Post on 05-Jul-2020
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Catching FHIRHL7 FHIR
Hands-on Training Course
Ewout Kramer
March 2015
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Who am I?
Name: Ewout Kramer
Company: Furore, Amsterdam
Background:
FHIR core team, RIMBAA
Software developer & healthcare
architect
Contact:
e.kramer@furore.com
www.thefhirplace.com
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Program
Introduction to FHIR
The Resource and REST
Exercise - Requesting a Patient resource
Deconstructing the FHIR data model
Exercise - Editing a Resource Instance
Bundles
Simple search and search demo
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INTRODUCTION TO FHIR
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Relative – No technology can make integration as fast as we’d like
That’s why we’re here
Building blocks – more on these to follow
The Acronym
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FHIR Manifesto
Focus on implementers
Keep common scenarios simple
Leverage existing technologies
Provide human readability
Make content freely available
Demonstrate best practice governance
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Implementer Focus
Specification is written for one target audience:
implementers
Rationale, modeling approaches, etc. kept elsewhere
Multiple reference implementations from day 1
Publicly available test servers
Starter APIs published with spec
Delphi, C#, Java – more to come
Connectathons to verify specification approaches
Instances you can read and understand
Lots of examples (and they’re valid too)
using HL7.Fhir.Instance.Model;using HL7.Fhir.Instance.Parsers;using HL7.Fhir.Instance.Support;
XmlReader xr = XmlReader.Create(new StreamRead
IFhirReader r = new XmlFhirReader
// JsonTextReader jr = new JsonTe// new StreamRead// IFhirReader r = new JsonFhirRe
ErrorList errors = new ErrorList(LabReport rep = (LabReport)ResourAssert.IsTrue(errors.Count() == 0
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WHAT’S IN THE BOX?
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Patient Prescription
Resources
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The 80/20 rule
Design for the 80%, not 100%
Only include data elements in the artifacts if 80%
of all implementers of that artifact will use the data
element
Allow easy extension for the remaining 20%
of elements
which often make up 80% of current specs
Vocabulary approach to extension definition
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+ =
Extensibility
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The Case for Extensions
Simple choice – design for absolutely
everything or allow extensions
Everyone needs extensions, everyone
hates them
Define, publish, find extensions
Repository
Documented just like resources
Can be fetched & interpreted by clients
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HTTP/1.1 200 OKContent-Type: application/json;charset=utf-8
Content-Length: 627
Content-Location: /fhir/Patient/1/history/1
Last-Modified: Sat, 03 May 2014 16:28:55 GMT
{"resourceType":"Patient","identifier":[{"use":"usu
al","label":"MRN","system":"urn:oid:1.2.36.146.59
5.217.0.1","value":"12345","period":{"start":"2001-
Transport
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Just follow the industry...
Exchanges use XML & JSON
Collections represented using ATOM
Same technology that gives you your daily news
summary
Out-of-the-box publish/subscribe
Support for REST: Web calls work the same
way they do for Facebook & Twitter
Rely on HTTPS, OAuth, etc. for security
functions
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Paradigms
FHIR supports 4 interoperability paradigms
REST Documents
Messages Services
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FHIR
Repository
Regardless of paradigm
the content is the same
Lab System
Receive a lab result in a message…
FHIR MessageFHIR Document
…Package it in a discharge summary document
National
Exchange
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DESIGN OF THE RESOURCE
Looking at FHIR Resources from a software engineering perspective
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Resources
“Resources” are:
Small logically discrete units of exchange
Defined behaviour and meaning
Known identity / location
Smallest unit of transaction
“of interest” to healthcare
V2: Sort of like Segments
V3: Sort of like CMETs
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What is/isn’t a Resource?
Examples
Administrative
Patient, Location,
Encounter, Organization,
Clinical Concepts
AllergyIntolerance,
Questionnaire, Observation
Infrastructure
Document, Message,
Profile, Conformance
Non-examples
Gender
Too small
Blood Pressure
Too specific
Pregnancy
Too broad
Electronic Health Record
Too big
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Resource
Narrative
Elements
ExtensionsExtensions
Structure of a Resource
Metadata
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Structure of a Resource(XML example)
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Human Readable
CDA taught HL7 a very important lesson
Even if the computers don’t understand 99% of
what you’re sending, that’s ok if they can properly
render it to a human clinician
This doesn’t just hold for documents –
important for messages, services, etc.
In FHIR, every resource is required to
have a human-readable expression
Can be direct rendering or human entered
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Resources in the spec
Let’s take a look at some Resources in
the specification….
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Composition vs. reference
FHIR makes composition and references
explicit:
References are in between Resources. No
context conduction across references – safe
retrieval as individual resources.
Composition is within a Resource: Components
have no meaning outside resource, no identity, no
separate access path except through resource
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Composition of a Resource
Resource Root
Resource Component
Simple & Complex
elements (may be
repeating)
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Composition
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Diagnostic
Report
Practitioner
Patient
Observation
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Resource Reference
Example: part of DiagnosticReport
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http://fhirblog.com/2014/01/24/modelling-
encounters-with-fhir/
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Not a hierarchy!
Patient
Episode Episode
VisitVisit
Observation Order
Not an “electronic” version of a patient file…
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A Resource’s identity
In fact: an URL
http://server.org/fhir/Patient/1
endpoint
resource type
identifier
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“Business” identifiers
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Patient
MRN 22234
“Ewout Kramer”
30-11-1972
Amsterdam
Resource metadata
Metadata
Resource Identities
http://fhir.hl7.org/Patient/23E455A3B
http://fhir.hl7.org/Patient/23E455A3B/_history/4
Last updated
2013-12-23T23:33:01+01:00
http://hl7.org/fhir/tag/profile
http://hl7.org/fhir/Profile/us-core
http://hl7.org/fhir/tag
http://example.org/fhir/Status#Test
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REST SERVICE INTERFACEHow FHIR uses RESTful principles to communicate Resources
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REST?
“REpresentational State Transfer”
Represent your data as “resources”
Make “Resources” URI addressable
Use HTTP to do CRUD operations
Resources may be exchanged using
different representations
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Possibly distributed…
FHIR server @ hospitalA.org
Practitioner
Practitioner/87Organization
Organization/1
FHIR server @ lab.hospitalA.org
DiagnosticReport
DiagnosticReport/4445
Observation
Observation/3ff27
FHIR server @ pat.registry.org
Patient
Patient/223
subject
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“Repository” model of healthcare
FHIR server
Patient ObservationPatientPatient Observation
Observation
DiagnosticReportOrganization
CreateUpdate
Query
Lab System
CreateUpdate
Hospital System
CreateUpdate
Query Subscribe
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Just a quick GET
GET /fhir/patient/1 HTTP/1.1
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/xml+fhir;charset=utf-8
Content-Length: 787
Content-Location:
http://spark.furore.com/fhir/Patient/1/_history/12
Last-Modified: Tue, 29 May 2012 23:45:32 GMT
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><Patient xmlns="http://hl7.org/fhir"><identifier><label>SSN</label><identifier><system>
http://hl7.org/fhir/sid/usssn</system><id>444222222</id></identifier></identifier><name><use>official
</use><family>Everywoman</family><given>Eve</given></name><telecom><system>phone</system><value>555-
555 2003</value><use>work</use></telecom><gender><system>http://hl7.org/fhir/sid/v2-0001</system>
<code>F</code></gender><birthDate>1973-05-31</birthDate><address><use>home</use><line>2222 Home
Street</line></address><text><status>generated</status><div
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Everywoman, Eve. SSN:444222222</div></text></Patient>
UTF-8
encoded
See the BOM?
HTTP Verb + path
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A Resource’s REST identity
In fact: an URL
http://server.org/fhir/Patient/1
endpoint
resource type
identifier
Note: This URL resolves to the current version of a resource
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Patient
MRN 22234
“Ewout Kramer”
30-11-1972
Amsterdam
Remember metadata?
