Post on 26-Jan-2015
description
Preparing a Speech
Plus the different types of speeches
2006 © Andree’s Attic Created by: Andree Swanson
Different Types of Speeches
Informative Persuasive Speaking on a Special
Occasion
Different Types of Speeches
INFORMATIVE
SPEECH:
provides an audience with
new information
new insights
new ways of thinking
about a topic
- Aa
Inform your audience abouta special trip to Paris.
Different Types of Speeches
PERSUASIVE
SPEECH: The speakers intention is
to
Influence Attitudes
Beliefs
Values
Acts of others.
Different Types of Speeches
SPEAKING ON
SPECIAL OCCASION
it is one that is
prepared for a specific
occasion and for a
purpose dictated by
that occasion
- Aa
Informative Speech Types
Objects
Events
Process
People
Concepts
Issues
Informative Speech
“Speak properly, and in as few words as you
can, but always plainly; for the end of speech
is not ostentation, but to be understood.”
William Penn
Speeches About Objects Digital Cameras
Laptop computers
Cell phones
The brain
Survey of weight-loss diets
Diabetes
Engineering strategies
Speeches About People
Run-way Models Flood victims Saddam Hussein John Elway, becomes the Denver Broncos
first Pro Football Hall of Fame Inductee
About any person or group of people that meets the informational goal.
Speeches About Events
The history of Colonial Americans 1929 Stock Market Crash March 19, 2003 President Bush
announces the start of the war with Iraq
Any current or historical event that meets the informational goal
Speeches About Processes
Pruning rose bushes Isolating DNA in cells How laughter improves health How tornadoes are formed How chocolate is good for you
About anything that is best explained in terms of how it is made, how it works, or
how it is performed.
Speeches About Concepts
Maslow’s Motivation Theory Employee motivation theory - -
Theory X and Y Understanding the status of
endangered species
About any abstract or complex concept that requires explanation
Speeches About Issues
Racial profiling Your legal rights Political issues in the
Middle East
About any issue or problem, as long as the speaker focuses on enlarging the
audience’s understanding and awareness rather than on advocating one position
versus another.
Strategy for Presenting Content
explaining what it does describing what it is not providing several concrete examples comparing it to something with which it is
synonymous illustrating the root meaning of the term in
question
Defining Information
Description – listeners want enough detail to allow them to form a mental picture of the person, place event or process under consideration.
Explanation – You provide reasons or causes, demonstrate relationships and offer interpretation and analysis.
Demonstration – To explain how something works or to actually demonstrate it, a model, visual aid, or actual object.
Arrange Main Points in a Pattern
Thesis Statements
Main Points: I. II. III.
Organizational Patterns
People—chronological, topical, narrative Events—chronological, cause-effect,
narrative Processes—chronological, narrative Issues—chronological, cause-effect, topical,
circle Objects—spatial, topical
Preview Main Points
Define your terms Include neither too much nor too little Present new and interesting information Reinforce your message through repetition
and parallelism Relate the unknown to the familiar Use visualization
Persuasive Speech
“Persuasion is often more effectual than force.”
Homer
Goals for a Persuasive Speech
Is to advocate, or to ask others to accept your views.
to influence the attitudes, beliefs, values, and acts of others.
Achieving your Persuasive Speech Goal
Make your message personally relevant to the audience
Clearly demonstrate how any change you propose will benefit the audience.
Expect minor rather than major changes in your listeners attitudes and behaviors.
Target issues that audience member feel strongly about.
Establish creditability with your audience.
Target Listener’s Needs
Physiological needs Safety needs Social needs
Self-esteem needs Self-actualization
Chart from http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/maslow.html
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological Needs
Plan for and accommodate the audience’s
physiological needs Are they likely to be hot, cold, hungry, or thirsty?
Basic sustenance, including food, water and air.
Safety Needs
Appeal to safety benefits how wearing seatbelts or voting for a bill to stop
pollution will remove a threat or protect the audience members from harm.
