Camera BasicsCamera Basics

What is a camera?What is a camera?

A light-tight box A light-tight box with a hole in itwith a hole in it

What does the What does the hole do?hole do? Allows the light to Allows the light to

come into the come into the camera and camera and expose the filmexpose the film

What is the name What is the name of the hole that of the hole that lets the light in?lets the light in?

APERTUREAPERTURE

Controls how much light comes into the Controls how much light comes into the camera (the intensity of light)camera (the intensity of light)

EYE get it!EYE get it!

Works like an eyeWorks like an eye What happens to your pupil What happens to your pupil

when you go in the dark?when you go in the dark? Your eye gets larger to let in Your eye gets larger to let in

more lightmore light

What happens to your pupil What happens to your pupil when someone shines a when someone shines a flashlight at it?flashlight at it? It gets smaller, doesn’t let as It gets smaller, doesn’t let as

much light inmuch light in

Aperture= F-Stop= lens openingAperture= F-Stop= lens opening

F-stop = Focal length/Aperture diameterF-stop = Focal length/Aperture diameter F-stop= F/2.8 F-stop= F/2.8

22 2.8 2.8 44 5.6 5.6 88 11 11 1616 2222

F-Stops you have to F-Stops you have to know!know!

Fractions in Art?Fractions in Art?

The f-stop with the LARGEST fraction is The f-stop with the LARGEST fraction is going to let in the MOST amount of lightgoing to let in the MOST amount of light

f/2 f/2.8 f/4 f/5.6 f/8 f/11 f/16 f/22f/2 f/2.8 f/4 f/5.6 f/8 f/11 f/16 f/22 1/2 1/2.8 1/4 1/5.6 1/8 1/11 1/16 1/221/2 1/2.8 1/4 1/5.6 1/8 1/11 1/16 1/22

1/2 is larger than 1/22 1/2 is larger than 1/22

f/2f/2 f/22f/22

TESTTEST

What lets in more light?What lets in more light? f/16f/16 oror f/2f/2 f/22f/22 oror f/11f/11 f/2.8f/2.8 oror f/8f/8 f/2f/2 or or f/2.8f/2.8 f/5.6f/5.6 or or f/8f/8 f/11f/11 oror f/4f/4 f/22f/22 oror f/5.6 f/5.6

TEST- answersTEST- answers

What lets in more light?What lets in more light? f/16f/16 oror f/2f/2 f/22f/22 oror f/11f/11 f/2.8f/2.8 oror f/8f/8 f/2f/2 or or f/2.8f/2.8 f/5.6f/5.6 or or f/8f/8 f/11f/11 oror f/4f/4 f/22f/22 oror f/5.6 f/5.6

TESTTEST

Which is the smaller lens opening?Which is the smaller lens opening? f/11f/11 oror f/4f/4 f/2f/2 oror f/8f/8 f/5.6f/5.6 oror f/16f/16 f/2f/2 or or f/2.8f/2.8 f/5.6f/5.6 or or f/11f/11 f/16f/16 oror f/22f/22 f/2f/2 oror f/5.6 f/5.6

TEST- answersTEST- answers

Which is the smaller lens opening?Which is the smaller lens opening? f/11f/11 oror f/4f/4 f/2f/2 oror f/8f/8 f/5.6f/5.6 oror f/16f/16 f/2f/2 or or f/2.8f/2.8 f/5.6f/5.6 or or f/11f/11 f/16f/16 oror f/22f/22 f/2f/2 oror f/5.6 f/5.6

ApeAperture also rture also controls…controls…

Depth of FieldDepth of Field

Defined: the area in front of and behind Defined: the area in front of and behind your main subject that is in sharp focusyour main subject that is in sharp focus

Arrival: on loose leafArrival: on loose leaf

Which type of depth of field is shown in Which type of depth of field is shown in this photograph?this photograph?

Which f/stop Which f/stop could have could have been used?been used?

