Case Presentation O&G

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CASE PRESENTATION 3

Low Xie Yee

Chandra Rubnee

Malvinder SinghCaroline

 Aswini

Kalichandren

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HISTORY TAKING

LOW XIE YEE

0!0!000"

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• #ersonal $is%or&

• Chie' Co()lain

• $is%or& O' #resen% Illness

• $is%or& O' #resen% #regnanc&

• #as% Obs%e%rics $is%or&

• Mens%rual $is%or&

•*&necological $is%or&

• #as% Medical $is%or&

• #as% Surgical $is%or&

• +a(il& $is%or&

• ,ie% $is%or&• #ersonal $is%or&

• Social $is%or&

• ,rug $is%or&

O-.LI/E

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• /AME WA/ RA+I,A$

•  A*E 1"

• RACE MALAY

• RELI*IO/ ISLAM

• OCC-#A.IO/ $O-SEWI+E

*RA2I,I.Y 3• #ARI.Y 14

• LM# -/S-RE

• E,, !5 OC. !05 6,A.I/*

SCA/7• #OA 18w 5d

• ,OA 9 OC. !05

• ,OC ! OC. !05

#ERSO/AL

$IS.ORY

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C$IE+ COM#LAI/

$er chie' co()lain was : Increase 're;uenc& o' urina%ion 'or ! (on%hs

!: Alwa&s 'eel hungr& and %hirs%& 'or a (on%h

1: +a%igue 'or a (on%h

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$O#I

• 5 da&s ago have an%ena%al chec<u) on 18 w o'

ges%a%ion

• MO*.. abnor(al

• Re;uired ad(i%%ed 'or observa%ion

• Increase 're;uenc& o' urina%ion 'or )ass %wo(on%h

• -rine color is s%raw and no% concen%ra%ed

•  Alwa&s 'eel %hirs%& and dr& (ou%h

•  Alwa&s 'eel hungr&

• 'a%igue

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 According %o (ada( Wan Ra'idah= 5 da&s ago'ro( (& cler<ing da%e o' ! Oc%ober !05= she

wen% %o clinic 'or her A/C on 18 w o' ges%a%ion:

She %old %ha% she has been diagnosed as *,M

on 1! w o' ges%a%ion: She was as<ed %o run a%es% 'or her blood sugar level and also MO*..:

.he resul%s ob%ained were abnor(al=

sugges%ive o' *,M and no insulin is being

ad(inis%ered: .here'ore she was re;uired %o bead(i%%ed in $.AR 'or observa%ion )ur)oses un%il

%he end o' her )regnanc& as she was s%a&ing

'ar 'ro( $.AR: $er blood sugar level is

(oni%ored wi%h blood sugar )ro'ile:

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• She clai( %ha% she had increase 're;uenc& o'

(ic%uri%ion 'or )ass %wo (on%h s%ar%ed since

1!w o' ges%a%ion: She wen% %o )ass urine (ore

%han 0 %i(e )er da&: $owever she doesn>%

have d&suria: She (en%ion %ha% her urine

colour a))ear %o be s%raw colour and no%

concen%ra%ed: She also denied -.I s&()%o(ssuch as 'ever= loin )ain and hae(a%uria: She

doesn>% had abdo(en )ain and u%erine

con%rac%ion:

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• She clai( %ha% she was having e?cessive %hirs%

and dr& (ou%h: Ever&da& she need %o in%a<e a

lo% o' wa%er %o ease her %hirs%: She also increaseher ;uan%i%& o' 'oods due %o her hunger

es)eciall& during nigh% %i(e: She will %a<e ! slice

o' bread ever& nigh% be'ore slee)ing:

•She 'el% e?cessive 'a%igue un%il hardl& %o con%inueher dail& household wor< and need a long res%:

She denied %ha% she having shor%ness o' brea%h

and ches% )ain: She also %old %ha% she have no

s&()%o(s o' )ica such as craving 'or ice cube or'ingers nail and so on 'ound: She had no

vo(i%ing a'%er ! w o' her ges%a%ion: She can 'eel

her 'oe%us and %he 'oe%al <ic< was alwa&s (ore

%han 0 <ic< )er ! hours:

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$IS.ORY O+ #RESE/. #RE*/A/CY

1ST TRIMESTER

@ -n)lanned@ Miss ! (on%h o' (ens%rual@ ,a%ing scan on 9w ges%a%ion@ ,e%ec%ion o' single e(br&o@ lood grou) O4

@ -rine rou%ine B /@ +CB /@ $b level B /@ Screening %es%B 2E 'or $sAg= 2,RL D $I2@ #B /

@ Weigh%"0<g@ $eigh% 30c(@ MI !":" <g(F@ MO*.. G +AS.I/* B 5:0((olL

  /O/+AS.I/* B ":9 ((olL@ +olic acid given

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2ND TRIMESTER

@ Ano(al& scan on 5w B /uchal %hic<ness is !:9c(@ .e%anus inHec%ion

s%  on !0w !nd on !5w

@ +C B /

@ $b level B /@ MO*.. G +AS.I/*B 3:0((olL

  /O/+AS.I/*B :0((olL@ # B /@ -%erine siJe

@ Weigh% "3<g@ uic<ening on !0 w

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3RD TRIMESTER

+e%us grow%h scan+C B /

$b level B /MO*.. +AS.I/*B 7.0mmol/L  /O/+AS.I/* B 9.8 mmol/L,iagnose *,M on 1!w+e%us (ove(en%

#B /-%erine siJeWeigh% 0:3<gCo()lains o'  #ol&uria

#ol&di)sia #ol&)hagiaIron su))le(en% given

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#AS. OS.E.RIC $IS.ORY→ *3 #14

G YEAR PREGNANCY LABOR PEPERIM BABY REMARK

!000 +-LL .ERM /ORMALS#O/.A/EO-S2A*I/AL,ELI2ERY6S2,7

REAS.+EE,I/* -#.O ! YEARS

+EMALE1:K* ALI2E

! !000 AOR.IO/ A.9W #OA CO/S-MEOC# +OR1MO/.$

,DE ,O/E due %o)eriod be%ween !)regnancies were%oo close:

1 !00! +-LL .ERM /ORMAL S2, REAS.+EE,I/* -#.O ! YEARS

MALE5:0 K* ALI2E

5 !008 +-LL .ERM /ORMAL S2, REAS.+EE,I/* -#.O ! YEARS

MALE1:33K* ALI2E

3 !05 #RESE/.#RE*/A/CY

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ME/S.R-AL $IS.ORY

Menarche ! &ears old

,ura%ion o' 'low 0 da&s

C&cle leng%h !910 da&sC&cle Regular 

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*&necological his%or&

Consu(e OC# A'%er s% )regnanc& in!000 'or 1 (on%hs

Sugges%ive S.I /O

*&necological)roble(

/O

#A# s(ear $is%or& /o% done

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#AS. ME,ICAL $IS.ORY

.$YROI, ,ISEASE /O

$Y#ER.E/SIO/ /O

,IAE.-S MELLI.-S /O

RE/AL ,ISEASE /O

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#AS. S-R*ICAL $IS.ORY A##E/,ICI.IS /O

S#LEE/O/A.OMY /OC$OLECYS.EC.OMY /O

LA#AROSCO#IC S-R*ERY +OR

I/+ER.ILI.Y

/O

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+AMILY $IS.ORY

+a%her Alive= "5

$is%or& o' h&)er%ension 'or 1 &ears

Mo%her ,ied in !0! a% age 3! due %o hear%'ailure$is%or& o' h&)er%ension and %&)e II,M

Siblings 3 siblings= all alive

$is%or& o' %&)e II ,M on one siblingand o%hers were heal%h& and nohis%or& o' (alignanc&

*rand(o%her $is%or& o' (ul%i)le )regnanc& 6%wins7

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,IE. $IS.ORY

•/O/ 2E*E.A.IA/

• /O +OO, ALLER*Y

• -/,ER*O ,IE. CO/.ROL ,-E .O *,M

• CO/S-ME C-# O+ LOW +A. MILK #ER ,AY

• #ERSO/AL $IS.ORYSMOKI/* /O

 ALCO$OL ,RI/KI/* /O

,R-* A-SE /O

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SOCIAL $IS.ORY

Married 'or 3 &ears since 888

$usband wor<ed as lorr& drive

Mon%hl& inco(e around RM1000

S%a&ing wi%h 'a%her in law

,R-* $IS.ORY

,o no% consu(e an& drug be'ore )regnanc&/o an& drug allerg&

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P!"#$%&l E'&m$(&)$o(

Chandra rubnee a)

