Transcript of C cheat sheet for varsity (extreme edition)
- 1. Author: Md. Saifur Rahman Education: 4th semester at CSE
Department in Southeast University Banani, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Md.
Saifur Rahman C Programming Language
- 2. C Cheat Sheet For Varsity c Case Sensitive(small/large) C
has supportfor Octal & Hexadecimal Programs C Programing
structure(has 3 parts) 1. Include files(header files) 2. Main
function( main() ) 3. Other(Library/user defined functions)
Function writting main() { } void main() { } int main() { return 0;
} int main(void) { return 0; } void main(void) { return 0; } int
main () { printf ("Welcome to C language"); return 0; } #include
int main () { printf ("Welcome to C language"); return 0; } Header
files In C, the contents of a module consist of structure type
(struct) declarations, global variables, and functions. The
functions themselves are normally defined in a source file (a .c
file). Except for the main module, each source (.c) file has a
header file (a .h file) associated with it that provides the
declarations needed by other modules to make use of this module.
The idea is that other modules can access the functionality in
module X simply by #include "X.h" for the header file, and the
linker will do the rest. The code in X.c needs to be compiled only
the first time or if it is changed; the rest of the time, the
linker will link Xs code into the final executable without needing
to recompile it, which enables the Unix make utility and IDEs to
work very efficiently. A header file is a file with extension .h
which contains C function declarations and macro definitions and to
be shared between several source files. There are two types of
header files: the files that the programmer writes and the files
that come with your compiler. You request the use of a header file
in your program by including it, with the C preprocessing directive
#include like you have seen inclusion of stdio.h header file, which
comes along with your compiler.
- 3. keywords Word 32 Identifier Name int a=5, b=10; here a, b
identifier Identifier helps variables to remind its name Identifier
Character String a a a Variable In memory there are million of
locations. Varables means the name of specific location of memory
which can store data & its values. Variables Value can be
changed but address cannot be changed. Name of the randomaccess
memory (RAM) loacation which can contains data so that nest time we
can find the data easily.
- 4. string integer floating point saifur 67 67.0 A+ 4 4.0
- 5. Difference Character Set A - Z a z + - / * $ % 1 2 3 etc
Total numbers of characters 28 = 256 Character set are the set of
alphabets, letters and some special characters that are valid in C
language. Data Types Function Input: Type Input: Value Output: Type
Output: Value abs() int int int int fabs() float float float float
ceil() float int / float float int floor() float int / float float
int fmod() int / float int / float float int / float Sqrt() float
int float Int/float Pow() Int/float int / float float int / float
Log() Int/float Int/float float Int / float Exp() float float
Alphabet Alphabets: Uppercase: A B C
.................................... X Y Z Lowercase: a b c
...................................... x y z Digits: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
8 9 Special Characters: White space Characters: blank space, new
line, horizontal tab, carriage return and form feed Special
Characters in C language , < > . _ ( ) ; $ : % [ ] # ? '
& { } " ^ ! * / | -~ + Integer Type Turbo C++ (16 Bit) Visual
C++ (32 Bit) GCC / g++ 64 Bit short 2 Byte (16 Bit) 2 2 - int 2 4 4
8 long 4 4 4 - long long - 8 8 8 Entity Size in Bytes NULL 2 EOF 2
1 1 1 2 1 char 1 Int 2 Float 4
- 6. Range Signed short/int/long/long long Unsigned
short/int/long/long long Usage Decimal Hexa-Decimal int + float int
1 Byte/B 8 Bit 1 KB 1024 Byte 1 MB 1024 KB 1 GB 1024 MB 1 TB 1024
GB Int Float /Fractional Character 1 Byte short 2 int 2/4 long 4
float 4 long long 8 double 8 long double 10 Brackets ( )
Parentheses { } Curly Brackets / Braces [ ] Squarebrackets Type
conversion Examples small + small = large small + large = large
large + large = extra large minimum low result: int & float
