Post on 25-Aug-2020
CERAMIC MEMBRANES FOR REUSE
22 April 2020
Holly Shorney-Darby, PhD, PE, Jumeng Zheng, PhD, and Roberto Floris, PhD
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• Clement, J., Tian, X.Y., Tan, T. W. (2009). Development and Application of an Alternative Innovative
Treatment Scheme for Water Reuse, OZ Water Conference, in Melbourne, March 16–18.
• Dow, N., Murphy, D., Clement, J., and Duke, M. (2013). OUTCOMES OF THE AUSTRALIAN
OZONE/CERAMIC MEMBRANE TRIAL ON SECONDARY EFFLUENT, Water magazine.
• Zheng, J., Shorney-Darby, H., and Galjaard, G. (2015). Ceramic Microfiltration For Treating Secondary
Wastewater Effluent: Influence Of Pretreatment On The Operational Performance, AWWA AMTA
Conference, Orlando, FL.
• Martijn,B., Hornstra, L., and Cornelissen E., (2019). A novel method using natural occurring viruses for log
removal determination in full scale ceramic microfiltration, IWA LET, Edinburgh, Scotland, June.
• Metawater
CERAMIC MEMBRANES FOR REUSE 22 April 2020
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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AGENDA
▪ Introduction to CeraMac® and Metawater ceramic microfilter
▪ Pre-treatment to optimize the performance
▪ Examples of performance
o Flux
o Cleaning protocols
o Treated water quality
o Suitability for downstream RO
• Advantages and disadvantages of ceramic membranes for reuse
CERAMIC MEMBRANES FOR REUSE 22 April 2020
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PWNT
The Netherlands
CERAMIC MEMBRANES FOR REUSE 22 April 2020
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HISTORY OF CERAMAC® DEVELOPMENT
CERAMIC MEMBRANES FOR REUSE 22 April 2020
▪ Upgrade treatment at Andijk III (120 Mld; 36 mgd)
▪ Experiences with polymeric membranes at Heemskerk
▪ Ceramic micro filtration process (>0,1 µm)
Multiple elements in one pressure vessel
Advantages compared to other filtration processes
o long life expectancy > 20 years?
o capability to use strong cleaning chemicals
and oxidants like ozone
o no risk of fiber breakage
o lower life cycle costs
o lower climate footprint
Early concept – multiple membranes in one vessel
Test prototype in R&D facility
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METAWATER CERAMIC MICROFILTER MODULE
▪ Metawater ceramic microfiltration module; > 100 installations in Japan
▪ Membrane filtration area 25 m2 (269 ft2)
▪ Nominal pore size of 0.1 μm
▪ 2000 filtration channels
Feed water
CERAMIC MEMBRANES FOR REUSE 22 April 2020
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CERAMIC MEMBRANES
Robust filtration barrier as a membrane (log removal credits, CDPH)
4.0 log Cryptosporidium removal
4.0 log Giarida removal
1.0 log virus removal
Proven >15 year service life
>20 years for 0.4 m2 membrane system
15 years for 25 m2 membrane system
Courtesy of Metawater
CERAMIC MEMBRANES FOR REUSE 22 April 2020
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CONFIGURATIONS
Multiple membranes in vessel
C1, C19, C37, C90 by PWNT
Single membrane element per vesselby Metawater
Co
urt
esy
of
Met
aw
ate
r
CERAMIC MEMBRANES FOR REUSE 22 April 2020
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ANDIJK III WATER TREATMENT PLANT (10 X C90)
CERAMIC MEMBRANES FOR REUSE 22 April 2020
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Location Membrane Pre-treatment
Bedok, Singapore 269 sqft (25 m2) Pre-coag, pre-ozone
Asian client 4.3 sqft (0.4 m2) Pre-coag, pre-chlorination andpre-ozone
Australia - Melbourne 269 sqft (25 m2) Pre-coag, pre-ozone
2017 - 2019 Australia pilot 269 sqft (25 m2) Pre-coag, pre-ozone
Medemblik, NL 4.3 sqft (0.4 m2) Pre-coag, pre-ozone
▪ Secondary effluent reuse filtration Metawater installation Tokyo, Japan since 2010
(Pretreatment is biofilters, PACl coagulation, and ozone)
▪ Pilot-scale evaluations continue
BACKGROUND
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SMALL SCALE (0.4 M2 MEMBRANE)
CERAMIC MEMBRANES FOR REUSE 22 April 2020
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PWNT C1 PILOT (25 M2 MEMBRANE)
CERAMIC MEMBRANES FOR REUSE 22 April 2020
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▪ 12 month pilot
▪ TOC = 6 to 7 mg/L
▪ Turbidity = 5 to 6 NTU
▪ Temperature = 29 oC
▪ Initial testing showed PACl better than ferric coagulant
▪ Ozone dosed directly upstream of membrane - contact time unknown
Clement, Tian, and Tan (2009)
COAGULATION & OZONE PRE-TREATMENT (BEDOK, SINGAPORE)
CERAMIC MEMBRANES FOR REUSE 22 April 2020
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Coagulant Flux Ozone Fouling Rate
(mg/L) (gfd) (lmh) (mg/L) (psi/day) (kPa/day)
2 – PACl 119 200 0 >0.5 >3
2 - FeCl3 119 200 0 >2.9 >20
Clement, Tian, and Tan (2009)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TM
P(K
pa
/da
y)
Days
FeCl3
PACL
COAGULATION PRE-TREATMENT (BEDOK, SINGAPORE)
CERAMIC MEMBRANES FOR REUSE 22 April 2020
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Clement, Tian, and Tan (2009)
COAGULATION & OZONE PRE-TREATMENT (BEDOK, SINGAPORE)
CERAMIC MEMBRANES FOR REUSE 22 April 2020
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Ozone Dose (mg/L)
TM
P I
ncre
ase (
kp
a/d
ay)
0 2 4 6
PACl Flux Ozone Fouling Rate
(mg/L) (gfd) (lmh) (mg/L) (psi/day) (kPa/day)
2 119 200 0 0.6 4
2 119 200 2 - 6 0.07 - 0.1 0.5 - 0.7
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• Secondary effluent
• Target ozone residual > 0.8 mg/L
• Contact time not stated, few seconds
• DOC = 10 to 15 mg/L
• 90 day CIP target
• PACl coagulant (3 mg as Al3+/L)
Dow, Murphy, Clement, and Duke; Water, (2013)
Higher flux not possible due to equipment size limitations
108 gfd (182 lmh)
100 gfd (169 lmh)
87 gfd (147 lmh)
TMP(bar)(psi)
44
36
22
15
7
0
29
CERAMIC MEMBRANES FOR REUSE 22 April 2020
AUSTRALIAN PILOT – MELBOURNE
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Flux = 96 gfd (162 lmh)PACl = 3 mg/L as Al3+
Ozone = 0.5 mg/L
TMP
(bar)(psi)
36
22
15
7
0
29
OZONE & COAGULATION PRE-TREATMENT AT AUSTRALIAN PILOT
Dow, Murphy, Clement, and Duke; Water, (2013)
CERAMIC MEMBRANES FOR REUSE 22 April 2020
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▪ Pilot with small membrane – 4.3 sqft (0.4 m2)
▪ Approx 8 weeks testing
▪ TOC = 14 mg/L
▪ Turbidity = 3 NTU
▪ Ozone contactor = 1 minute
▪ Coagulation = 2 minutes
▪ Total ozone contact time = 3 minutes
ASIAN CLIENT
CERAMIC MEMBRANES FOR REUSE 22 April 2020
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Asian client (from Zheng, Shorney-Darby, and Galjaard, 2015)
Coagulant Flux Ozone Fouling Rate
(mg/L PACl as Al3+) (gfd) (lmh) (mg/L) (psi/day) (kPa/day)
Up to 7 59 100 0 0.07 0.5
Up to 7 119 200 0 1.3 9.3
IN-LINE COAGULATION PRE-TREATMENT
CERAMIC MEMBRANES FOR REUSE 22 April 2020
Flux (lmh)
TMP
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Parameter Units Value
Flux (max instantaneous)
lmh189
(111 gfd)
BW interval min 32
EBW frequency days 1 per day
Coagulant dose mg/L 6 mg/L Al3+
Coagulant mixing min 2.9
CIP target interval days >30
ASIAN CLIENT (PILOT RESULTS FOR PRE-COAGULATION)
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Asian client (from internal PWNT report)
▪ 59 gfd (100 lmh) for direct filtration
▪ 119 gfd (200 lmh) for In-line coagulation and pre-ozone alone
▪ 178 gfd (300 lmh) for combined pre-ozone and coagulation pretreatment
>10mg/L applied ozonedose
TMP (10 °C)
(kPa)(psi)
36
29
22
15
7
0
TMP UNDER DIFFERENT PRE-TREATMENT CONDITIONS
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Asian client (Zheng, Shorney-Darby, and Galjaard (2015))
chlorinated feed unchlorinated feed
SDI OF MEMBRANE FILTRATE
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Asian client (Zheng, Shorney-Darby, and Galjaard (2015))
chlorinated feed unchlorinated feed
SDI OF MEMBRANE FILTRATE
CERAMIC MEMBRANES FOR REUSE 22 April 2020
Withozone
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LC-OCD – EXAMPLE CHROMATOGRAM
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 20 40 60 80 100
OC
D s
ign
al (
a.u
.)
retention time (minute)
Humic substances
Biopolymers
Building blocks
Low MW acids
Low MW neutrals
CERAMIC MEMBRANES FOR REUSE 22 April 2020
Huber, S., Balz, A., Albert, M., and Pronk , W. (2011) Characterisation of aquatic humic and non-humic matter with size-exclusion chromatography- organic carbon detection - organic nitrogen detection (LC-OCD-OND), Water Research, 45( 2 011) 879 -885.
