Post on 28-Dec-2015
Carbon
Chapter 4
Carbon
Organic chemistry
Study of carbon compounds All life contains carbon
Carbon
4 valence electrons 4 covalent bonds Single, double and triple bonds Oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen
Urea
Hydrocarbons
Molecules containing only carbon & hydrogen
Chains Rings Branch
Hydrocarbons
Octane
A fat molecule
Hydrocarbons
Isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula But different structures & properties Structural isomers: Different covalent arrangements of their
atoms Geometric isomers: Same covalent arrangements but differ in
spatial arrangements
Isomers
Enantiomers: Isomers that are mirror images of each
other
Fig. 4-7
Pentane
(a) Structural isomers
(b) Geometric isomers
2-methyl butane
cis isomer: The two Xs areon the same side.
trans isomer: The two Xs areon opposite sides.
(c) Enantiomers
L isomer D isomer
Structural isomers
(R)-ibuprofen (S)-ibuprofen
Eantiomers
Fig. 4-UN9
L-dopa D-dopa
Fig. 4-8
Drug
Ibuprofen
Albuterol
Condition
Pain;inflammation
Asthma
EffectiveEnantiomer
S-Ibuprofen
R-Albuterol
R-Ibuprofen
S-Albuterol
IneffectiveEnantiomer
Functional groups
Chemical groups attached to a carbon Unique chemical properties
Fig. 4-9
Estradiol
Testosterone
Functional groups
1. Hydroxyl -OH Alcohols 2. Carboxyl -COOH Organic acids
Functional groups
3. Carbonyl C=O Aldehydes and ketones 4. Amino -NH2
Amines
Functional groups
5. Sulfhydryl -SH Thiols 6. Phosphates -OPO3
-3
7. Methyl -CH3
Functional groups
Functional groups
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate