gridFUTURE, a ConceptOSU Summer Workshop on Sustainable Energy

June 20, 2011

John M. Schneider, Dr. Eng.ComplexEnergySolutionsllc@gmail.com

Technology Consultant

gridFUTURE

• Well rooted in power systems knowledge, grid operational experience and a fundamental understanding of existing and emerging technologies.– Technologically achievable, but not commercially viable … today.

• gridFUTURE will never be achieved– Constantly evolves as technology, the economy and societal

needs change.• Current Smart Grid efforts involve near term tactics, which

will gradually evolve towards gridFUTURE, again and again and again...– Forward compatible (No Regrets Strategy)

A holistic vision of the future energy grid.Primary electrical energy source through utilization.

Vision must precede strategy, which is achieved through tactics 2

U.S. 2009 Electrical Energy Source Profile

• Energy Source Mix– 45% Coal, 20% Nuclear, 23% Gas, 11%

Renewable, 1% Oil

• Total Generation – 571 GW Utility, 424 GW Non-Utility, (995 GW

Total)

• Consumption– 38% Residential, 37% Commercial, 25%

Industrial

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Energy

• Work - Apply a force through a distance.

• Energy - The ability to do work.– Many types:

• Chemical• Thermal• Kinetic• Electrical…

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Efficiency

%Efficiency = Usable Energy Out x 100% Energy In

System(Coal Power Plant)

Energy In(Coal)

Losses(Heat)

Useable Energy Out(Electricity)

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Coal-Fired Generation

ChemicalEnergy

ThermalEnergy

KineticEnergy

ElectricalEnergy

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Typical Efficiencies

% Efficiency

Coal Generation 25-44%

Fuel Cell 30-75%

Automobile 15-35%

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Losses & Efficiency in Electric Generation & Delivery

100

coal electricity

65.5% loss ~ 4.8% loss

Generation Transmission

~ 35

Distribution

electricity

~ 33

electricity

~ 31

~ 88% loss

End UseUtilization

~4

~ 5.1% loss

Adapted from EPRI source image

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U.S. 2009 Electricity Flow (Quads, 1015 BTUs)

Grid Net efficiency ≈ 31%! 9

Industrial 3.01

Commercial 4.51

Residential 4.65

Coal 18.33

Natural Gas 7.29

Nuclear 8.35

Renewables 4.26

ConversionLosses24.61

Waste Heat

• The 31% net efficiency of the U.S. electrical grid, implies that 69% of the primary energy consumed in the production, transmission and distribution of electricity is wasted primarily as heat rejected to the environment.– Remote location of central generation

• Combined Heat and Power (CHP, Cogeneration)– Industrial colocation

• Distributed Generation, locates many small generation sources closer to the electrical (and thermal) load

– Space heating

– Water heating

– Absorption cooling

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Coal Combustion

C

O S

HAshAirN2 & O2

He

at

CO

2

NO

x

H2O

SO

x

Ash

UsableEnergy

GreenhouseGas Acid Gas

Particulates

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Electrostatic

Precipitators

Ash Disposal

1970’s Era Pulverized Coal Plant

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AdditionalProcess WaterSCR (NOx)

FGD (SO2)

Ammonia fromUrea

Magnesium Hydroxide (SO3)

Trona, Lime, Ammonia or Other (SO3)

Low NOx

Burners

ElectrostaticPrecipitators

Pulverized Coal (PC) Unit Today

Gypsum/SludgeDisposal

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Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)

162110 - GJS/CE-01/1-23-02

Coal

Syngas

Quench Gasifier

Slag/Fines

Steam

Sulfur Removal

Cryogenic Oxygen

Particulate Removal

MercuryRemoval Steam

7FA Combustion Turbine

Steam Turbine

HRSGAir

Electricity

StackWater

Solids

Pure Sulfur

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SustainabilityThe optimal utilization of human, natural and man-made resources, in a safe and environmentally responsible manner, to enhance the lives of generations into the future.

