Canola Rotations Influence on Weed Management

K. Neil Harker AAFC Lacombe RDC

SK CIM Mtg. Nov 30, 2016 Saskatoon SK

Outline • Weed Management Phases in Canola

– PPI, POST, HR Canola, Hybrids, ICM

• Weed Survey data • HR Canola

– a Resistance Reprieve – a Resistance Risk

• Weed Resistance – Current & Potential • Prairie Rotations – Current & Future • Novel IWM - HWSC in a Diverse Rotation

1st Weed Management Phase • Canola seeded on land

relatively free of weeds

• Trifluralin (Treflan) – 1965

• Ethalfluralin (Edge) - 1987

2nd Phase - I

• Sethoxydim (Poast) - 1983

• Fluazifop (Fusilade, Venture, etc.) - 1984

• Quizalofop (Assure, Assure II) - 1991

• Clethodim (Select, etc.) - 1992

2nd Phase II • Clopyralid (Lontrel) - 1984

Ethametsulfuron (Muster) - 1990

3rd Phase

• Clearfield canola (1995) • Liberty Link canola (InVigor) (1995)

• Roundup Ready (RR) canola (1996)

• Herbicide Market Dominance: • RR – 47%; LL – 46%; CF – 6% (2010)

3rd Phase – Outcome - means of 9 site-years

O’Donovan et al. 2006. Weed Technology 20:494–501

Herbicide treatment

Weed biomass

Canola yield

Net return

________ kg ha-1 ________ $ ha-1

Glyphosate 296 1722 354 Glyphosate x 2 136 1688 321 Ethalfluralin + Sethoxydim + Ethametsulfuron + Clopyralid

410 1630 165

* Red values are significantly higher than the last 4-herbicide treatment (P < 0.05)

4th Phase

• Adoption of ICM systems (On-Going) – Competitive crop canopies

• Crop residue management • Vigorous cultivar (hybrids) • Shallow seeding • Adequate plant population • Adequate soil fertility

– Cropping system diversity – Adopting New Weed Management Tools

• HWSC - chaff collection example

Group 1 (A) (ACCase) Resistant Wild Oat

Alberta

2001: 11% of fields

2007: 39% of fields

2014: > 50%

Provincial Resistance Maps By Hugh Beckie

Reduction in Conservation Tillage

Slide provided by Larry A. Steckel, U Tennessee

Hand weeding in cotton (2016) ~ 50% of cotton fields in TN ~ 80% of cotton fields in GA

Slide provided by Larry A. Steckel, U Tennessee

Tennessee Herbicide Costs 2006 vs. 2014

60

30

30

110

90

65

0 30 60 90 120

Cotton

Soybean

Corn

$ / acre

20142006

Adapted from Larry A. Steckel, U Tennessee

2010 Alberta Weed Survey - Dryland Crops

J. Leeson, C. Neeser N. Kimmel and M. Vadnais Weed Survey Series – Pub. 12-1 (2012)

Alberta – RA Rank (986 fields)

1. Wild buckwheat 2. Wild oat 3. Cleavers 4. Canada thistle 5. Dandelion 6. Canola 7. Chickweed 8. Lambsquarters (C4) 9. Spiny annual sowthistle 10. Narrow-leaved hawksbeard

Top 10 Weeds – Spring Wheat - Relative Abundance (336 fields)

45.1

30.4

22.6

16.2

15.1

13.1

12

11.8

10.7

8.8

0 10 20 30 40 50

Wild buckwheat

Wild oat

Canola

Canada thistle

Western marsh cudweed

Spiny annual sowthistle

Chickweed

Cleavers

Dandelion

Green foxtail

Post Management Surveys (after herbicides)

Top 10 Weeds – Canola - Relative Abundance (252 fields)

40.2

21

18.7

16.3

15.2

15

14

13.7

13.6

12.1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Wild buckwheat

Wheat

Cleavers

Lambsquarters

Wild oat

Canada thistle

Shepherdspurse

Field horsetail

Stinkweed

Dandelion

Post Management Surveys (after herbicides)