Metadata
Resource Identities
http://fhir.hl7.org/Patient/23E455A3B
http://fhir.hl7.org/Patient/23E455A3B/_history/4
Last updated
2013-12-23T23:33:01+01:00
http://hl7.org/fhir/tag/profile
http://hl7.org/fhir/Profile/us-core
http://hl7.org/fhir/tag
http://example.org/fhir/Status#Test
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Tag metadata
GET /fhir/Patient/1 HTTP/1.1
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Location: http://server.com/fhir/Patient/1/_history/12
Last-Modified: Tue, 29 May 2012 23:45:32 GMT
Category: http://example.org/fhir/Status#Test; scheme="http://hl7.org/fhir/tag"; label="Our test tag"
http://hl7.org/fhir/tag A general tag
http://hl7.org/fhir/tag/profile
A profile tag - a claim that the Resource
conforms to the profile identified in the
term
http://hl7.org/fhir/tag/security A security label
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Mapping (meta)data toHTTP
Resource data
Resource id
Resource version
Last update date
Tags
http body
Url
Content-Location
header
Last-Modified header
Category header
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REST “representations”
GET /fhir/Patient/1?_format=json HTTP/1.1
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/json+fhir;charset=utf-8
Content-Length: 787
GET /fhir/Patient/1 HTTP/1.1
Accept: application/json+fhir
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/json+fhir;charset=utf-8
Content-Length: 787
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REST – CRUD & VERSIONSUpdating, creating & deleting single resources using REST
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One more look at the header
GET /fhir/Patient/1 HTTP/1.1
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/xml+fhir;charset=utf-8
Content-Length: 787
Content-Location: http://spark.furore.com/fhir/Patient/1/_history/12Last-Modified: Tue, 29 May 2012 23:45:32 GMT
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For a specific version…
We have the version-specific URL
http://server.org/fhir/ (continued)
Patient/1/_history/4
endpoint
resource type
identifier version id
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Question
DO I REALLY HAVE TO IMPLEMENT
VERSIONS?
NO, You are not required to keep history, and may return
410 (Gone) on a “vread” for any request for an older version
than the current one!
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REST in the spec
Let’s look at these operations in the
specification….
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Mapping to verbs
create 2.1.10 The create interaction creates a new resource in a server assigned location. The create interaction is performed by an HTTP POST operation as shown:
POST [service-url]/[resourcetype] (?_format=mimeType)
read 2.1.6 The read interaction accesses the current contents of a resource. The interaction is performed by an HTTP GET operation as shown:
GET [service-url]/[resourcetype]/{id} (?_format=mimeType)
update 2.1.8 The update interaction creates a new current version for an existing resource or creates a new resource if no resource already exists for the given id. The update interaction is performed by an HTTP PUT operation as shown:
PUT [service-url]/[resourcetype]/{id} (?_format=mimeType)
delete 2.1.9 The delete interaction removes an existing resource. The interaction is performed by an HTTP DELETE operation as shown:
DELETE [service-url]/[resourcetype]/{id}
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Exercise #1
Fiddling around with Fiddler
&
Getting data from a FHIR test server
(20 minutes)
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Exercise #1
Install Fiddler2
Try getting a single patient:
• GET a patient with id ‘example’ (on spark.furore.com/fhir)
• Look at the response headers and validate that they are correct.
• Look at the xml and try to find an extension
• Find a resource reference and fetch the referenced Resource
• Try to get the same patient in JSON
‒ Using the _format parameter
‒ Using an Accept header
When you do a GET on a resource, there is another URL presentin the header. What happens if you try to GET that url?
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DECONSTRUCTING THE FHIR DATAMODEL
The basic building blocks of FHIR
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The FHIR Elements
Resource
Narrative
Extensions
Metadata
Elements
Extensions
Primitives(integer, boolean,
string, instant)
Derived
Primitives(oid, uuid,
code, id)
Composite
Datatypes(HumanName,
Quantity, Period,
Address, Identifier )
Constrained
Types(Quantity:
Distance, Count,
Duration, Money)
use
use
use
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Start at the bottom: Primitives
boolean xs:boolean Values can be either true or false
integer xs:int A signed 32-bit integer
decimal xs:decimalA rational number. A true decimal, with
inbuilt precision (e.g. Java BigDecimal)
base64Binary xs:base64Binary A stream of bytes, base64 encoded
instant xs:dateTime
An instant in time - known at least to the
second and always includes a
timezone.
string xs:string A sequence of Unicode characters.
uri xs:anyURI A Uniform Resource Identifier Reference.
date
union of xs:date,
xs:gYearMonth,
xs:gYear
A date, or partial date as used in
human communication. No time zone.
dateTime
union of xs:dateTime,
xs:date,
xs:gYearMonth,
xs:gYear
A date, date-time or partial date as used
in human communication. If hours and
minutes are specified, a time zone must
be populated.