• Multi-dimensional• Environmental• Primary energy sources• Infrastructure• O&M • Financial• Security & reliability of supply• …

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Grid Topology & Attributes

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Commercial

NO/NC

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Industrial

Residential

ť AEP Central Generation

– 1-1300 MW (38 GW total)– Water source (10-100’s mi from load)– 80 Plants

– 66% coal, 6% Nuclear, 22% Gas, 6% Other

– Net Efficiency of ~35% – Heat lost to environment - No Cogeneration

– Moderate level of Monitoring, Communications & Control (MCC)

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Grid Topology & Attributes

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Commercial

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Industrial

Residential

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• AEP Transmission System– 69-765 kV– 38,953 total mi. – 10-150 mi. length– Interconnected Grid– Low/Moderate MCC

• Self-protecting• Supervised operation

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Grid Topology & Attributes

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Commercial

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Industrial

Residential

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• AEP Distribution System– 12-35 kV – 207,632 total mi. – 1-40 mi. length

• Rural Distribution– OH Radial– Low/No MCC

• Manual operation 18

AEP Business Confidential 19

Grid Topology & Attributes

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Commercial

NO/NC

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~

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Industrial

Residential

• AEP Urban Distribution– OH Radial/Switched

Loop – UG Radial/Switched

Loop/Multi-fed– Little/No MCC

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Grid Topology & Attributes

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Commercial

NO/NC

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Industrial

Residential

• Urban Distribution– UG Secondary

Network

• Moderate MCC20

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Commercial

NO/NC

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Industrial

Residential

Existing Grid

• Generation: Large, Central, Remote (No Cogeneration), Moderate MCC

• Transmission: Interconnected, Self-protecting, Low/Moderate MCC (SCADA)

• Distribution: Extensive, Low/No MCC (Manual)

• Customer: No MCC (Limited exceptions) Extensive infrastructure

Moderate/No MCC No Cogeneration 21

G,T&D Asset Base Loading Implications

• Base load power system assets– Reduce variation in load level by reducing peaks and filling

valleys of load variation.

• Power system components are rated to meet the peak requirement of the load.– Less G,T&D Infrastructure– Higher utilization of all grid assets

• Most thermal power plants are optimized for peak load operation– More efficient generation

• Reduced thermal cycling of grid components– Less thermal stress, less maintenance

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Distributed storage would enable ‘base-load’ operation of grid assets.Distributed storage and generation would enable grid independence.

Something to think about…

Average3kW

Time

Daily L

oad

Peak8-10 kW

Distribution System

Energy Storage

• The Grid is designed to meet the peak power requirement,

from the coal pile to the blow dryer. 3 kW Fuel Cell

or9 kW Solar PV

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Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle• FCEV is an electric vehicle powered by the

combination of a fuel cell and a battery.– Fuel Cell is an electrochemical energy converter: It

converts the chemical energy in a fuel (natural gas) in the presence of an oxidant (oxygen in air) into electricity, heat & byproducts (H2O & CO2).

– Requires on-board fuel storage.

• Mobile electrical/thermal/water generation source• Potential to power and heat homes, businesses and

remote locations

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…and think about…The engine ‘kW-equivalent’ (~100 kW/auto) of two years of U.S. auto sales exceeds the country’s total installed electrical generating base (~995 GW).

Consider:

• AEP HQ building: Maximum load 5.4 MW

• AEP HQ Total Garage Capacity: 2087 cars

Assuming a 50kW fuel cell car (FCEV), operated at a composite net capacity of 30%…

AEP Garages’ Gen Capability 31 MWe + 39 MWt

ηe = 40% / ηt = 50% 25

…the Grid of the Future?

Residential

Commercial

Industrial

Storage

WindFuel Cell

Solar

Grid of the Future: Optimal integration of central & distributed assets.

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gridFUTURE General Assumptions

• Central generation and transmission requirement is reduced

• Distributed Generation & Storage (utility & customer)– Massively deployed throughout system

• Smart grid components and loads– Bidirectional communications– Imbedded sensors, actuators & intelligence (massive

redundancy)• RT rates/Net metering• Redesigned grid

– Engineered underground– Increased interconnections– DC distribution– …

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DC Distribution

• Emergence of ‘Electronic’ DC transformers, enables the possibility of DC Distribution– Virtually all electronic loads (TVs, DVD players,

computers, electronic lighting, wireless telephones, sound systems…) utilize DC internally

– Many major appliances (washers, dryers, refrigerators, air conditioners, furnaces…) have variable speed drives which utilize DC.

– Modern industrial motors (on compressors, fans, conveyors, pumps…) also use variable speed drives, and DC.

