Post on 18-Dec-2015
Image from: http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_membrane.html
A CELL is . . . made of MOLECULES
_______ ___________ ___________ATOMS MOLECULES ORGANELLES
1. All living things are made of _____________.2. Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in an organism
(= basic unit of __________)3. New cells are produced from _________________ cells
CELL SIZEComparison of cell sizes:
CELL THEORY
___________ cells > _________ cells > _____________
Cells
lifeexisting
PLANT ANIMAL BACTERIA
CELL MEMBRANE(also called plasma membrane)
Cell membranes are made mainly of ________________ & __________________ PHOSPHOLIPIDS PROTEINS
Outsideof cell
Insideof cell(cytoplasm)
Cellmembrane
Proteins
Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer
Carbohydratechains
Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved
CELL MEMBRANE (PLASMA MEMBRANE)
Made mainly of ____________________ and _________________HYDROPHOBIC “tails” of phospholipids make molecules line up as LIPID ________________ with POLAR heads facing _______ & NON-POLAR tails facing ________ Proteins attached to surface (inside or outside)= _____________Proteins stuck into membrane = ______________ (can go part way in or all the way through)
OTHER MOLECULES:• GLYCOPROTEINS
proteins with ___________attached; allow cells to recognize “self”• STEROIDS (lipids)
Membranes are ____________________________________
(=Semi-permeable) Allow certain molecules to pass through; but keep others out
__________________ = gel-like material + organelles between nucleus and cell membrane
phospholipids proteins
BILAYER outin
PeripheralIntegral
sugars
SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE
cytoplasm
WHAT DOES IT DO?
Acts as a boundary
Controls what enters and leaves cell
Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cellmembrane.html http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm
Cell membranes MOVE!
Molecules in cell membranes are
constantly moving and changing
Click here to See Fluidity
Animation from: http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/anim/fluidmem.gif
CYTOPLASM (Between nucleus and cell membrane)
ORGANELLE-small structure with a specific function (job)
Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cytoplasm.html
Image from: http://faculty.stcc.cc.tn.us/jiwilliams/labprojectsmenu.htm
Organelles suspended in gel-like goo
NUCLEUSLargest organelle in animal cells
Surrounded by NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
(also called NUCLEAR MEMBRANE)
DOUBLE MEMBRANE
Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm
NUCLEUS
NUCLEAR PORES Openings to allow molecules to move in and out of nucleusImage from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html
WHAT DOES IT DO?Contains genetic material (DNA)
DNA is spread out as CHROMATINin non-dividing cells
DNA is scrunched up as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells
WHAT DOES IT DO?
Control center of cellImage from:
Genetic code tells the cell’s parts what to do
Image from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm
NUCLEOLUS
Dark spot in nucleus = __________
Makes RNA for ribosomes
Image from: http://lifesci.rutgers.edu/~babiarz/histo/cell/nuc3L.jpg
NUCLEOLUS
CYTOSKELETON
• Helps cell maintain shape
• Gives support• Help move
organelles around
Made of PROTEINS:• MICROFILAMENTS (Actin) & • MICROTUBULES (Tubulin)
Image from: http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/default.htm
Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved
CENTRIOLES/MITOTIC SPINDLEMade of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin)Extend across the cell to attach to the
chromosomes during cell division & pull them apart.
Image from: http://www.coleharbourhigh.ednet.ns.ca/library/organelle_worksheet.htm
MITOCHONDRION (plural=MITOCHONDRIA)
Look like “little sausages”
Image from: http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/dfrankl/CURR/kin150/Images/mitochondria.jpg
MITOCHONDRIA
Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane
Folded inner membrane increases surface areafor more chemical reactions
Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpe
Has its own DNA
MITOCHONDRIA
Come from cytoplasm in EGG
You inherit your mitochondria from your mother!
http://www.wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/p14%5b1%5d.jpg
WHAT DOES IT DO?