Explain your Explain your answeranswer

Large Large (Great)(Great) Depth of Field Depth of Field

The subjectThe subject andand the backgroundthe background will be in will be in focusfocus

Small ApertureSmall Aperture f/16, f/22f/16, f/22

Large Large (Great)(Great) Depth of Depth of FieldField

Background in Focus

LARGE depth of field

SMALL aperture

Small Small (Shallow)(Shallow) Depth of Field Depth of Field Something is in focus and something isn’tSomething is in focus and something isn’t

The subjectThe subject is in focus is in focus and the background will and the background will NOT NOT be in focusbe in focus The backgroundThe background is in focus is in focus and the subject will and the subject will NOT NOT be in focusbe in focus The subject and the backgroundThe subject and the background is NOT in focus is NOT in focus but the middle but the middle

ground will beground will be

Large ApertureLarge Aperture f/2f/2

Less Less (Shallow)(Shallow) Depth of Depth of FieldField

Background in NOT in focus

SMALL depth of field

LARGE aperture

TEST – Use only f/2 or TEST – Use only f/2 or f/22f/22

To get a To get a SHALLOWSHALLOW depth of field depth of field To get a To get a LARGELARGE depth of field depth of field To get a To get a GREATGREAT depth of field depth of field To get a To get a SMALLSMALL depth of field depth of field To have To have LESSLESS depth of field depth of field To have To have MOREMORE depth of field depth of field

TEST – Use only f/2 or TEST – Use only f/2 or f/22f/22

To get a SHALLOW depth of field To get a SHALLOW depth of field f/2f/2 To get a LARGE depth of fieldTo get a LARGE depth of field f/22f/22 To get a GREAT depth of fieldTo get a GREAT depth of field f/22f/22 To get a SMALL depth of field To get a SMALL depth of field f/2f/2 To have LESS depth of field To have LESS depth of field f/2f/2 To have MORE depth of field To have MORE depth of field f/22f/22

TEST – Use only f/2 or TEST – Use only f/2 or f/22f/22

And…

Is this a large or small depth of field?

TEST – Use only f/2 or TEST – Use only f/2 or f/22f/22

And…

Is this a large or small depth of field?

Please note…Please note… It is It is much bettermuch better

to use aperture to use aperture settings in the settings in the middle such as middle such as

f/11 or f/8 f/11 or f/8 because the lens because the lens quality is sharpest quality is sharpest at these settingsat these settings

ShutterShutter

Controls the amount of Controls the amount of light that is allowed into light that is allowed into the camera by the the camera by the amount of time it is left amount of time it is left openopen

112 2 4 4 88

15 15 30 30 6060 125125250250500500

10001000

Shutter Speeds Shutter Speeds you have to know!you have to know!

111/2 1/2 1/4 1/4 1/81/8

1/15 1/15 1/30 1/30 1/601/60 1/1251/1251/2501/2501/5001/500

1/10001/1000

These actually represent These actually represent fractions of a secondfractions of a second

Fast Shutter SpeedFast Shutter Speed

1/125, 1/250, 1/500, 1/125, 1/250, 1/500, 1/10001/1000

The The fasterfaster the shutter the shutter speed, the more likely speed, the more likely it is that you will be it is that you will be able to able to “freeze”“freeze” the the subjectsubject

Slow Shutter SpeedSlow Shutter Speed

1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/161/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16 The The slowerslower the shutter speed, the the shutter speed, the

more likely it is that your subject will more likely it is that your subject will be be blurredblurred

Safest Shutter SpeedsSafest Shutter Speeds

1/601/60 is ideal is ideal (it is fast enough (it is fast enough

to avoid camera to avoid camera shake)shake)

When to use a tripod…When to use a tripod… If you must take a picture using a If you must take a picture using a

shutter speed of shutter speed of 1/301/30 or below or below than you need to become a than you need to become a human tripod or just use onehuman tripod or just use one

PanningPanning

Stopping action with blurring the Stopping action with blurring the backgroundbackground