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Asian client (Zheng, Shorney-Darby, and Galjaard (2015))
NOM CHANGE & REMOVAL WITH PRE-OZONE & COAGULATION
CERAMIC MEMBRANES FOR REUSE 22 April 2020
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Asian client (PWNT, internal report, 2014)
TOC CONCENTRATION SACHTOCKLAR PACI (6 MG/L AL3+) FLUX OF 112 GFD (189 LMH) WITH CHLORINATED FEED WATER
CERAMIC MEMBRANES FOR REUSE 22 April 2020
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2017-2019 PILOT, AUSTRALIAOZONE INFLUENCE ON MEMBRANE PERFORMANCE
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2017-2019 PILOT, AUSTRALIAIMPACT OF OZONE DOSE (200 LMH; 118 GFD)
22 april 2020PRESENTATIE NAAM
Figure 11. 200 lmh critical flux test with different ozone concentration on the membrane surface
TMP
(psi)
36
29
22
15
7
0
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2017-2019 PILOT, AUSTRALIAIMPACT OF COAGULANT DOSE
22 april 2020PRESENTATIE NAAM
150 lmh (88 gfd), then 130 lmh (77 gfd) on 16-2-18 until 19-2-18, then 150 lmh
TMP
(psi)
36
29
22
15
7
0
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▪ Coagulation and ozone pre-treatment to ceramic membranes
▪ Measure ozone demand and decay
▪ Systematic water quality evaluation
o Organic characterization LC-OCD
o Metals
o General water quality
o Biological quality
▪ Bench-scale ion exchange pre-treatment
Andijk drinking water plants are located in the right circle and the wastewater plant is the left circle. arrow on the left indicates the
WWTP effluent on the IJssel Lake.
DUTCH WWTW SECONDARY EFFLUENT
CERAMIC MEMBRANES FOR REUSE 22 April 2020
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Parameter units SIX®-inlet SIX®-treated
Bromide ug/L 318 76
DOC mg/L 11.3 5.0
Biopolymers mg/L 1.1 0.7
Humic substances mg/L 5.9 1.7
Building Blocks mg/L 1.7 1.4
Neutrals mg/L 2.0 1.1
Acids mg/L ND ND
LanXess S5128 resin; 20 ml/l - contact time: 30 minutes
SIX ® TESTS – DUTCH WWTW SECONDARY EFFLUENT
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
DOC Biopolymers Humic Substances Building Blocks
Pe
rce
nta
ge
re
mo
val
Organic fraction removals by resin dose
15mL/L 25 mL/L 35 mL/L
LanXess S5128 resin; contact time: 30 minutes; bench-scale results
CERAMIC MEMBRANES FOR REUSE 22 April 2020
SIX ® TESTS – DUTCH WWTW SECONDARY EFFLUENT
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LOG REMOVAL OF NATURAL VIRUSES (DUTCH WWTW STUDY)
Martijn,B., Hornstra, L., and Cornelissen E., (2019). “A novel method using natural occurring viruses for log removal determination in full scale ceramic
microfiltration” IWA LET, Edinburgh, Scotland, June.
Treatment Log removal of natural viruses
Conventional sand filter 1.9 to 3.4
SIX® + microfiltration 4.2 to 4.7
SIX® + ILCA®+ microfiltration 4.6 to 6.1
CERAMIC MEMBRANES FOR REUSE 22 April 2020
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▪ Specialized mixing inserts
▪ No stirrers, G-value is created by inserts
▪ Concrete or steel versions depending on size
▪ Low capital costs (compared to conventional
coagulation)
▪ Small footprint (low contact times)
▪ No moving parts, low maintenance
ILCA® - IN-LINE COAGULATION AND ADSORPTION
CERAMIC MEMBRANES FOR REUSE 22 April 2020
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Site Achieved flux Pre-treatment Other highlights
Bedok, Singapore 118 gfd (200 lmh) PACl + ozone Ozone greatly reduced fouling rate
Australian Pilot108 gfd (182 lmh)[higher flux possible]
PACl + ozone
Ozone > 0.8 mg/L residual on
membrane (>>90 day CIP interval); PACl
dose at 3 mg/L Al3+
ACC 178 gfd (300 lmh) PACl + ozoneLow SDI, but high ozone dose needed
(e.g., ~ 10 mg/L)
ACC 112 gfd (189 lmh) PAClOptimized dose at approx. 2 to 6 mg/L as
Al3+
2019 Australian pilot 118 gfd (200 lmh) PACl + ozoneOzone 0.6 to 0.9 mg/L on membrane;
96% recovery
Medemblik, NL 118 gfd (200 lmh) Coagulant, ion exchange, ozone Broader water quality evaluation
PILOT PERFORMANCE
CERAMIC MEMBRANES FOR REUSE 22 April 2020
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▪ Ceramic membranes perform well for secondary effluent reuse filtration
▪ Coagulation necessary for fouling control, PACl often used
▪ Ozone on the membrane surface:
o Increase sustainable flux
o Reduce CIP frequency
o Lower operating TMP
o Provide disinfection and oxidation (but ozone demand is often high)
▪ Ceramac® may be more favorable option where footprint and water scarcity are factors
CONCLUSIONS
CERAMIC MEMBRANES FOR REUSE 22 April 2020
QUESTIONS?