Burns glucose to release energy
Stores energy as ATP
“Powerplant of cell”
Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/mito.html
http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
Image by: Riedell
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
2 KINDS:SMOOTH or ROUGH
Network of hollow membrane tubules
Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_10B.GIF
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Rough ER)
Makes membrane proteins and proteins for export out of cell
Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
• Has RIBOSOMESattached
• Proteins are made on ribosomes and inserted into Rough ER to be modified and
transportedImage from: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/cells/ER.jpg
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER)
• Has NO ribosomes attached
• Has enzymes for special tasks
Image from: http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0073.JPG
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER)
Image from:http://www.accs.net/users/kriel/chapter%20eight/smooth%20er.gif
•Makes membrane lipids (steroids) •Regulates calcium (muscle cells) •Destroys toxic substances (Liver)
RIBOSOMES
• Made of PROTEINS and RNA
• Protein factory for cellJoin amino acids to make proteins
Image from: http://www.ust.hk/roundtable/hi-tech.series/1_b1.jpg
Image by: RIedell
RIBOSOMES
Can be attached to Rough ER
OR
free in cytoplasm
Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm
Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe
GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY)
Pancake like membrane stacks
Modify, sort, & package molecules from ERfor storage OR transport out of cell
Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.hImage from: http://www.rsbs.anu.edu
Animation from: http://www.franklincollege.edu/bioweb/A&Pfiles/week04.html
See a Golgi movie
LYSOSOMES
Membrane bound sacs that contain PROTEINScalled digestive enzymes
Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/lysosomes.html
Digest food, unwanted molecules, old organelles, cells, bacteria, etc
LYSOSOMES
Image modified from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html
See lysosomes in action:
http://www.mgm.ufl.edu/images/bharfe/image3.jpghttp://research.yale.edu/ysm/images/78.3/articles-apoptosis-cells.jpg
“PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH” = ______________________APOPTOSIS
Lysosomes help digest unwanted cells
Apoptosis plays a role in:
Embryonic developmentNormal body cell maintenance
Immune system responsesCancerAIDS infectionTransplant rejection
http://www.cellsalive.com/apop.htm
FLAGELLA & CILIAMade of PROTEINS called
MICROTUBULES
(9 + 2 arrangement)
Works in cell movement
http://www.stchs.org/science/courses/sbioa/metenergy/flagella.jpg
CILIAMove cell itselfMove substances past cells
Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm
http://www.sk.lung.ca/content.cfm?edit_realword=hwbreathe
CILIA• Many• short
FLAGELLA•Few•Long
HOW ARE THEY DIFFERENT?
Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm
CELL WALLSupports and protects cell
•Is found outside of cell membrane•Made of carbohydrates &
proteins•Plant cell walls are mainly of
cellulose•Bacterial cell walls are made
of peptidoglycan (ppg)
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm
VACUOLESStorage space for: ________________________
________________Proteins (enzymes), carbohydrates, water, salts & waste
Huge in __________cells , small in _____________ cells,No vacuoles in ____________
plantanimal
bacteria
Contractile vacuoles control excess water in cells(HOMEOSTASIS)
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgjun99/vidjun1.gif
CHLOROPLASTSurrounded by ____________ membrane Has own ________ _____________ =membrane sacs inside
Contain CHLOROPHYLL where _______________________ happensUse energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose)
FOUND ONLY IN _____________ CELLS
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
DOUBLEDNA
THYLAKOIDS
PLANT
http://stallion.abac.peachnet.edu/sm/kmccrae/BIOL2050/Ch1-13/JpegArt1-13/04jpeg/04-28_chloroplasts_1.jpg
WHAT’S DIFFERENT ABOUT BACTERIAL CELLS?
• Cell wall • NO NUCLEAR
MEMBRANE• DNA is circular• No membrane
bound organelleshttp://www.eurekascience.com/ICanDoThat/bacteria_cells.htm
BACTERIA arePROKARYOTES
PLANTS & ANIMALSare EUKARYOTES
No membrane bound organelles
Organelles with membranes