Top 10 Weeds – Field Peas - Relative Abundance (65 fields)

46.4

22.8

20.2

18.1

16.9

16.1

13.2

12.6

12.1

11.5

0 10 20 30 40 50

Cleavers

Wheat

Wild buckwheat

Field horsetail

Canola

Canada thistle

Wild oat

Perennial sowthistle

Spiny annual sowthistle

Dandelion

Post Management Surveys (after herbicides)

2009 SK: 21% of fields

surveyed

(Galium spurium)

Thomas & Leeson Prairie Weed Surveys

Western Canada Herbicide MOAs In-crop herbicides in field crops (2006-2010) Site of Action

Wheat

Barley

Canola

Flax

Field Pea

Lentil

__________________________ % of fields __________________________

1 76 86 100 24 44 2 23 12 0 76 48 3 0 0 0 0 8 8 1 2 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0

10 0 0 0 0 0 (n) 775 280 49 129 49

Adapted from: Beckie et al. 2013 Weed Technol. 27:171-183

Western Canada Herbicide MOAs In-crop herbicides in field crops (2006-2010) Site of Action

Wheat

Barley

Canola

Flax

Field Pea

Lentil

__________________________ % of fields __________________________

1 76 86 6 100 24 44 2 23 12 15 0 76 48 3 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 1 2 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 42 0 0 0

10 0 0 37 0 0 0 (n) 775 280 345 49 129 49

Adapted from: Beckie et al. 2013 Weed Technol. 27:171-183

Canola 1 year in 2 – AB, SK, MB

Leeson, Saskatoon, SK (2011-2015 preliminary)

Percent of fields

0 5

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

2000 2001 2002 2003 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Percent of fields

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Leeson, Saskatoon, SK (2011-2015 preliminary)

Continuous Canola – AB, SK, MB

Western Canada Rotations

11 Regional Crops Specialists, Scientists, or Professors were asked

2 Questions (March 2016)

• What is the most popular rotation NOW? - More than 1 answer was allowed

• What should rotations be in the FUTURE?

Western Canada Crop Rotations - NOW

Y 1 Y 2 Y 3 Y 4 # (of 11) Canola Wheat Canola Wheat 9

Canola Wheat Pulse Barley 2

Soybean Corn Soybean Corn 2

Canola Canola Canola Canola 1

Soybean Soybean Soybean Soybean 1

Canola

Wheat

W Wheat

Oats

Barley

SoyEB Fl

Sun FP Corn

Soybean

Edible Bean

Flax

Sunflower

Field Pea

2007

Canola

Wheat

W Wheat

Oats

Barley

Soy

EBFl

Sun FP Corn

2014

Manitoba Crops

Trying out HWSC – Chaff Collection Novel IWM Systems

2016-2020

Sites (6)

Gray Dark Gray Black

Dark Brown Brown

Beaverlodge (AAFC)

Lacombe (AAFC)

Alberta Saskatchewan

Manitoba

Novel IWM Systems

Scott (AAFC)

Winnipeg (U of M) Lethbridge (AAFC)

Saskatoon (U of S)

Greg Semach

K. Neil Harker Breanne Tidemann

Kelly Turkington

Eric Johnson Chris Willenborg Steve Shirtliffe

Cindy Gampe

Rob Gulden Bob Blackshaw Newton Lupwayi

Elwin Smith

Perennial Forage

2X Winter Triticale

2X Barley Silage

2X Spring Barley

Chaff Collection

Average Weed Seed Retention – Preliminary

B. Tidemann, PhD thesis

Swath (wheat)

Straight-Cut (wheat)

Western Canada Crop Rotations - FUTURE

• “We need more perennial forages” (6/11) • “We need more pulse crops” (4/11) • “We need more winter cereals” (3/11) • “The lack of livestock integration on farms

limits forage production & IWM” (2/11) • “Our diversity message has not worked for

decades, we need to promote diversity that someone will actually use” (1/11)