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DC Distribution Cont’d.– Existing methods of storing electrical energy involve DC

directly (batteries, flow cells, supercapacitors, SMES…) or conversion to DC (flywheels).

– Many emerging generation technologies produce DC directly (solar, fuel cells) or utilize DC internally (wind).

– Distribution losses are reduced.– Superconductor losses are substantially reduced

• Avoids the capital cost and losses of duplicative AC-DC conversion

• Therefore, DC Distribution is technically viable and potentially preferred.

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gridFUTURE Hierarchical Control System Topology

Storage

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Commercial

NO/NC

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Industrial

Residential

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Wind

Fuel Cell

Solar

Monitoring & Optimization Center

Regional Aggregation/Control

Control Point

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gridFUTURE Hierarchical Control System Topology

• Bottom of hierarchy: Dual paths proceed up the hierarchy through a series of control points:– Customer’s meter → secondary → distribution line →

distribution substation → Regional Aggregation/Control Center → Monitoring & Optimization Center

– Central plant control room → generator bus → plant substation → transmission lines → transmission substation → Regional Aggregation/Control Center → Monitoring & Optimization Center

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gridFUTURE Hierarchical Control System Topology

Storage

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Commercial

NO/NC

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Industrial

Residential

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~

Wind

Fuel Cell

Solar

Monitoring & Optimization Center

Regional Aggregation/Control

Control Point

≈

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gridFUTURE Hierarchical Control System Topology

• Middle of hierarchy resides in T&D substations, ‘Regional Aggregation/Control Centers’ – Reconcile source with load– Communicates regional system status into Central

Monitoring and Optimization Center.

• Top of hierarchy resides in Central Monitoring and Optimization Center.– Monitors overall system operations– Enables longer term optimization & supervisory control– Distributes protocol & software updates

Shifts supply/demand decision away from remote generating plants towards customer.

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gridFUTURE Hierarchical Control System Topology

Storage

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Commercial

NO/NC

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Industrial

Residential

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~

Wind

Fuel Cell

Solar

Monitoring & Optimization Center

Regional Aggregation/Control

Control Point

≈

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gridFUTURE Hierarchical Control System Attributes

• Interfaces with smart loads & grid components.• Aggregation & dispatch

– Central, Distributed Generation & Storage– Load (Load as a resource)

• Autonomous Operation– Seamless separation/autonomous operation (reduced

functionality)/reconnection• Self-healing

– Automatically reconfigures topology & operating protocols in anticipation or result of system contingency

• Grid Optimization– Both central & distributed assets in near real-time.

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gridFUTURE Hierarchical Control System Attributes

• Progressively higher level information develops as it flows up the hierarchy.

• Timely control actions communicated throughout hierarchy as actionable information becomes available.– Decision making conducted at lowest level of hierarchy

• Secure • Prioritized communications

– System protection– Transient stability– Dynamic stability– Contingency planning– Load management– System optimization– System status

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gridFUTURE Hierarchical Control System Components

• Robust, redundant communications system overlays entire hierarchy

• Distributed intelligence throughout hierarchy– Self-aware AI systems

• Broad array of sensors, actuators & intelligence integrated into traditional equipment throughout grid– Flexible platform– Broadly adaptable– Self-monitoring

• Imbedded sensors, computation, communications and control– Massive redundancy (Compact & inexpensive)

• Integrated protection, optimization, operational history, maintenance notification,...

– Plug & play

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gridFUTURE ‘Smart’ Components

• ‘Smart’ transformers, circuit breakers, generators,…

• Bi-directional communications

• Embedded sensors

– Voltage, current, temperature, moisture, vibrations,...

• On-board information archival

– Operating criteria

– Maintenance history

– Operational history

• Embedded intelligence

– Self-monitoring

– Self-diagnosis

• Self-initiates corrective actions 38

Imc2, gridFUTURE’s Key Enabler• Acronym for Intelligent monitoring communications and control.

• Advanced concept that will be realized in the grid of the future, and can be generally characterized as the underlying technologies, which will make the ‘smart grid’ truly smart. 

• Involves the broad integration of sensors, bi-directional communications, actuators and intelligence (computational capability) into components throughout the grid from the sources of generation and storage, through the transmission and distribution systems, into the meter and, ultimately, the customer’s loads. 