(char & float & short) char + char =int float + float =
double int + float = double double da = 3.3; double db = 3.3;
double dc = 3.4; int result = (int)da + (int)db + (int)dc; //result
== 9 char + int =int float +double = double long + double = double
int + int =long int double +long double=long double int + char =
int int + long int=long int int + long long = long long 1st Operand
Type Operator 2nd Operand Type Expression Type char / int + - * /
int / char int short int / int int / short int int long int / int
int / long int long int char / int / float float float char / int /
float double double float / double double double double, double /
long double long double long double
- 7. 32 Bit / 4 Byte { 1Bit (contains = 0,1)} 65536 32768 16384
8192 4096 2048 1024 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 32 31 30 29 28 27
26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2^31
2^30 2^29 2^28 2^27 2^26 2^25 2^24 2^23 2^22 2^21 2^20 2^19 2^18
2^17 2^16 2^15 2^14 2^13 2^12 2^11 2^10 2^9 2^8 2^7 2^6 2^5 2^4 2^3
2^2 2^1 2^0
- 8. ASCII Character set/ American Standard Code for Information
Interchange A = 65 a = 97 0 = 48 Total character = 256 ( 0 ->
255) Space = 32 Escape Sequence Escape Sequence Represents a Bell /
(alert) / beep / b Backspace / non-erase f Formfeed / clear screen
/ new page / n New line r Carriage return t Horizontal tab v
Vertical tab ' Single quotation mark" Double quotation
markBackslash ? Literal question mark 0 Nullooo ASCII character in
octal notation x hh ASCII character in hexadecimal notation x hhhh
Unicode character in hexadecimal notation if this escape sequence
is used in a wide-character constant or a Unicode string literal.
For example, WCHAR f = L'x4e00' or WCHAR b[] = L"The Chinese
character for one is x4e00". Library/Built-In Function Serial Name
Description Parameters Return Value Example & output
- 9. 1 abs() Absolute value Returns the absolute value of
parameter n ( /n/ ). In C++, this function is also overloaded in
header for floating- point types (see cmath abs), in header for
complex numbers (see complex abs), and in header for valarrays (see
valarray abs). double abs (double x); float abs (float x); long
double abs (long double x); Integral value. The absolute value of
n. 1. Absolute value for int input & 2. int value for output
Like( abs(-3)=3 ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 /* abs example */
#include /* printf */ #include /* abs */ int main () { int n,m;
n=abs(23); // 23 m=abs(-11); // 11 printf ("n=%dn",n); printf
("m=%dn",m); return 0; } 2 fabs() Compute absolute value Returns
the absolute value of x: |x|. double fabs (double x); float fabsf
(float x); long double fabsl (long double x); Value whose absolute
value is returned. The absolute value of x. 1. Absolute value for
floating point input but 2. Int value for output Like(
fabs(-3.5)=3.5 ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 /* fabs example */ #include
/* printf */ #include /* fabs */ int main () { printf ("The
absolute value of 3.1416 is %fn", fabs (3.1416) ); printf ("The
absolute value of -10.6 is %fn", fabs (-10.6) ); return 0; }
Result::::::: The absolute value of 3.1416 is 3.141600 The absolute
value of -10.6 is 10.600000 3 Ceil() Round up value Rounds x
upward, returning the smallest integral value that is not less than
x. double ceil (double x); float ceilf (float x); long double ceill
(long double x); Value to round up. The smallest integral value
that is not less than x (as a floating-point value). 1. To get
Larger int output 2. Value int 3. Type floating Like( ceil(2.5)=3.0
) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 /* ceil example */ #include /* printf
*/ #include /* ceil */ int main () { printf ( "ceil of 2.3 is
%.1fn", ceil(2.3) ); printf ( "ceil of 3.8 is %.1fn", ceil(3.8) );
printf ( "ceil of -2.3 is %.1fn", ceil(-2.3) ); printf ( "ceil of
-3.8 is %.1fn", ceil(-3.8) ); return 0; } Output: ceil of 2.3 is
3.0 ceil of 3.8 is 4.0 ceil of -2.3 is -2.0 ceil of -3.8 is -3.0 4
floor() double floor (double x); float floorf (float x); long
double floorl (long double x); Round down value Rounds x downward,
returning the largest integral value that is not greater than x.
Header provides a type-generic macro version of this function.