To feel protected and secure
Social Needs
Appeal to social benefits if you want teenagers to quit smoking, stress that
if they quit they will appear more physically fit and attractive to their peers.
To find acceptance; to have lasting, meaningful relationships.
Self-esteem Needs
Appeal to emotional benefits When proposing a change in attitudes or
behavior, stress that the proposed changed will make listeners feel better about themselves.
To feel good about ourselves; self-worth
Self-actualization Needs
Appeal to your listener’s need to fulfill their potential Stress how adopting your position will help them
be all that they can be.
To achieve goals; to reach our highest potential
Avoid Fallacies in Reasoning
Begging the question
Band-wagoning
Ad hominem argument
Red herring
Begging the question
If you ‘beg a question’, you assume
acceptance of a parameter that
may not apply.
Here is an example:
“You can trust me.”
“How do I know that?”
“Because I’m honest.”
Source: http://www.roomours.co.uk/ryder3.htm
Band-wagoning
The appeal may be to follow the crowd.
"Overwhelming support for looser controls on the legalization of
marijuana.“
"The public have indicated that.“
"All respondents." implies that everyone is doing it, those that
are not, are outsiders and should do the same.
“Let’s jump on the band-wagon.”
Ad hominem argument
Also known as attacking the
person argument.
This is an argument or
assertion that addresses the
person presenting the
argument or assertion rather
than the argument itself.
Source: http://users.rcn.com/rostmd/winace/pics/#ad_hom
Red herring
This is where an irrelevant topic is
presented in order to divert
attention from the original issue.
"We admit that the bill is not
popular. But we also urge you to
note that there are so many bond
issues on this ballot that the whole
thing is getting ridiculous."
Persuasive Strategies and Audience Type
Stress areas of agreement Address opposing views Don’t expect major change in attitudes. Consider the refutation pattern Wait until the end before asking audience
to act, if at all.
Hostile audience or those that strongly disagree
Strategies:
Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
Attention Need Satisfaction
Visualization Action
The five-step process that begins with arousing listeners’ attention and ends with
calling for action.
Step 1: Attention - Addresses listeners’ core concerns, making the speech highly relevant to them.
Step 2: Need – The need step isolates and describes the issue to be addressed
Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
Step 3: Satisfaction – Identifies the solution.
Step 4: Visualization – Provides the audience with vision of anticipation outcomes associated with the solution.
Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
Step 5: Action – When the speaker asks audience members to act according to their acceptance of the message.
Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
Special Occasion Speech
“Don’t reserve your best behavior for special
occasions….”
Lillian Eichler Watson
Entertain Celebrate Commemorate
Inspire Set social agendas
One that is prepared for a specific occasion and for a purpose dictated by that occasion. They can be informative
or persuasive.
Special Occasion Speech
Speeches of Introduction
Describe the speaker’s background and qualifications.
Briefly preview the speaker’s topic. Ask the audience to welcome the speaker. Be brief.
Speeches of Acceptance
Prepare in advance Express what the award means to you. Express gratitude
Speeches of Presentation
Convey the meaning of the award Explain why the recipient is receiving the
award Plan the physical presentation
Roasts and Toasts
Prepare Highlight remarkable traits of the person
being honored Be positive Be brief
Eulogy
Balance delivery and emotion. Refer to the family of the deceased Be positive but realistic. Emphasize the
deceased’s positive qualities while avoiding excessive praise.
After-dinner Speeches
Recognize the occasion. Connect the speech with the occasion.
Keep remarks sufficiently low-key to accompany the digestion of a meal
Speeches of Inspiration
Appeal to audience member’s emotions. Use real-life stories By dynamic Make your goal clear Close with a dramatic ending.
Some additional sources
Allyn & Bacon Public Speaking Website http://wps.ablongman.com/ab_public_speaking_2 Designed as a companion to a textbook, this website
contains five modules on assessing, analyzing, researching, organizing, and delivering a speech.
History Channel: Great Speeches http://www.historychannel.com/speeches/ Hear speeches by Hank Aaron, Irving Berlin, Charles
Lindbergh, Charles de Gaulle, and other notable individuals.