• The embedded component intelligence will be controlled by an overarching, distributed, hierarchical control system responsible for coordinating everything from local component protection to overall grid optimization.

• Enables anticipatory/reactionary self-healing; plug-n-play; aggregation and dispatch; autonomous operation; situational awareness and learning; self-adaptation.

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Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle• PHEV is a hybrid vehicle that utilizes a rechargeable

battery-powered electric motor (20-60 mi. range) and a conventional gasoline engine (long range).

• Recharges from wall outlet• Operated for ~75₵/GGE, on batteries• Centralizes emissions• Base load grid (recharge during light load conditions,

preferably at night)• Load leveling (V2G), mobile energy storage.

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Zero Energy Buildings

• Buildings with zero net annual energy use

• Utilize:– Own generation (solar, wind, fuel cells…)– Energy storage (electrical and thermal)– High efficiency lighting, HVAC, appliances…– Advanced thermal insulation– Energy management system– Waste heat…

• Traditional grid serves as a back-up power source. 41

Sophisticated gridFUTURE

Customer

Adapted from EPRI source image

PHEV/FCEV

LG Electronics

“High Demand Period” “Delay wash 2 hours?”

“Please respond Yes or No”

FC

AMI

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gridFUTURE Residential Customer Apps

• Telecommunications– Internet, videophone, cable TV

• Electrical protection– Overload & Fault

• Load management– Smart appliances, PHEV, storage– Load coordination

• Generation and storage management (Scenario 1)– PHEV, solar, fuel cell (FCEV), storage – Uninterruptible, quality power– Arbitrage into grid/neighborhood

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gridFUTURE Customer Scenario 1Customer’s energy management system (CEMS) dispatches residence’s

distributed generation (DG) and storage (DS) via preset protocol, which includes customer cost of electricity (CCOE), loads and real-time grid conditions.

• 6:00 am: Warm summer morning; CCOE – Low; DG – Idle; DS – Float charging; CEMS – Normal load

• 12:00 pm: Hot Summer Day; CCOE – Low/Mid; DG – Idle; DS – Float charging; CEMS – Reduce load

• 4:00 pm: Heading towards peak; CCOE – Mid; DG – Minimum generation; DS – Float charging; CEMS – Essential load

• 6:00 pm: At peak; CCOE – High; DG – Peak generation; DS – Peak shaving; CEMS – Essential load, arbitrage energy into grid.

• 7:36 pm: Primary outage from severe storms; CCOE – Premium; DG – Peak generation; DS – Peak Discharge; CEMS – Critical load, arbitrage energy to secondary customers.

• 10:43 pm: Primary restored; CCOE – Low; DG – Idle; DS – Charging; CEMS – Normal load 44

gridFUTURE ResidentialCustomer Apps

• Home automation– Environmental control (occupant dependent)

• Preset room temperature, light, sound, air quality,…

– Control smart electronics & appliances

• Physical security

• Fire/CO/pathogen detection (Scenario 2)

• Continuous medical monitoring– Implants, diagnostic devices,…

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gridFUTURE Customer Scenario 2Customer’s home monitoring & automation system (HMAS) monitors home and

controls household systems per the occupants pre-selected preferences and/or voice/electronic overrides.

• Customer approaches home via driveway: HMAS recognizes car, opens garage door to permit entry.

• Customer exits car: HMAS recognizes customer, closes the garage door, grants entry into home and announces customer's arrival to occupants, as well as, occupants’ presence and location to customer.

• Customer enters the laundry room: Lights turn on, and the laundry equipment reminds him that a load of laundry awaits washing, which the customer responds to by granting verbal permission to wash and dry.

• Customer proceeds through the house, the HMAS ‘locationally’ adjusts lighting, temperature, and audio/visual equipment per the customer’s preset preferences or voice commands.

