CANCER

By Dr.Hesham Adel Al-Noubyunder the supervision of Dr.Mona Morsy

N.I.L.E.S 2014 - Cairo Uni.

Introduction..

• Cells divide and multiply as the body needs

them. When these cells continue multiplying

when the body doesn't need them, the result is

a mass or growth, also called a tumor.

• These growths are considered either benign or

malignant.

• Each type of cancer is unique with its own

causes, symptoms, and methods of treatment.

Like with all groups of disease, some types of

cancer are more common than others.

Cancer is:

• A disease where the cells grow

out of control and invade and

destroy the normal tissue, and

also define as a malignant

tumor of potentially unlimited

growth that expands locally by

invasion and metastasis.

• Cancer is one of the most common

diseases in the world:

• 1 in 4 deaths are due to cancer.

• Lung cancer is the most common cancer

in Men & Women, about 28% in men and

26% in women.

• Breast cancer is the most common

cancer in women about 14% (1 of 8)

• Prostate Cancer is the most common

cancer in Men about 10%

• Early detection/improvements in technology

have improved prognosis for many.

Cancer cont

• The division (mitosis) of normal cells is

controlled. New cells are only formed for

growth or to replace dead ones.

• Cancerous cells divide repeatedly out of

control even though they are not needed,

they crowd out other normal cells and

function abnormally.

• They can also destroy the correct

functioning of major organs.

2014حاالت اإلصابة الجديدة بالسرطان في عام 2014حاالت الوفاة بالسرطان في عام

معدالت اإلصابة بالسرطان معدالت الوفاة بسبب السرطان

Healthy Cells• Cells represent the smallest,

functional unit of our existence which contains cytoplasm and a nucleus (i.e. metabolism, reproduction, day to day functions)

• Cells have a specialized function depending on their location in the body.

• Cells grow, replicate and repair body organs.

• The genetic material (DNA/RNA) and your immune system regulate this process.

Tumors (abnormal cells)

• Benign (neoplasms)

Tumors are

Noncancerous

• Encapsulated, don’t

invade neighboring

tissue or spread.

• Enclosed in a fibrous

shell or capsule.

• Take up space

• Malignant

(neoplasms)Tumors

are Cancerous

• Not encapsulated, readily

invade neighboring tissues

• Not usually contained

metastasis

• Invade and emit claw like

protrusions that disrupt the

RNA and DNA of normal

cells (these cancerous cells

act like a virus).

Note: Neoplasm is an abnormal growth of cells

TYPES OF TUMORS picture

Benign tumor Malignant tumor

Cancer Cells Vs Normal Cells

•Classifications of Cancer

- Carcinomas

- Sarcomas

- Lymphomas

- Leukemias

What are the different kinds of Cancer?

I- The four most common cancers are:

• Lung Cancer

• Breast Cancer

• Prostate Cancer

• Colon Cancer

Breast Cancer

Lung Cancer

Prostate Cancer

Colon Cancer

What are the different kinds of Cancer? cont.

II- Cancers of Blood and Lymphatic

Systems:

• Hodgkin's Disease

• Leukemias

• Lymphomas

• Multiple Myeloma

• Waldenström's Disease

What are the different kinds of Cancer? cont.

III- Cancers of Digestive Systems:

• Head and Neck Cancers

• Esophageal Cancer

• Stomach Cancer

• Cancer of Pancreas

• Liver Cancer

• Colon and Rectal Cancer

• Anal cancer

What are the different kinds of Cancer? cont.

IV- Cancers of Urinary system:

• Kidney Cancer

• Bladder Cancer

• Testis Cancer

• Prostate Cancer

What are the different kinds of Cancer? cont.

V- Miscellaneous cancers:

• Brain Tumors

• Bone Tumors

• Nasopharyngeal Cancer

• Retroperitoneal sarcomas

• Soft Tissue Tumors

• Thyroid Cancer

• Cancers of Unknown Primary Site

NAMING OF CANCER

Stages of Cancer

• Stage I cancers are localized to one part

of the body; usually curable.

• Stage II cancers are locally advanced.

• Stage III cancers are also locally

advanced.

• Stage IV cancers have often

metastasized, or spread to other organs

or throughout the body.

Stages of Cancer cont

What causes cancer?

• Cancer arises from the mutation

of a normal gene.

• A factor which brings about a mutation

is called a mutagen.

• It is thought that several mutations need

to occur to give rise to cancer

• Mutated genes that cause cancer

are called oncogenes.

• Any agent that causes cancer is

called a carcinogen and is

described as carcinogenic.

• Cancerous cells don’t self

destruct and continue to divide

rapidly producing millions of new

cancerous cells.

What causes cancer? cont

Carcinogens العوامل المسببة للسرطان

• Ionising radiation: X Rays, UV light

• Chemicals i.e. Tar from cigarettes.