Value to round down. The value of x rounded downward (as a
floating-point value). 1. To get smaller int output but 2. Value
int 3. Type floating point Like( floor(2.5)=2.0 ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 /* floor example */ #include /* printf */ #include /*
floor */ int main () { printf ( "floor of 2.3 is %.1lfn", floor
(2.3) ); printf ( "floor of 3.8 is %.1lfn", floor (3.8) ); printf (
"floor of -2.3 is %.1lfn", floor (-2.3) ); printf ( "floor of -3.8
is %.1lfn", floor (-3.8) ); return 0; } Output: floor of 2.3 is 2.0
floor of 3.8 is 3.0 floor of -2.3 is -3.0 floor of -3.8 is -4.0 5
fmod() double fmod(double x, double y); The C library function
double fmod(double x, double y) returns the remainder of x divided
by y. The C library function double fmod(double x, double y)
returns the remainder of x divided by y. 1. Type floating point 2.
Value int / floating point 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 /* fmod example */
#include /* printf */ #include /* fmod */ int main () { printf
("fmod of 2.5 / 2 is %lfn", fmod(2.5,2)); printf ( "fmod of 5.3 / 2
is %fn", fmod (5.3,2) ); printf ( "fmod of 18.5 / 4.2 is %fn", fmod
(18.5,4.2) ); printf ( "fmod of 18.5 / 4.2 is %fn", fmod (5,2) );
return 0; } Output: fmod of 2.5 / 2 is 0.500000 fmod of 5.3 / 2 is
1.300000 fmod of 18.5 / 4.2 is 1.700000 6 sqrt() Returns the square
root of x. Additional overloads are provided in this header () for
the integral types: These overloads effectively cast x to a double
before calculations (defined for T being any integral type). This
function is also overloaded in and (see complex sqrt and valarray
sqrt). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 /* sqrt example */ #include /*
printf */ #include /* sqrt */ int main () { double param, result;
param = 1024.0; result = sqrt (param); printf ("sqrt(%f) = %fn",
param, result ); return 0; } Output: sqrt(1024.000000) = 32.000000
7 pow() base Base value. exponent Exponent value. The result of
raising base to the power exponent. If x is finite negative and y
is finite but not an integer value, it causes a domain error. If
both x and y are zero, it may also cause a domain error. If x is
zero and y is negative, it may cause a domain error or a pole error
(or none, depending on the library implementation). The function
may also cause a range error if the result is too great or too
small to be represented by a value of the return type. 1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 /* pow example */ #include /* printf */ #include /* pow
*/ int main () { printf ("7 ^ 3 = %fn", pow (7.0, 3.0) ); printf
("4.73 ^ 12 = %fn", pow (4.73, 12.0) ); printf ("32.01 ^ 1.54 =
%fn", pow (32.01, 1.54) ); return 0; } Output:
- 10. 7 ^ 3 = 343.000000 4.73 ^ 12 = 125410439.217423 32.01 ^
1.54 = 208.036691 8 log() double log (double x); float log (float
x); long double log (long double x); double log (T x); //
additional overloads for integral types Returns the natural
logarithm of x. The natural logarithm is the base-e logarithm: the
inverse of the natural exponential function (exp). For common
(base-10) logarithms, see log10. Value whose logarithm is
calculated. If the argument is negative, a domain error occurs. 1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 /* log example */ #include /* printf */
#include /* log */ int main () { double param, result; param = 5.5;
result = log (param); printf ("log(%f) = %fn", param, result );
return 0; } Output: log(5.500000) = 1.704748 9 exp() double exp
(double x); float exp (float x); long double exp (long double x);
double exp (T x); // additional overloads for integral types
Compute exponential function Returns the base-e exponential
function of x, which is e raised to the power x: ex. Additional
overloads are provided in this header () for the integral types:
These overloads effectively cast x to a double before calculations.
This function is also overloaded in and (see complex exp and
valarray exp). Value of the exponent. Exponential value of x. If
the magnitude of the result is too large to be represented by a
value of the return type, the function returnsHUGE_VAL (or
HUGE_VALF or HUGE_VALL) with the proper sign, and an overflow range
error occurs: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 /* exp example */ #include
/* printf */ #include /* exp */ int main () { double param, result;
param = 5.0; result = exp (param); printf ("The exponential value
of %f is %f.n", param, result ); return 0; } Output: The
exponential value of 5.000000 is 148.413159. 10 rand() int rand
(void); Generate random number Returnsa pseudo-randomintegral
numberinthe range between0 andRAND_MAX. Thisnumberisgeneratedbyan
algorithmthatreturnsa sequence of apparently
non-relatednumberseachtime itiscalled.This
algorithmusesaseedtogenerate the series,whichshouldbe
initializedtosome distinctivevalueusing functionsrand. RAND_MAXisa
constantdefinedin . A typical wayto generate trivial
pseudo-randomnumbersinadeterminedrange usingrandis to use the
moduloof the returnedvalue bythe range spanand add the initial
value of the range: 1 2 3 v1 = rand() % 100; // v1 in the range 0
to 99 v2 = rand() % 100 + 1; // v2 in the range 1 to 100 v3 =
rand() % 30 + 1985; // v3 in the range 1985-2014 Notice
thoughthatthismodulooperationdoesnotgenerate uniformlydistributed
random numbers in the span (since in most cases this operation
makes lower numbers slightly more likely). C++ supports a wide
range of powerful tools to generate random and pseudo- random
numbers (see for more info). An integer value between 0 and
RAND_MAX. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25 /* rand example: guess the number */ #include /* printf,
scanf, puts, NULL */ #include /* srand, rand */ #include /* time */
int main () { int iSecret, iGuess; /* initialize random seed: */
srand (time(NULL)); /* generate secret number between 1 and 10: */
iSecret = rand() % 10 + 1; do { printf ("Guess the number (1 to
10): "); scanf ("%d",&iGuess); if (iSecretiGuess) puts ("The
secret number is higher"); } while (iSecret!=iGuess); puts
("Congratulations!"); return 0; } In thisexample,the
randomseedisinitializedtoavalue representingthe currenttime
(callingtime) togenerate adifferentvalue everytime the
programisrun. Possible output: Guess the number (1 to 10): 5 The
secret number is higher Guess the number (1 to 10): 8 The secret
number is lower Guess the number (1 to 10): 7 Congratulations! 11
srand() void srand (unsigned int seed); Initialize random number
generator The pseudo-random number generator is initialized using
the argument passed as seed. For everydifferentseed value
usedinacall to srand,the pseudo-randomnumber generator can be
expected to generate a different succession of results in the
subsequent calls to rand. Two differentinitializationswiththe same
seed will generate the same succession of results in subsequent
calls torand. If seed is setto 1, the generatorisreinitializedto
its initial value and produces the same values as before any call
to rand or srand. In order to generate random-like numbers, srand
is usually initialized to some distinctive runtime value, like the
value returned by function time (declared in header ). This is
distinctive enough for most trivial randomization needs. An integer
value to be used as seed by the pseudo- random number generator
algorithm. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 /* srand example */
#include /* printf, NULL */ #include /* srand, rand */ #include /*
time */ int main () { printf ("First number: %dn", rand()%100);
srand (time(NULL)); printf ("Random number: %dn", rand()%100);
srand (1); printf ("Again the first number: %dn", rand()%100);
return 0; } Possible output: First number: 41 Random number: 13
Again the first number: 41 12 tolower() short _tolower (short c);
Translates uppercase characters to lowercase. _tolower does the
same conversion as tolower or toextlower, except that it should be
used only when c is known to be uppercase (either ordinary or
foreign). It is faster, and generates much shorter code than
tolower. _tolower returns the converted
- 11. value of c if it is uppercase; otherwise, the result is
undefined. _tolower is a simple macro. short tolower (short c);
Translates characters to lowercase. tolower is a function that
converts an integer c to its lowercase value ('a' to 'z') if it was
uppercase ('A' to 'Z'). All others are left unchanged. Returns the
converted value of c. tolower is a relatively small inline function
which is implemented using GNU C smart macros. 13 toupper() short
_toupper (short c); Translates uppercase characters to lowercase.