How to PanHow to Pan

Set the shutter at 1/30Set the shutter at 1/30 Following the action while you are taking Following the action while you are taking

the picturethe picture Release the shutter and continue Release the shutter and continue

following the actionfollowing the action

BB The “B” on your The “B” on your

shutter stands for shutter stands for bulb, this allows the bulb, this allows the shutter to stay open shutter to stay open as long as your finger as long as your finger is on the shutter is on the shutter release buttonrelease button

Used mostly for night Used mostly for night photographyphotography

Use a tripod if you are Use a tripod if you are using the Busing the B

TESTTEST

What has a FASTER shutter speed?What has a FASTER shutter speed? 1/2501/250 or or 1/5001/500 1/21/2 or or 1/41/4 1/500 or 11/500 or 1

What has a SLOWER shutter speed?What has a SLOWER shutter speed? 1/1251/125 or or 1/81/8 1/15 or 1/301/15 or 1/30 1/500 or 1/21/500 or 1/2

TEST- answersTEST- answers

What has a FASTER shutter speed?What has a FASTER shutter speed? 1/2501/250 or or 1/5001/500 1/21/2 or or 1/41/4 1/5001/500 or 1 or 1

What has a SLOWER shutter speed?What has a SLOWER shutter speed? 1/1251/125 or or 1/81/8 1/151/15 or 1/30 or 1/30 1/500 or 1/500 or 1/21/2

TESTTEST

What will happen when you pan a What will happen when you pan a picture?picture?

When should you use the B?When should you use the B? What is the ideal shutter speed?What is the ideal shutter speed?

TEST- answersTEST- answers

What will happen when you pan a What will happen when you pan a picture?picture? The subject will be in focus and the The subject will be in focus and the

background will be blurrybackground will be blurry When should you use the B?When should you use the B?

Night photographyNight photography What is the ideal shutter speed?What is the ideal shutter speed?

1/601/60

TESTTEST

Determine if the photographer used a Determine if the photographer used a FAST shutter speed, a SLOW shutter FAST shutter speed, a SLOW shutter speed, B, or Panning for the following speed, B, or Panning for the following photos:photos:

SLOW

B

Panning

Fast Shutter

Aperture and ShutterAperture and Shutter

are the two things that control the are the two things that control the amount of light that reaches the film amount of light that reaches the film or sensoror sensor

You need a correct combination of both You need a correct combination of both in order to let in the right amount of lightin order to let in the right amount of light Look at your light meter!Look at your light meter!

Imagine you are photographing a portrait Imagine you are photographing a portrait in a dark room. f\5.6 at 1/60in a dark room. f\5.6 at 1/60thth of a second of a second is too dark. List three possible solutions is too dark. List three possible solutions for a properly exposed photo.for a properly exposed photo.

1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3.

Faucet ExampleFaucet Example Just think of reciprocals like a faucetJust think of reciprocals like a faucet Larger stream = faster.Larger stream = faster.

RECIPROCALS

What has the bigger “stream of water”, ie. what lets in the most light?

a. F/2

b. F/8

c. F/16

Does this require a lot of time or a little time to fill the “pail of water” ie. to let light into the camera?

a. More

b. Less

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

RECIPROCALS

What has the bigger “stream of water”, ie. what lets in the most light?

a. F/2

b. F/8

c. F/16

Does this require a lot of time or a little time to fill the “pail of water” ie. to let light into the camera?

a. More

b. Less

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

PROBLEMS TO SOLVE

Thinking of the water situation…

What would you do if at f/2 at 1/500 of a second you have to change your

shutter to 1/2 because you are trying to blur movement?

Things to think about…

-at f/2 at 1/500 you are the perfect exposure

Going from 1/500 to 1/2 will let __________ light into the camera.

Therefore, you need to let _______ light into the camera with aperture.

Do this by making your aperture _______________.

Move your aperture towards ____________.

PROBLEMS TO SOLVE

Thinking of the water situation…

What would you do if at f/2 at 1/500 of a second you have to change your

shutter to 1/2 because you are trying to blur movement?

