Post on 30-Jun-2015
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“Native” Americans
• Beringia– Eskimo– Northwest– Anasazi
• Pueblos• Water conservation
– Similarities• Diet
– Hunt, farm, fish• Bows & arrows• No writing
• Vs. Europeans– Less dense– No wheels or ships– Small animals only
• Ericsson• Prince Henry• Bartolomeu Dias• Vasco da Gama breaks
Mediterranean monopoly 1498
• Portugal inches along African coast– Slaves– Religion
• Cape Verde 1st plantations
• Ottoman Turks– Genoa & Venice– Atlantic nations look
west
• Spain– Moors
• Columbus– Bad with the ruler– San Salvador
• Bahamas
– Hispaniola• La Navidad
– Returns with natives– 4 trips– Columbian Exchange
• Goods, ppl & ideas
• Treaty of Tordesillas– Portugal– Brazil only– de Gama 1498
• Cabot – Northwest Passage/ cod
• Cabral– Vespucci
• Balboa• Magellan
– West voyage not feasible
• Conquistadores– Cortez
• Aztec– Empire, tribute,
sacrifice• Spain most powerful after
– Pizarro• Inca
• French– Verrazano– Cartier
• Up to now– No settlements in
America– Spanish Empire – Portugal to China– International fishing
• Huguenots– Challenge to Spain– St. Augustine 1st
• England– John Hawkins Africa to Haiti
• Factors encouraging exploration– Technological advances– Monarchs looking to
enlarge, enrich– Gold, glory & the Gospel
• England supplants Spain– Henry VIII– Elizabeth
• Reform
– Drake– Roanoke Island – Armada
• Spain defends Cath.• English pond
England Colonizes in a Big Way
• Hakluyt– New trade partners– Ease unemployment
• Pressure valve• 1530-1680 Pop doubled
causing many to leave
• Joint-stock company– VA London– VA Plymouth– Takes time for profit
• Jamestown– License to poach– Terrible location
• Swamp, drought
– Gentlemen/servants– Search for gold
• 38/144– Malnutrition, disease,
European traditions of labor– Could have done better if
they learned to farm
– John Smith• Harsh• “The Starving Time”
• Powhatan Confederacy– Aid led to survival – Weapons for reinforcing
• Lord de la Warr– Irish tactics
• Raid, burn, steal• Natives inferior• Almost exterminated due to
VA success
• John Rolfe– Made VA a stable colony– Seals peace by marriage
• Spread of the vile weed– Scattered settlements– Constant encroaching
• Labor force– Indentured
• Lack of labor• Poor, willing• Cheap, abundant• 2x or 3x pay• Most migrants to
Chesapeake• Many premature deaths
• Society of servants and ex-servants
• Sometimes sold• Extended– legally
– Stole, ran away, pregnant– Women no marriage– Freedom dues
– Headright• Wealthy gentry class
– More land, more workers
– New arrivals in 1619• Africans & wives?
• House of Burgesses– Series of harsh rulers– Representative self-
government• Local laws only but, it set
a precedent of self-government at local level in colonies
• James hates tobacco and distrusted H of B.
• Charter revoked 1624, reinstated 1629
• Maryland– Proprietary
• Lord B’more• Sanctuary
– But… conflict» Majority
Protestants as yeoman
» Catholics as gentry– Act of Toleration 1649
• Depended on tobacco & indentured servants
• Polarized society post 1649– Land, money in east– Untamed in the west– Gov. Berkeley
• No elections for 15 years• Only male landowners &
heads of households• Monopolized fur trade w/
Indians• Bacon’s Rebellion
– Big guys & little guys, Berkeley removed
– New workforce
• New England• Pilgrims– Separatists– Too corrupt– Holland– Mayflower Compact
• Political body & legal auth• Will of majority
– Squanto• Pilgrims as allies• Thanksgiving
• Mass. Bay Colony– Covenant
• Contract for a mission
– “City Upon a Hill”• Reform the Church of
Eng.– King’s puppet
– Families, educated, college
– Voting rights• Property owning males• Popular got big tracts
The sewer where the “Lord’s debris” collected and rotted
• Connecticut– Thomas Hooker– All males– Fundamental Orders of
CT.