_toupper does the same conversion as toupper or toextupper, except
that it should be used only when c is known to be lowercase (either
ordinary or foreign). It is faster, and generates much shorter code
than toupper. _toupper returns the converted value of c if it is
lowercase; otherwise, the result is undefined. _toupper is a simple
macro. short toupper (short c); Translates characters to uppercase.
toupper is a function that converts an integer c to its uppercase
value ('A' to 'Z') if it was lowercase ('a' to 'z'). All others are
left unchanged. Returns the converted value of c. toupper is a
relatively small inline function which is implemented using GNU C
smart macros. 14 isalnum() short isalnum (short c); Checks whether
a character is an alphanumeric. isalnum returns nonzero if c is a
letter ('A' to 'Z' or 'a' to 'z') or a digit ('0' to '9'),
otherwise it returns zero. It is an inline function which is
implemented using GNU C smart macros, which expands to a medium-
sized code. 15 isalpha() short isalpha (short c); Checks whether a
character is a letter. isalpha returns nonzero if c is a letter
('A' to 'Z' or 'a' to 'z'), otherwise it returns zero. It is an
inline function which is implemented using GNU C smart macros,
which expands to a relatively small code. 16 isascii() short
isascii (short c); Checks whether a character is an ASCII
character. isascii returns nonzero if c is in the range 0 to 127
(0x00-0x7F), otherwise it returns zero. It is a simple macro. 17
islower() short islower (short c); Checks whether a character is a
lowercase. islower returns nonzero if c is a lowercase letter ('a'
to 'z'), otherwise it returns zero. It is a small inline function
which is implemented using GNU C smart macros.
- 12. 18 isupper() short isupper (short c); Checks whether a
character is an uppercase. isupper returns nonzero if c is an
uppercase letter ('A' to 'Z'), otherwise it returns zero. It is a
small inline function which is implemented using GNU C smart
macros. 19 toascii() short toascii (short c); Translates characters
to ASCII format. toascii converts the integer c to ASCII by
clearing all but the lower 7 bits. This gives a value in the range
0 to 127. Returns the converted value of c. toascii is a simple
macro. 20 printf(); printf("hello world"); 21 fprintf();
fprintf(stdout, "hello world"); fprintf(stderr,"hello world");
PRECEDENCE GROUPS
- 13. OperatorName Associativity Operators Primary
scoperesolution left to right :: Primary left to right () [ ] .
-> dynamic_cast typeid Unary right to left ++ -- + - ! ~ & *
(type_name) sizeof new delete C++ Pointer to Member left to right
.*->* Multiplicative left to right * / % Additive left to right
+ - Bitwise Shift left to right > Relational left to right <
> = Equality left to right == != Bitwise AND left to right &
Bitwise Exclusive OR left to right ^ Bitwise Inclusive OR left to
right | Logical AND left to right && Logical OR left to
right || Conditional right to left ? : Assignment right to left =
+= -= *= /= = %= &= ^= |= Comma left to right ,
- 14. printf scanf I/O of floats in C #include int main(){ float
a; printf("Enter value: "); scanf("%f",&a);
printf("Value=%f",a); //%f is used for floats instead of %d return
0; } Output Enter value: 23.45 Value=23.450000 The scanf() function
is used to take input from user. In this program, the user is asked
a input and value is stored in variable a. Note the '&' sign
before a. &a denotes the address of a and value is stored in
that address. Conversion specifier printf scanf %c char (single
character) %d integer %d integer %f float or double %e ,%f, %g
float %h short %s string (char array) %lf double (first character
is l, not one 1)
- 15. %c char (single character) %i Decimal, hexadecimal, octal
integer %o Octal integer %s string (char array) %u Unsigned %lu