• Virus infection: i.e. papilloma virus can be

responsible for cervical cancer.

• Hereditary: Some families are more

susceptible to getting certain cancers.

Remember you can’t inherit cancer its just

that you maybe more susceptible to

getting it.

Environmental factors

• Tobacco

• Alcohol

• Diet (Chemicals in Food)

• Radiation.

• Viral (i.e. herpes, HPV,

mononucleosis), Bacteria &

Parasites.

• Lifestyles like “drugs”

• Sunlight (UV rays) & pollution.

• Social and Psychological Factors

- Stress

- Decrease negative emotions

Genetic, Hormones

Examples:

• Retino-blastoma in Children

• Leukemia in Mongols.

• Breast cancer

CAUSES OF CANCER (Carcinogens) cont

ETIOLOGY (Causes of Cancer) cont?

Factors Believed to Contribute to Global

Causes of Cancer

Brief on Types of Cancer

• Breast Cancer

– One in 8 women

– Risk increases with age

– Risk factors supported by research

– Prevention (self-exam and mammography)

– See figure 13.3 for self-examination procedure

– Treatment

• Colon and Rectum Cancer

– 3rd most common in men and women

– 135,400 in 2001 diagnosed

– Warning signals, e.g. blood in the stool, rectal

bleeding

Brief on Types of Cancer cont

• Skin Cancer: Sun Bathers Beware

– 1.3 million cases of skin cancer

– Treatable: basal or squamous

– Virulent: malignant melanoma

– ABCD rule about melanoma

• Prostate Cancer

– Most common in males today

– 189,000 new cases will be diagnosed in 2002

– Estimated 30,200 men will die

Brief on Types of Cancer cont

• Testicular Cancer

– Ages 17-34 at greatest risk

– Cause is unknown

– Undescended testicles present a great risk

• Ovarian Cancer

– 4th leading cause of death in young women

– Enlargement of abdomen common sign

– Prevention: annual pelvic exams

• Cancer of the Pancreas

– “Silent” disease

– 29,700 cases in 2002

– Only 4% survive

– Contributors: inflammation, diabetes, high-fat diet

Brief on Types of Cancer cont

• Endometrium (Uterine) Cancer

– Pap test for early detection

– Risk: early onset of intercourse

– Warning: abnormal bleeding

• Leukemia

– Cancer of blood-forming tissues

– Leads to the creation of immature white blood

cells

– Symptoms: fatigue / paleness / weight loss

– Can be acute or chronic

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

• Early cancer no symptoms

• Change in bowel habits or bladder functions

• Sores that do not heal

• Unusual bleeding or discharge

• Lumps or thickening of breast or other parts of

the body

• Indigestion or difficulty swallowing

• Recent change in wart or mole

• Persistent coughing or hoarseness

DIAGNOSIS

• Screening

• Self examinations

• Biopsy

• X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, PET

scans, and ultrasound scans

• Molecular diagnostic test

TREATMENTS• I- Chemotherapy

• II- Radiotherapy

• III- Surgery

• IV- Other methods:

- Immunotherapy

- Hormone therapy

- Gene therapy

- Cancer-specific immune system cells to treat cancer

Cancer Treatment

I- Chemotherapy treatment• uses medicine to weaken and destroy cancer cells in the

body, including cells at the original cancer site and any

cancer cells that may have spread to another part of the

body or "chemo," is a systemic therapy, which means it

affects the whole body by going through the

bloodstream.

• In some cases, chemotherapy is given before surgery to

shrink the cancer

• or "chemo," is a systemic therapy, which means it affects

the whole body by going through the bloodstream.

• In some cases, chemotherapy is given before surgery to

shrink the cancer

II- Radiation therapy (Radiotherapy).• Like surgery, radiation therapy is a local treatment; it affects

cancer cells only in the treated area. Radiation can come from a

machine (external radiation).

• high-energy rays are used to damage cancer cells and stop them

from growing and dividing.

• A specialist in radiation therapy is called a radiation oncologist.

• It can also come from an implant (a small container of radioactive

material) placed directly into or near the tumor (internal radiation).

Some patients receive both kinds of radiation therapy.

III- Surgical by remove the tumor, i.e. breast cancer

surgical removal.

Cancer Treatment cont

EPIDEMOLOGY OF CANCER

Preventive measures of cancer

o Avoiding obesities

o Exercise and proper breathing

o Healthy dietary practices

o Reducing occupational and environmental exposures

o Reducing alcohol uses

o Immunization against hepatitis B virus

o Safe sexual practices for avoiding cancer genesis

o Water (8 to 10 glasses daily)

o Eating Fruit on an empty stomach

Video

Video link:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8LhQllh46yI

CONCLUSION

• Increase in the number of cancer

patients every year.

• Factors responsible should be

controlled.

• Create awareness about cancer

and its prevention.

• Careful about diet and lifestyle

THANK YOU