• Suddenly, the HMAS alarms the customer to a dangerous level of carbon monoxide present in garage, instructs car to shutdown engine, secures laundry room external entry, and opens garage door, to enable fresh air entry…

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gridFUTURE ResidentialCustomer Apps

• Home automation– Environmental control (occupant dependent)

• Preset room temperature, light, sound, air quality,…

– Control smart electronics & appliances

• Physical security

• Fire/CO/pathogen detection (Scenario 2)

• Continuous medical monitoring (Scenario 3)– Implants, diagnostic devices,…

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gridFuture Customer Scenario 3Customer with history of heart disease and lives alone has a communications

enabled implanted heart monitor…

• 2:17 am: Monitor detects impending heart attack, while customer sleeps unsuspectingly. CApS* dispatches emergency services and transmits EKG to hospital, where it is reviewed by cardiologist.

• 2:22 am: Emergency squad arrives at residence. CApS disables security system, grants emergency access, and directs squad to customer’s location.

• 2:35 am: Customer stabilized under cardiologist remote supervision. Placed in vehicle for transport to hospital. CApS secures residence, and notifies customer’s emergency contact of situation in progress.

• 2:39 am: Patient rushed into hospital emergency room, and begins to receive treatment.

• 3:19 am: Patient regains consciousness in presence of daughter, and is happy to be alive!

* Customer Application System.48

gridFUTURE Configuration Options

• Customer controls operating protocol• Default to enable plug & play• Customer interview• User interface

– PC– Blackberry/Cell phone– Cable box/TV remote– Wall display– Voice

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Industrial Colocation

• Colocation of electric power plants with complementary industries– Lower cost electricity– Utilize

• ‘Waste’ streams– Heat

– Ash, scrubber sludge, CO2

• Petrochemicals & synthetic fuels (IGCC)• Biofuels (Biomass)

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Energy Utility of the FUTURE

‘Real-Time’ Optimization of Energy Production, Delivery & Utilization

DistributionSubstation

Commercial

Industrial

Residential

Bulk Generation

Transmission& Distribution

TransmissionSubstation

Gensets, Fuel Cells, Load Management, CHP

Gensets, Solar, Fuel Cells , Load Management, CHP

Gensets, Solar, Fuel Cells, Load Management, CHP

Imc2

IGCC- FC Hybrid, Biomass, Wind, Solar, Nuclear, Direct

Carbon Fuel CellsHeat, Chemicals & Byproducts

Synfuels & Biofuels

Industrial Co-location

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gridFUTURE Adoption Impediments

• High capital cost• Immature stage of technical/commercial

development– Emerging products– Very limited infrastructure

• Unknown reliability• Unknown lifetime• Fueling • ...

Grid Competition• Ultimately, gridFUTURE technologies must

compete directly with the existing grid on a customer cost of electricity basis (CCOE, $/kWh @ customer’s meter)– Capital cost– O&M– Environmental (Emissions & Carbon)– Locational Value

• T&D losses• Reduced G, T&D infrastructure• Reliability, security & constraint avoidance

gridFUTURE Implementation Status

• Interfacing one-off components to grid– Disconnect under abnormal circumstances– Currently achievable

• Integrating components collectively into grid operation – Assist grid under abnormal circumstances– Technically challenging

• Optimizing integrated components – Ultimate challenge to the power industry

Dynamically balance supply AND demand

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Why?• Sustainability

– Reduces centralized infrastructure (G, T&D)– Improves reliability, security and asset utilization– Increase overall efficiency

• Higher base generation efficiency (η=60%, fuel to electricity)• Bypass T&D losses• Enables combined heat and power (CHP) on a grand scale

(adjacent to load)

– Bypass grid constraints– Imc2 enables grid optimization, autonomous operation &

self-healing capabilities

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Exponential Timeshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cL9Wu2kWwSY

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Technical Workforce of the Future

• Well versed in first principles– Has natural curiosity and strives to develop true

understanding

• Appreciates multi-faceted nature of most problems– Well-rounded education, however able to plunge deeply

into multiple areas

• Able to think and do– Critical thinking skills– Complex problem solving

• Prepared for life long learning57

Technical Workforce of the Future Cont’d.

• Innately creative– Able to think outside the box

• Has a knowledge of the past and present, but a view to the future– Future studies

• Superior written and verbal communication skills– If it cannot be effectively communicated, it will likely not

gain support

• Good people skills• Understands own limitations

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Education is the KeyNeed to better educate our educators, children, regulators, politicians, policy makers, manufacturers and the general public at large, to become more knowledeable energy consumers and stewards of our planet.

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John M. Schneider, Dr. Eng.ComplexEnergySolutionsllc@gmail.com