Shan(uga(0!0!030339

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*eneral E?a(ina%ion

•#a%ien% l&ing down in a su)ine )osi%ionco('or%abl& :

• #a%ien% is conscious and coo)era%ive:

• #a%ien% is aler% and is average buil% and well

nourished :• /o cannula or I2 dri):

• I, %ag is )resen%:

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.e()era%ure 1": degree Celsius• #ulse ra%e 80 )er (inu%e :

• lood )ressure 1090 (($g

• #ressure is %a<en while )a%ien% is

in %il%ed )osi%ion : Wh&

Vital parameters

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*eneral E?a(ina%ion

•/O ic%erus e&es= no )allor seen in conHunc%iva:

• Chloas(a is observed:

• Oral h&giene is good :

• /O angular s%o(a%i%is or glossi%is sugges%ing

absence o' ane(ia or vi%a(in ! de'icienc& :• /O %h&roid enlarge(en% or l&()hadeno)a%h&:

• /O 2# rise :

/O clubbing nails= ca)illar& 'illing %i(e N!sec=)al( was war(= )in<ish and (ois%:

• /O varicose veins :

• /O )i%%ing ede(a :

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S&s%e(ic E?a(ina%ion

Cardiovascular

s&s%e( :

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Cardiovascular e?a(ina%ionIns)ec%ion

• Ches% wall (ove s&((e%ricall& wi%h

res)ira%ion:

#al)a%ion

•  A)e? bea% was loca%ed a% 3%h in%ercos%al

s)ace le'% (idclavicular line: /o heave and

%hrill: Auscul%a%ion

• S and S! heard and no (ur(urs

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Res)ira%or& S&s%e(

Ins)ec%ion• Ches% wall (ove s&((e%ricall& wi%h

res)ira%ion and no% in res)ira%or& dis%ress

#al)a%ion

• .rachea was cen%rall& loca%ed:

• /or(al ches% e?)ansion and %ac%ile vocal

're(i%us:

• #ercussion

• Resonance

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Con%inua%ion :::

 Auscul%a%ion•  Air en%r& is e;uall& bila%eral and nor(al

vesicular brea%h sound heard: .here were

no rhonchi heard:

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Obs%e%ric E?a(ina%ion

•#a%ien% co()lain% o' no )ain a% %he 8 regionso' abdo(en:

•  Abdo(en is dis%ended b& a gravid u%erus

su))or%ed b& %he )resence o' lines nigra

and s%riae gravidaru( and s%riae albicans•  Abdo(en is so'% :

• /O scar )resen% :

• -(bilicus is cen%rall& loca%ed and 'la%%ened:

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•+lan< is 'ull :

• S&()h&sis 'undal heigh% is 1"c(

• Clinical 'undal heigh% is a% 50wee<s o'

)eriod o' ges%a%ion

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Local E?a(ina%ion

LEO#OL,>s MA/E-E2ER

• +undal gri) %here is a broad so'% irregular

(ass sugges%ive o' 'e%al breech

• Righ% la%eral gri) %here are s(all <nob li<e

s%ruc%ure sugges%ive o' 'e%al li(bs

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• Le'% la%eral gri) %here is s(oo%h curved

resis%ance sugges%ive o' 'e%al bac<

• s% )elvic gri) .here is ballo%able s(oo%h

hard globular (ass sugges%ive o' 'e%al head

• !nd )elvic gri) Con'ir(s %he s% )elvic gri)

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• .he head o' 'e%us is engaged:

• %his is single%on 'oe%us in longi%udinal lie wi%h

ce)halic )resen%a%ion = )lacen%a an%erioru))er seg(en% :

• Li;uor a(oun% is ade;ua%e

• Es%i(a%ed 'oe%al weigh% wi%h ohnsons

'or(ula 61"7? 33B193gra(s• +oe%al hear% ra%e is !9bea%s )er (inu%e

heard along %he s)inou(bilical line:

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SMMARY

Mada( Wan Ra'idah is a% 18%h wee<

5da&s o' )eriod o' ges%a%ion wi%h 'undal

heigh% o' 50 wee<s=s&()h&sio 'undalheigh% o' 1"c( wi%h a single%on 'ea%us

wi%h a longi%udinal lie and ce)halic

)resen%a%ion= head is engaged:

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PRO*ISIONAL DIAGNOSIS

MAL2I/,ER SI/*$ AL AC$I.ARA

SI/*$

0!0!0009!*RO-# C

OS.E.RICS D *Y/AECOLO*Y

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#RO2ISIO/AL ,IA*/OSIS

Mada( Wan Ra'idah a 1" &ears oldMusli( housewi'e wi%h *3#14 a% 18

wee<s and 5 da&s o' )eriod o' ges%a%ion

wi%h single%on 'e%us in longi%udinal liewi%h ce)halic )resen%a%ion associa%ed

wi%h *es%a%ional ,iabe%es Melli%us and

no% in labour:

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,I++ERE/.IAL ,IA*/OSIS

: *es%a%ional ,iabe%es Melli%us

Su))or%ing )oin%s #oin%s agains%

: /o de%ec%ed )resence o',iabe%es Melli%us6%&)e or!7 be'ore !0 wee<s o' )eriod

o' ges%a%ion!: +a(il& his%or& o' ,M1: ,e%ec%ions occurs in wee<

18 o' ges%a%ion5: Overweigh%

3: Age above 13 &ears old": #ol&uria: #ol&di)sia9: #ol&)hagia8: #revious big bab& P 5:0 <g

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!: .&)e ,iabe%es Melli%usSu))or%ing )oin%s #oin%s agains%

: #ol&uria!: #ol&di)sia

1: )ol&)hagia

: /o% lean!: /o )as% his%or&

1: /o 'a(il& his%or&5: #a%ien%s age is 1&ears old

3: Weigh% no% decreasing

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1: .&)e ! ,iabe%es Melli%usSu))or%ing )oin%s #oin%s agains%

: #ol&uria!: #ol&di)sia

1: #ol&)hagia5: Overweigh%3: +a(il& his%or&": Age

: /o )as% his%or& recorded!: Albu(inuria no% de%ec%ed

1: Regular (ens%rual c&cle #ol&c&s%ic ovar& s&ndro(echarac%eriJed b& irregular (ens%rual)eriods= e?cess hair grow%h and obesi%&

5: /o% s(o<ing

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5: -rinar& .rac< In'ec%ionSu))or%ing )oin%s #oin%s agains%

: #ol&uria : /o 'ever or high grade'ever 

!: /o )ain or a burning'eeling duringurina%ion:

1: /o blood in urine

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5: $&)er%h&roidis(

E?cessive %h&roid hor(ones causes increased

glucose )roduc%ion in %he liver= ra)id absor)%ion o'

glucose %hrough %he in%es%ines and increased insulin

resis%ance:

Su))or%ing )oin%s #oin%s agains%

: Increase a))e%i%e : Enlarge(en% o' %h&roidis no% de%ec%ed:

!: /o weigh% loss:1: /or(al .S$ in blood%es%:

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I(+,#)$-&)$o( &( #%,,($(- o-,#)&)$o(&l $&,),#

Caroline Sundralinga(

0! 0! 00 0

Ri < ' %

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Ris< 'ac%ors

•  Age over 2 ",&#

• MI 24-/m5• Increased weigh% gain during )regnanc&

• #revious h? o' large'orges%a%ionalage in'an%s

$? o' ges%a%ional diabe%es in )revious )regnanc&• Eleva%ed 'as%ingrando( blood glucose levels

during )regnanc&

• 6&m$l" !' o' diabe%es in 'irs%degree rela%ive6s7

• $? o' (e%abolic X s&ndro(e• $? o' %&)e or %&)e ! diabe%es

• #revious h? o' m&%o#om$&4-= s%illbir%h= I-,=

recurren% (iscarriage

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Screening

 ALL )a%ien%s visi%ing an%ena%al clinic 6Mala&sia7screened using rando( blood sugar)os% )randial

blood sugar 

• Diagnostic of DM in pregnant and non pregnant 

Bloo Gl:%o#, l,+,l Nom&l A(om&l

Rando( : ((olL Q:((olL

+as%ing :0 ((olL Q:0 ((olL

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MO*..