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Derived primitives
Using the ISO date/time with timezone
“1951”, “1951-06” and “1951-06-04”
“1951-06-04T10:57:34.0321+01”
“1951-06-04T10:57:34.0321Z”
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Level up: Composite Datatypes
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Datatypes
Let’s take a look at the “Data Types” section of the FHIR
specification at
http://www.hl7.org/implement/standards/fhir/datatypes.html
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Coded types
Codes are defined in code systems
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Coded types
When used in a Resource, the modelers
include Bindings
Bindings specify which codes can be used
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62
• Publication meta-
data
• Concepts from 1 or
more existing
systems
• Additional concepts
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Level up: resources
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“Choice” properties
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References
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Quick look at extensions
Resource
Narrative
Extensions
Metadata
Elements
Extensions
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Extensions
Organization“ACME Hospital”National Drive 322Orlando, FL
PatientMRN 22234“Ewout Kramer”30-11-1972Amsterdam
+ Haircolor BROWN
+ Taxoffice Id NLOB33233
You can extend:
- Resources
- Elements of Resources
- FHIR Datatypes
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Extending a multiple birth
Key = location of formal definition
Value = value according to definition
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Complex extensions
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Quick look at narrative
Resource
Narrative
Extensions
Metadata
Elements
Extensions
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Narrative
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Exercise #2
Editing a Resource Instance -
by hand!
(45 minutes)
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Exercise #2
Store the patient from last exercise somewhere on your machine.
Look up the Patient resource and update it to match your own situation.Lookup the specification of Patient to see if there are other relevant elements you could use
Try to add an extension for your hair color
Try creating a new patient on the FHIR server withthis data
Why is hair color not a standard element on Patient?Would you make an extension for it? Are there (better?) alternatives for communicating a hair color?
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BUNDLESHow FHIR uses Atom to communicate sets of resources
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Communicating lists
We need to communicate lists of Resources
Search result
History
Documents or messages
Multiple-resource inserts (“batches”)
So, we need an industry-standard to
represent lists, and a place to put our
metadata
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Bundle
Resource
Narrative
Elements
ExtensionsExtensions
Resource
Metadata
Bundle
Metadata
Resource
Resource
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Bundles
Atom RFC 4287 + Tombstones RFC 6721
Poll-based protocol for keeping up-to-date
with newsfeeds (RSS and Atom)
You can “subscribe” to a FHIR feed and get
updates
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An example Bundle
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Patient
MRN 22234
“Ewout Kramer”
30-11-1972
Amsterdam
Resource metadata
Metadata
Resource Identity
http://fhir.hl7.org/Patient/23E455A3B
Last updated
2013-12-23T23:33:01+01:00
http://hl7.org/fhir/tag/profile
http://hl7.org/fhir/Profile/us-core
http://hl7.org/fhir/tag
http://example.org/fhir/Status#Test
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Resource Entry
Resource id
Last modified
Resource content
Human-readable form,
just like Resource.text
Tags
Version specific id
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SEARCH FUNCTIONALITY
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Getting “all” patients
http://server.org/fhir/Patient
Always returns a paged feed
Use _count to indicate number of results per page
Special case of the “real” search operation:
http://server.org/fhir/Patient/_search?name=eve
http://server.org/fhir/Patient?name=eve
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Search (patient)
Each resource has a set of “standard”
search operations, so not every element
can be searched!:
Our last search
used this one
© 2012 HL7 ® International. Licensed under Creative Commons. HL7 & Health Level Seven are registered trademarks of Health Level Seven International. Reg. U.S. TM Office.
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© 2012 HL7 ® International. Licensed under Creative Commons. HL7 & Health Level Seven are registered trademarks of Health Level Seven International. Reg. U.S. TM Office.
WHAT’S NEXT?
© 2012 HL7 ® International. Licensed under Creative Commons. HL7 & Health Level Seven are registered trademarks of Health Level Seven International. Reg. U.S. TM Office.
Next Steps for you
Read the spec: http://hl7.org/fhir
Try implementing it
Come to a Connectathon!
fhir@lists.hl7.org
#FHIR
Implementor’s Skype Channel
StackOverflow: hl7 fhir tag
© 2012 HL7 ® International. Licensed under Creative Commons. HL7 & Health Level Seven are registered trademarks of Health Level Seven International. Reg. U.S. TM Office.
International Working Group Meeting
Mark Your Calendar and Join Us!
Paris, France
May 10 – 15
88
© 2012 HL7 ® International. Licensed under Creative Commons. HL7 & Health Level Seven are registered trademarks of Health Level Seven International. Reg. U.S. TM Office.
International HL7 FHIR Developer DaysNovember 18-20, 2015 in Amsterdam
Education
Tutorials
Connectathon
Meet fellow developers
Put FHIR to the test
Networking
FHIR experts and authors on hand
http://fhir.furore.com/devdays
© 2012 HL7 ® International. Licensed under Creative Commons. HL7 & Health Level Seven are registered trademarks of Health Level Seven International. Reg. U.S. TM Office.
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