Things to think about…

-at f/2 at 1/500 you are the perfect exposure

Going from 1/500 to 1/2 will let ____MORE______ light into the camera.

Therefore, you need to let __LESS__ light into the camera with aperture.

Do this by making your aperture _______SMALLER________.

Move your aperture towards ______f/22______.

PROBLEMS TO SOLVE

Thinking of the water situation…

What would you do if at f/8 at 1/100 of a second you have to change your

aperture to f/2 because you are trying to get a small depth of field?

Things to think about…

-at f/8 at 1/100 you are the perfect exposure

Going from f/8 to f/2 will let __________ light into the camera.

Therefore, you need to let _______ light into the camera with shutter.

Do this by making your shutter _______________.

Move your shutter towards ____________.

Arrival: find three equivalent Arrival: find three equivalent exposures to the following meter exposures to the following meter reading:reading:ApertureAperture 2.8 2.8 3.53.5 5.65.6 88 f/11f/11 1616 2222

ShutterShutter

4 4 88 1515 3030 60 60 125125 250 250

PROBLEMS TO SOLVE

Thinking of the water situation…

What would you do if at f/8 at 1/100 of a second you have to change your

aperture to f/2 because you are trying to get a small depth of field?

Things to think about…

-at f/8 at 1/100 you are the perfect exposure

Going from f/8 to f/2 will let ____MORE______ light into the camera.

Therefore, you need to let ___LESS__ light into the camera with shutter.

Do this by making your shutter _____FASTER__________.

Move your shutter towards _____1/1000_______.

Film Speed:Film Speed: ISO (always set BEFORE you take your ISO (always set BEFORE you take your

photos)photos) Measures a film’s sensitivity to lightMeasures a film’s sensitivity to light I SO SENSITIVE!!!!I SO SENSITIVE!!!!

The The HIGHERHIGHER the number the the number the FASTERFASTER the film the film Use fast film when there is Use fast film when there is LITTLELITTLE light light (800)(800)

SIDE EFFECT: it will be grainySIDE EFFECT: it will be grainy

IDEAL film is IDEAL film is 200/400 200/400 (less grainy)(less grainy) SIDE EFFECT: you need good lightSIDE EFFECT: you need good light

Which has more grain (or in digital Which has more grain (or in digital photography, which has more NOISE)?photography, which has more NOISE)?

100 ISO 800 ISO

With a partner (someone who has the ability to With a partner (someone who has the ability to change their ISO)change their ISO)

Set your camera at shutter priority 1/60Set your camera at shutter priority 1/60thth second. second. Start your ISO at the lowest number (100?)Start your ISO at the lowest number (100?) Choose one inanimate object for your entire photo Choose one inanimate object for your entire photo

shoot. (different from your partner’s)shoot. (different from your partner’s) Take a close-up photo of an inanimate object.Take a close-up photo of an inanimate object. Change only the ISO from 100 to the next highest Change only the ISO from 100 to the next highest

and continue to take one photo from each ISO. Try and continue to take one photo from each ISO. Try to keep each image exactly the same throughout to keep each image exactly the same throughout your photo shoot!your photo shoot!

Create a folder for your ISO photo shoot when Create a folder for your ISO photo shoot when finished and upload all images to that folder.finished and upload all images to that folder.

LensesLenses Standard (50-55mm)Standard (50-55mm)

Known as standard because the Known as standard because the image they produce corresponds image they produce corresponds to the way the eye would have to the way the eye would have seen it in realityseen it in reality

Wide-angle (35-21mm)Wide-angle (35-21mm) Landscapes, broad panoramas, Landscapes, broad panoramas,

crowd scenescrowd scenes Telephoto (75-1200mm)Telephoto (75-1200mm)

Wildlife/natureWildlife/nature Gets your closer to the subject Gets your closer to the subject

without having to get close to the without having to get close to the subjectsubject

WIDE ANGLEWIDE ANGLE

TELEPHOTOTELEPHOTO