: #revious ges%a%ional diabe%es

MO*.. done "9 wee<s o' ges%a%ion

I' nega%ive= re)ea% %es% !5 wee<s o' ges%a%ion

2. O)!, $#4 &%)o 

MO*.. done !!!" wee<s

I' nega%ive= re)ea% %es% 15 wee<s o' ges%a%ion

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MO*.. #rocedure3g oral glucose %olerance %es%

: 1 da&s )rior %o %es% consu(e (ini(u( 30gcarboh&dra%e

!: +as% !hr 

1: Morning +as%ing blood glucose level

(easured= drawn 'ro( (a%ernal venous blood5: ,rin< glucose )re)ara%ion wi%hin 0(ins

3: .a<e !$## reading

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Resul%s indica%ing abnor(ali%&

+as%ing ! $##

#las(a

venous

Q": ((olL Q:9 ((olL

Ca)illar&whole blood

Q3:"((olL Q:9 ((olL

6&#)$(- 2HPP

P:0 ((olL P:9((olL

W$O cri%eria

$.AR

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,iagnosed *,M

1. Gl"%o#"l&), !,mo-lo$( HA1%@: Seru( blood sa()le %a<en

@: Re'lec% gl&ce(ic con%rol over )revious !

1(on%hs

@: /or(al range 5:":1 6non)regnan%7

  5:33: 6earl& )regnanc&7

  5:53:" 6la%e)regnanc&7

 

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+e%al well being

• l)&#o:( A(nio%ic 'luid inde? 6oligo#ol&h&dra(nios7

Macroso(ic 'e%us 6abdo(en circu('erence7

Congeni%al ano(alies 69!0w7

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6:)!, I'

1. $(, 6EME@: I' ni%ri%es )osi%ive= indica%ive o' -.I

@: +ur%her %es% T-rine cul%ure D sensi%ivi%&

2. T6T

@: Measure .S$= . D .₃ ₄

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MANAGEMENT

 – Aswini A# /alla Mu%%hu

Krishna *andi –0!01030!3

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 An%ena%al Manage(en%•

+irs% %ri(es%er 

: Receive die%ar& ins%ruc%ion

and nu%ri%ion counseling:

!: Modera%e e?ercise )rogra(:

1: Moni%oring o' blood glucose

5: Screening 'or (icrovascular

co()lica%ions

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 An%ena%al Manage(en%•

Second %ri(es%er : Moni%oring o' blood glucose

!:  Ano(al& scan a% 9!0 wee<s=

'e%al echocardiogra( a% !!!5

wee<s:

1: Serial grow%h scans 'or

 A(nio%ic +luid Inde? and

abdo(inal circu('erence:

5: Surveillance 'or (a%ernal

co()lica%ions:

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 An%ena%al Manage(en%•

.hird %ri(es%er : Moni%oring o' blood glucose

!: Assess 'e%al weigh%

1: ,iscuss %i(ing and (ode o'deliver&

D$,)

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D$,)

Ea% (eals on a regular schedule%hroughou% %he da&

Ea% s(aller a(oun%s o'carboh&dra%es a% each (eal

 Add a nigh%%i(e snac< %o (eal)lan

E(,-" ,;:$,m,()

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E(,-" ,;:$,m,()

Female 60 kg

Carbohydrate (65% !50Prote"# ($0% 0Fat (&5% $'0

Carbohydrate

$00 gmProte"# ($0% $5gmFat (&5% $gm

"et Carbohy) Prote"# Fat *Arab"a# bread 30 gm +++ +++Chee,e 5 gm $0 gm $0 gm-o#ey 50 gm & gm 3 gm.la,, o/ m"lk $0 gm 5 gm 5 gm*Total 5 gm $ gm $' gm

