeletal system and …

Learn about the following:

• Bone structure and types

• Bone tissue & function

• Bone development and growth

Understand the aging and pathology of the skeletal system

CSI CASE STUDY

There is a volunteer neighborhood cleanup day going on in your community. A young boy who is helping out by dragging a heavy bag of litter all of a sudden lets out a loud cry of pain. You are thinking that maybe the boy pulled a muscle. To your surprise, you notice that his hand is dangling as if he broke his forearm. You rush the child to his parents, and he is hurried off to the hospital. Later that day, you see the boy’s father, and he tells you how the boy is doing.

He expresses that his son should really be more careful about his activities. His son has broken both his legs twice, as well as that same arm, on the padded school playground. He then explains that it takes a long time for the boy’s bones to heal. The father mentions that two years ago the boy lost his hearing in one ear after getting too close to an exploding fire cracker. The father ends the story saying, “Otherwise, he is your typical kid. He hardly has a sick day off from school, and he is growing like a weed.”

Overview

Humans have an _____________ (internal)

The skeletal system is composed of over 200 ____________________, ___________________, and ________________.

Functions in support, movement, protection, storage & hemopoeisis.

FUNCTIONS

_____________: framework for all soft tissues

_______________: protects underlying organs

_______________________: stores calcium (Ca) for bone growth & maintenance

________________: allow muscles to attach & pull on them while the muscles contract to create movement

_______________________: new blood cells are made within red bone marrow

The Human Skeletal System

• 2 divisions

1) _______ skeleton

spine, _______, hyoid

bone, ________

2) _______________ skeleton

upper and lower _______________ or _____________ (i.e. arm & leg bones)

and bones that ________ them to the axial skeleton (clavicle, scapula, pelvis)

Bone Types

categorized by their ______Flat, Irregular, Short, or Long

___________ bones

_______ Bones

scapula

____________ bones

Each bone has characteristic surface features that result from its attachment to ligaments and tendons.

Surface Features of Bone

____________ large bulge where muscles attach

__________ large ridge where muscles attach

____________ opening where bone, blood vessels or nerves pass

_______________ large, ridged bump where ligaments and tendons attach Vertebral foramen

The

_____________ SKELETON

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP12904

_______________ – _ total bones(1)

(2)

(1)

(2)

_________________(turkish saddle):

houses the pituitary glandwithin sphenoid bone

ethmoid bone (1)

(1)

mandible (1) ______________________ (passages for nerves and vessels

nasal bones (2)

maxilla (2)

________ Bones: __ total bones

zygomatic arch (2)

_____________________(2)

___________________ (1)

(2)

______________ (2)

_________________: hole for spinal cord

ONLINE MATCHING QUIZZES Bones of the Skull

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::640::480::/sites/dl/free/0072919329/63069/08_03_1.swf::The%20Skull,%20Anterior%20View

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::640::480::/sites/dl/free/0072919329/63069/08_04a_1.swf::The%20Skull%20(a)

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::640::480::/sites/dl/free/0072919329/63069/08_04a_2.swf::The%20Skull%20(b)

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::640::480::/sites/dl/free/0072919329/63069/08_04b_1.swf::The

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::640::480::/sites/dl/free/0072919329/63069/08_04b_2.swf::The%20Skull%20(b)

Ear bones: _ total(in temporal bone)

_________________: • spaces or cavities inside some of the cranial bones (4 pairs); air conditioners??make skull lighter?? crumple zones??resonance chamber??

(frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, ethmoid sinuses)

______________: _________on baby’s skull allow compression of skull during birth fuse & form __________ (joints) before baby is 1- 2yrs old

______________ Column – __ total bones

5 separate in a child

3-5 separate in a child

(1)

(1)

concave curve

concave curve

convex curve

convex curve

allows head to rotate

cartilage that acts as a cushion

spinal cord

_________________

__________________: hole spinal cord sits

Vertebral Column Function

can _________ and move forward, backward, and sideways

______________ and protects spinal cord

serves as _____________t for ribs and muscles of back (thoracic vertebrae)

adult curves provide _________ & ____________ to support weight of body so we can stand and walk on 2 ft

Curvature of Spine

Adult’s spine: cervical + lumbar (concave) thoracic + sacrum (convex)

Newborn’s spine: continuous convex curve Head up = concave cervical Stand up = concave lumbar

Vertebral Column Animation:

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP12104

Spine-fusion Surgery Video:

http://www.spine-health.com/video/spine-fusion-surgery-video

Microdisectomy Lumbar Microdecompression Spine Surgery Video:

http://www.spine-health.com/video/microdiscectomy-lumbar-microdecompression-spine-surgery-video

_________ - __ total bones (12 pairs)

attach directly to sternum

(14)

(6)

(4)

attach to sternumby coastal cartilage of 7th rib • doesn’t ossify

until 40yrs of age• attachment for stomach musclesdon’t attach to sternum

The

_____________________

SKELETON

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP13404

(2)(2)