• Rhode Island– Roger Williams
• Land belonged to…• Freedom of religion
– Newport 1658
– Anne Hutchinson• Comm. Directly with God
Relations with Indians
• Pequot War of 1637– White settlement
disrupted trade– Narragansett allies– Heavily criticized
• Tried to Christianize• Indians knew only unity
stops encroachment
• King Philip’s War– Encroachment
• Surrounded Indian towns• Sassamon• Mohawk• Great Swamp• Sold into slavery• Debt, ruined frontier,
hatred• Eunice Williams stayed• Mary Rowlandson–
Redemption Rock
Trouble in New England
• Salem– Tituba
• Witchcraft• Specters
– Causes• Continual disorder
explained by blame– Indian attacks– Decline of Puritan s.– Ergot
The Other Colonies
• New York– 1609 Hudson– Albany– New Netherlands– New Amsterdam
• Manhattan• Patroonships• Headright
– Diverse– Huguenots
• Peter Stuyvesant• Duke of York– James
• Pennsylvania– Wm. Penn– Quaker– Proprietary– Indians
• Purchase land, deal fairly, respect claims
• Those having probs elsewhere
– Religious toleration• “in the souls there is no
sex”
• Carolina– Restoration as others– Barbados
• Charles Town• Slaves• Staple crop
– Eliza Lucas
– VA influence
• Georgia– Oglethorpe– Buffer/Reform
• Between two empires
– Savannah
Governing the Colonies
• Navigation Acts– Only English/colonial
ships– Enumerated list– Make money/
competition– Salutary Neglect
• Robert Walpole• Admiralty Courts
• Crown attacks colony’s charters– Mass Bay– Dominion of New
England• Under direct crown
control• Land titles invalidated• Edmund Andros• Glorious Revolution
– Mass Bay restored
– Leisler’s Rebellion– John Coode
• More Indian Wars– New York
• Beaver Wars• Iroquois
– European diseases
– North Carolina• Tuscarora
– Many enslaved– 6th Nation
• South Carolina– Yamassee
• Abuse (slavery)• Lands• Spanish intrigue
• Slavery– Portuguese
• Africans practiced violence– European didn’t have
too– Xtianized them instead
– Triangular Trade• Products & trade basis of
economy• Middle Passage
– Rebellion• Stono• No overturn, no winning
fight for freedom
• Colonial Experiences– The Great Awakening
• First Shared
– Religious Indifference• Convert non-believer• Revive piety
– Revivals• Jonathan Edwards
– “Sinners… • Religious Diversity
• Enlightenment– Life, liberty, property
• John Locke– Right of rebellion
• Peter Zenger
– Religion• Deism• God the Clockmaker
– Ben Franklin• Poor Richard’s
• The French in America– Champlain
• Coureurs de bois• Black Robes
– Robert de la Salle• Mississippi
– No suppression Indians– Like European goods
• Kept Spanish away
• Wars with France– King William/Queen Anne
• Mostly European• Frontier towns attacked
– Still need English prot.