Carbohydrate (65% 50Prote"# ($0% 0Fat (&5% &&0

Carbohydrate

$30 gmProte"# ($0% &0gmFat (&5% &&gm

"et Carbohy) Prote"# Fat *R"1e '0 gm +++ 6 gm1h"1ke# 5 gm $5 gm $& gmSalad 30 gm ! gm ! gmOra#ge $0 gm +++ +++***Total $&5 gm $ gm && gm

Carbohydrate (65% 330Prote"# ($0% 50Fat (&5% $&0

Carbohydrate

65 gmProte"# ($0% $0gmFat (&5% $$gm

"et Carbohy) Prote"# Fat *T2#a ,a#d"1h !5 gm $& gm $0 gmA44le $5 gm +++ +++Tea +++ +++ +++ *Total 5 gm $ gm $' gm

60 g 30 k1al 7 $'00k1al "th 30% e8tra7 &$00

1al9reak/a,t 00

k1al:2#1h 00

k1al"##er 500

k1al

Sel'(oni%oring o' lood

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Sel' (oni%oring o' lood*lucose

.ES.*L-COSE

LE2ELS 6M* #ER,L UMMOL #ER LV7

+as%ing N 8" 63:"7

Onehour

)os%)randialN 50 6:!7

.wohours)os%)randial

N !0 %o ! 6":7

I li I di %i

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Insulin Indica%ions• lood glucose no% (ain%ained b& die%:

• Insulin dose is individualiJed andadHus%ed according %o %he )a%ien%sblood glucose levels:

 Adverse e''ec%s

$&)ogl&ce(ia

Symptoms of

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Symptoms ofHypoglycemia

• Very hungry• Very tired

• Shaky or trembling

• Sweating or clamminess

• Nervous

• Confused• Like you’re going to pass out or faint

• Blurred vision

I M

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In%ra)ar%u( Manage(en%

• ,eliver& b& cesarean sec%ion usuall& is'avored when 'e%al dis%ress has been

iden%i'ied:

• ,eliver& )lanned a% 19 wee<s or 18wee<s ges%a%ion:

• *,M on die% can be delivered a% 50

wee<s:• Main%ain nor(ogl&ce(ia:

#os% #ar%u(

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#os% #ar%u(

Manage(en%• Reassess blood glucose level:

• Counsel regarding die%= weigh% loss

and e?ercise:

• reas% 'eeding:

DISCSSION

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DISCSSION

KALIC$A/,RE/ AL AR-M-*AM

0!01030!!

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.Y#E

.&)e ! diabe%es6/on Insulin

,e)enden%

,iabe%es7:

.&)e diabe%es6Insulin ,e)enden%

,iabe%es Melli%us7

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,E+I/I.IO/

Carboh&dra%e in%olerance resul%ing inh&)ergl&ce(ia o' variable severi%& wi%h onse%

or 'irs% recogni%ion during )regnanc&

SYM#.OM

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SYM#.OM

•+eeling %hirs%& (ore o'%en %han usual

• -rina%e (ore o'%en

RISK +AC.OR

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RISK +AC.OR

#A.$O#$YSIOLO*Y

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#A.$O#$YSIOLO*Y

@ Earl& in )regnanc&= (a%ernal oes%rogen

and )roges%erone increase and )ro(o%e

)ancrea%ic cell h&)er)lasia andincreased insulin release

@  As )regnanc& )rogresses= increased

levels o' hu(an )lacen%al lac%ogen=cor%isol= )rolac%in= )roges%erone= and

es%rogen lead %o insulin resis%ance in

)eri)heral %issues:

COM#LICA.IO/

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COM#LICA.IO/

#reecla()sia#re%er( labor 

#ol&h&dra(nios $&)ergl&ce(ia

E++EC. O/ #RE*/A/. WOME/

COM#LICA.IO/

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COM#LICA.IO/

COM#LICA.IO/

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COM#LICA.IO/

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COM#LICA.IO/

C l i

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Conclusion

• Gestational diabetes is a common problem .

• Risk stratification and screening is essentialin almost all pregnant women

• Tight glycemic targets are required for

optimal maternal and fetal outcome• Patient education is essential to meet these

targets

•Long term follow up of the mother and baby is essential

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RE+ERE/CE

,C ,u%%a .e?%boo< o' Obs%e%rics

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