_______________: arm socket;not very protected

where clavicle and scapula meet

_____________________: shoulder region

________________________: where sternum and clavicle meet; fractures are common

(2)

pinky side

(2)

(2)

thumb side; allows hand

to rotate

distal

middle

proximal

(28)

(10)

(16)

Arm and Hand Bones:

_______________________: end of ulna; funny bone

head of radius

HUMERUS

ULNA

RADIUS

_______________________: hip region

________bones (2)

______________: hip socket; well protectedpelvic inlet

(pubic bone)

Head of femur

(2)

(2)

(2; larger shin bone)

(2; smaller shin bone)

(14; ankle bones)

(10)

(28)

_____________: heel bone (2); largest tarsal bone

Inner ankleboneOuter anklebone

MALE versus FEMALE SKELETONS

Female Male

Skeleton

Inlet /

Outlet

Pubic Angle

FEMALE

MALE

http://www.blackmores.com.au/Pregnancy/BirthingVideo.aspx http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=duPxBXN4qMg

Human Bone

Charts

Anterior view

Human Bone

Charts

Posterior view

Concept Check #1 1. What are the components of the skeletal system?

2. Describe the functions of the skeletal system.

3. What are the two divisions of the skeletal system? Which body parts can be found in each of these divisions?

Concept Check #2 4. What are the purposes of bone-surface features?

5. Describe four regions of the vertebral column and the column’s importance.

6. How do the bones of the rib cage.

Concept Check #3 7. Name the parts and bones of the upper extremities.

8. Name the parts and bones of the lower extremities.

9. Describe the differences between male and female skeletons.

INTERNAL

& EXTERNAL

FEATURES

of BONES

Anatomy of Bone

Primarily comprised of __________ and __________ bone.

____________cavity in the center of some bones; contains bone marrow.

Anatomy of a Long Bone

(end)

(shaft)

(end)

___________; calcified or cartilage

contains ______ for red bone marrow

contains fatty, yellow bonemarrow (food reserve for bone cells)

strong _________ covering diaphysis

acts as a________between bones;sometimes called hyaline cartilage

________________ produces red blood cells

Compact bone ________ outer shell of bone

ONLINE MATCHING QUIZ External Anatomy of Bone

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::640::480::/sites/dl/free/0072919329/63068/07_02a.swf::Anatomy%20of%20Bones%20(a)

ONLINE MATCHING QUIZ Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::640::480::/sites/dl/

free/0072919329/63068/07_02b.swf::Anatomy%20of%20Bones%20(b)

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

Haversian System or ___________: structural unit of compact bone

__________ Canal: where B.V.pass

Osteon (Haversian System):

honeycomb network of spongy bone

Within 1 Osteon or Haversian System

small canals that ____________________

cavities that ________ osteocytes (bone cells)

calcified rings that ______________ Haversian canal

_________________ (ARTICULATIONS)

-attach bones (helping with support, protection, movement)

3 Types of Joints

1. _______________ joints: no movement; held together by connective tissue

Ex. __________________

btwn parietals

btwn temporal & sphenoid

btwn occipital & parietals

btwn frontal & parietals

2. ____________________ joints: slight movement; held together by cartilage

ex. __________________(in females only;

fused in males) and ___________________

3. _________________ joints: free movement; held together by a synovial capsule

a. _______________: widest range of motion; found in the hip & shoulder

acetabulum

Glenoid cavityHIP

SHOULDER

b. ______: movement in 2 directions; flex and extend; found in the elbows, knees, & fingers

______: bending a joint _________: straightening(smaller angle) a joint (larger angle)

c. _______: 1 bone rotates around another bone; found in C1 and C2 & the radius

C1 Atlas

C2 Axis

d. ________ joint: only 1 pair exists; thumb

________________________(away frommidline), _________ (towards midline), and______________ (circling distal end around proximal end)

e. _______________joint: least movable diarthrotic joint; found in shoulders, wrists & ankle, vertebrae

Anatomy of a _______________ Joint

connective tissue; fits over ends of 2 bones and becomes periosteum

strong cords of

connective tissue that

connect bone to bone

secretes synovial

fluidto reduce friction

LigamentsJointcapsule

ACL Reconstruction Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q96M0jRqn7k

Concept Check 4:10.What are the two main parts of a long bone and

where are they located?

11.Name the structural unit of bone and describewhat each of the following structures do w/inthe system: haversian canal, osteocytes, canaliculi,lacuna, lamella

Concept Check 5:12.Why do you think bone needs such a complexsetup?

13. Why are joints important?

14.Name 3 main types of joints and explain how theydiffer.

Concept Check 6:15.Give 1 example for each of the 3 main types ofjoints and state where they are located in the body.

16.Rate the types of diarthrotic joints from greatest toleast movement (based on how many ways they providemovement)

17.What are ligaments? B) What are synovialmembrane? C) Where can they be found?