– King George’s War• Louisbourg
– Colonists furious» Boston widows
• French/Indian War– Contested land
• Ohio Valley• French forts• Gov. Dinwiddie
– Washington» Surrenders» British retaliate
• Nova Scotia
– Albany Congress• Albany Plan for Union
– Ben Franklin
» Win Indians» Colonists meet
annually» Refused by colony &
crown• Independence–
not enough, too much
– General Braddock• Duquesne• Colonists refused• British feel colony bear
responsibility• Indians side with French–
less land hungry
– William Pitt• Better commanders
– Local recruitment• Finance thoroughly, but…
– Boon to colonial economy
• Focus on NA not WI– Attack Quebec– Cripple colonies– Plains of Abraham
» Wolfe/Montcalm» Iroquois ally GB
– Treaty of Paris• Indians lose land• England east, Spain west
– Colonial hangover• Colonists
– Military confidence– Colonists treated poorly
» No promotions» Discipline brutal» Amateurs
• British concerns– Am. Trade w/ enemy– Am. Headed west
• Pontiac’s Rebellion– Refused to surrender
lands– British raised prices– Several Br. Forts attacked– Many lives– Germ warfare
• Proclamation of 1763– Keep peace– Soldiers stationed here
• British problems– War debt– Colonists should help pay
for empire– Pitt’s role– Standing Army
(where?!?)– Quartering Act
• Sugar Act– Molasses Act– Rewards for capture
• Stamp Act– Internal tax– James Otis
• No rep in Parle• Direct rep here• Grenville virtual
– Sons & Daughters• Boycott
– VA Resolves• Patrick Henry• Caesar, Chas I and George
– Stamp Act Congress• First successful union• 9 of 13• Rights & Grievances
– Tax and represent redux– Jury w/o trial– Restrict on trade
• Prevent distribution– Andrew Oliver
» Effigy – Thomas Hutchinson
» All resigned
• Boycott worked• Declaratory Act
• Townsend Acts– Revenue Act of 1765– Customs collectors paid
by crown– Tax on lead, glass, paint,
tea– Writs of assistance– New York Assembly
– Circular Letter• Sam Adams• Tax w/o consent?• VA Assembly agrees
dissolved
• Currently– Taxes– Houses searched– Troops stationed at the
center of hotbeds
• Boston Massacre– March 5, 1770– Soldiers withdrawn– Townsend repealed
• Gaspée– Crown’s commission to
find perpetrators– Committees of
Correspondence• Cooperation to oppose
• Boston Tea Party– British East India Tea Co.
• Smuggled tea• Tax lowered• Favoritism• Hurt current suppliers• Hurt smugglers
• “Intolerable” Acts– 1. Boston Harbor– 2. Mass. Charter– 3. Trials in England
– 4. New Quartering Act– 5. Quebec Act
• New borders– Land granted to
Catholics!– No precedent
– General Gage
• First Continental Congress– Rights & Grievances
• Hope for cooler heads in Parlement– no response
• Continental Association– Manage boycott– Ben Franklin
» “we must hang together…”
– Colonists forced to choose sides
– Meet again in one year
• Lexington & Concord 4/75– Stockpiles– Paul Revere/Wm. Dawes– Sam Adams/John Hancock
– Boston under siege
• Second Continental Congress– G. Washington C-in-C– Mass Militia named Cont.
Army
• Bunker Hill– 3 attempts– Pyrrhic victory– Hessians– Ports closed– Halifax
• Ethan Allen• Canadian Invasion– Benedict Arnold
• Common Sense– Thomas Paine
• Hessian’s (unpopularity)• Fawkes Day– Need European support
• Independence needed– Richard Henry Lee– “These colonies…”
• Adams, Franklin, Jeff• SC & GA edit
– All men…– Life, liberty &– Government purpose to
allow– Government derives
power– If government fails to
allow
• All signers… treason• All states write their own
• Battle of New York– No pursuit– Desertion– The Crisis
• British ad/disad– Army– 3000 miles– Re-conquer judiciously
• New Jersey– Delaware– Trenton– Princeton
• Americans– Good officers as well as
bad– Home game– Women
• Nurses• Domestic• Shurtleff• Pitcher
• Britain cuts off New Eng– Howe– Philadelphia
• Brandywine• No accomplishment
– Burgoyne– Saratoga
• One of the biggest• French
– Repossess– Fear reconcile
• Home-rule
• Valley Forge– Baron von Steuben
• War in the West– Joseph Brandt
• Iroquois Alliance
– George Rogers Clark– Indians mostly neutral to
leaning British
• War on the Sea– John Paul Jones
• Bonhomme Richard
– Privateers
• War in the South– Charleston/ Savannah
• Put Tories in charge• African- Americans• Nathaniel Greene
– We fight…– Guerrilla
» Marion» Sumter» Further inland
• Yorktown– De Grasse– Cut their losses
• Treaty of Paris