Bone ________________ &

_________________

Bones are ____________that can remodel themselves.

develop at different rates and times as a person progresses through the developmental stages of growth.

One way bones form in the embryo:

1. ________________________ (in long bones)

Endochondral Ossification

before birth: ____________; only cartilage modelsafter birth: ______________starts to replace cartilage models with the help of…

1. Osteo______ cells that __________ bone 2. osteo_____ cells that __________(KILL) bone & cartilage

bone formation that begins within (endo) cartilage (chondral)

Bone __________________

(when there is ______ Ca in the body)

(when there is _____ Ca in the body)

Steps of Endochondral Ossification

1. _________________ osteoclasts carve out a hole in center of diaphysis of cartilage model

a. _____________into bone & provide nutrients for growth & maintenance

2. Osteo___________ enter hole & secrete bone tissue to replace cartilagea. compact bone then spongy boneb. bone elongation takes place at the ___________________

Importance of Epiphyseal Plate:

presence of _________________:bone is still growing

absence of cartilage plate (calcified line): growth has ceased;bone is mature

3. ____________________ occurs later in development of fetus

osteo_______ enter epiphysis blood vessels osteoblasts convert cartilage to bone

Importance of Endochondral Ossification

stress on bone the rate bone is deposited

reason athletes have _________and _______________ than less active people.

allows bone to ____________ to stress/injury by changing size, shape and density

Cartilage Bone

• flexible ____ matirx

• more space then cells

• ___________(living cartilage cells)

• _______________; nutrients diffuse slowly into cells slow to repair itself

• rigid ______ matrix

• more cells than space

• ___________(living bone cells)

• ________________; nutrients diffuse quickly into cells fast to repair itself

Bone Damage ________________needed for bone repair

bone __________ most common type of bone damage; bone crack or splinter from physical injury

Compound Fracturesi.e. stress fractures

Bone Healing

1. __________________phase: within hrs or a few days

a. _____________________(WBC) and new blood vessels enter injured area to ___________________ damaged tissue and clotted blood

2. _______________________phase (weeks to months):a. WBC secrete ______________ into damaged areab. ____________ secrete __________ bone tissue

3. _________________________ phase:a. osteoblasts & osteoclasts _____________bone

___________________IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT!!

18. How does a babies endoskeleton differ from an adults?

19. How do osteoblasts and osteoclasts differ?

20.What does Ca have to do with boneremodeling?

Concept Check 7

21. How are osteoclasts, blood vessels, and osteoblasts involved in Endochondral Ossification?

22. What is the importance of endochondroal ossification?

23.Name at least three differences between cartilageand bone.

Concept Check 8

24.How do simple and compound fractures differ?

25.Briefly describe what happens in each of the 3 phasesof bone healing.

Concept Check 9

________________ of the

SKELETALSYSTEM

Wellness and Illness over the Life Span

• Most common bone and joint pathologies are related to _____________________________

• Other organ-system diseases cause inflammation of bones and joints.

• During a person’s lifetime, bone is constantly __________________________.

1. ______________– develops medial side of tibia; causedby overuse / high-impact of ankle joint2. ___________ – deterioration of articular cartilage; pain & loss of movement

Osteoarthritis Animation:http://www.mataburro.com/scot/flash/arthritis/osteo.swf

Rheumatoid Arthritis Animation:http://www.mataburro.com/scot/flash/

arthritis/rheum.swf

3. _______________ arthritis – immune systemattacks connective tissue ofa joint

4. ____ – metabolic disorder;causes body to produce oxalic acid (waste product); forms crystals cause inflammation injoints

5. _____________ - excessive loss of calcified matrix causes bone degeneration

a. weak bones lead to an increase in fractures & spine curvature

c. treatments: ___ therapy and _______ supplements (Ca and Vit. D)

b. most frequent in ______________ ________; white and black males are susceptible; very rare in black women

Osteoporosis

Aging of the Skeletal System• deterioration of articular surfaces (_____); not repairable naturally (most common)• ______________over time joint decay• osteo____ outpace osteo_____ as you age• decline in ____ hormones which are needed for bone maintenance• poor ___________ or individual _________factors

Concept Check 10:27. Name and describe 4 different skeletal

system disorders.

28. What are the different types of arthritis?

29. Describe the possible causes of osteoporosis.

CSI – Conclusion• while dragging a bag of litter a young boy breaks his forearm and is hurried off to the hospital • you find out from the father that the son has already broken both his legs twice, as well as that same arm, on the padded school playground. • apparently the boy’s bones take a long time to heal and he is deaf in one ear from standing too close to an exploding fire cracker Answer the following:1.What congenital condition is causing this boy’s bones to break at such an early age?2.What causes this condition?3.Why do 50% of the people with this condition develop hearing loss? 4.What can be done to protect this boy from this condition?