Long unsigned %x Hexa-decimal integer %ld long integer %hd Short
integer Left shift operation Right shift operation Operand Left
shift operation Right shift operation 1st shift 2nd shift 3rd shift
1st shift 2nd shift 3rd shift a = 2 a3 = 0 b = 4 b3 = 0 #include
int avg_result(int a[], int); int main(){ int
a=0,a1=1,a2=2,a3=3,a4=4,a5=5,a6=6,a7=7,a8=8,a9=9, a10=10;
printf("a= %dt && a> 3 = %dt a5>> 4 = %dt
a5>> 5 = %dt ",a5, a5>> 1,a5>> 2,a5>>
3,a5>> 4,a5>> 5); printf("na6= %dt &&
a6>> 1 = %dt a6>> 2 = %dt a6>> 3 = %dt a6>>
4 = %dt a6>> 5 = %dt ",a6, a6>> 1,a6>>
2,a6>> 3,a6>> 4,a6>> 5); printf("na7= %dt
&& a7>> 1 = %dt a7>> 2 = %dt a7>> 3 = %dt
a7>> 4 = %dt a7>> 5 = %dt ",a7, a7>> 1,a7>>
2,a7>> 3,a7>> 4,a7>> 5); printf("na8= %dt
&& a8>> 1 = %dt a8>> 2 = %dt a8>> 3 = %dt
a8>> 4 = %dt a8>> 5 = %dt ",a8, a8>> 1,a8>>
2,a8>> 3,a8>> 4,a8>> 5); printf("na9= %dt
&& a9>> 1 = %dt a9>> 2 = %dt a9>> 3 = %dt
a9>> 4 = %dt a9>> 5 = %dt ",a9, a9>> 1,a9>>
2,a9>> 3,a9>> 4,a9>> 5); printf("na10= %dt
&& a10>>1 = %d a10>>2 = %dt a10>> 3 = %dt
a10>>4 = %dt a10>>5 = %dt ",a10, a10>>
1,a10>> 2,a10>> 3,a10>> 4,a10>> 5); }
- 16. a= 0 && a> 3 = 1 a10>>4 = 0 a10>>5 =
0 Cheat sheet #include Using angle bracket #includestdio.h Using
quotation mark For Knowledge Prime numbers Those numbers Which we
can divide by 2 numbers (1)by 1 & (2)by own number 2 3 5 7 11
13 17 19 23 29 31 37 39 41 43 47 51
http://www.crazyengineers.com/threads/c-c-difference-between-
while-loop-and-for-loop.29738/ Definition of perfect number or What
is perfect number? Perfect number is a positive number which sum of
all positive divisors excluding that number is equal to that
number. For example 6 is perfect number since divisor of 6 are 1, 2
and 3. Sum of its divisor is 1 + 2+ 3 =6 Note: 6 is the smallest
perfect number.
- 17. Next perfect number is 28 since 1+ 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 = 28 Some
more perfect numbers: 496, 8128
http://www.cquestions.com/2008/01/write-c-program-to-find-perfect-number.html
Best Link
http://www.cquestions.com/2010/10/c-interview-questions-and-
answers.html http://www.inf.unideb.hu/kmitt/konvkmitt/programming
_languages/book.xml.html
http://www.cprogrammingexpert.com/C/Tutorial/simple_c_pro gram.aspx
All in One #include int main() { int a=123456; float b=3.1416789;
char c='f', c1='saifur'; printf("1 int=%d %0d %3d %15d %015d
%0x15dn",a,a,a,a,a,a);
printf("+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++nn");
printf("1 long int=%ld %0ld %3ld %15ld %015ld
%0x15ldn",a,a,a,a,a,a);
printf("+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++nn");
printf("1 short int=%hd %0hd %3hd %15hd %015hd
%0x15hdn",a,a,a,a,a,a);
printf("+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++nn");
printf("2 float=%f %0f %3f %15.10f %15.0f %015.2f %f
%0x15fn",b,b,b,b,b,b,(double)(int)b,b);
printf("++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++nn");
printf("3 double=%lf %0lf %3lf %15.10lf %15.0lf %015.2lf
%0x15lfn",b,b,b,b,b,b,b);
printf("++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++nn");
printf("4 exponential notation=%e %0e %3e %15.10e %15.0e %015.2e
%0x15en",b,b,b,b,b,b,b);
printf("+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++nn");
printf("5 long exponential notation.=%le %0le %3le %15.10le %15.0le
%015.2le %0x15len",b,b,b,b,b,b,b);
printf("++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++nn");
printf("6 string=%s %0s %3s %15.10s %15.0s %15.2s
%015.2sn","saifur","saifur","saifur","saifur","saifur","saifur","saifur","saifur");
printf("++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++n");
printf("nLateral stringn"); printf("%snn", "This is a string");
printf("7 char=%c %0c %3c %15.10c %15.0c %15.2c
%015.2cn",c,c,c,c,c,c,c);
printf("++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++nn");
printf("7 char1=%c %0c %3c %15.10c %15.0c %15.2c
%015.2cn",c1,c1,c1,c1,c1,c1,c1);
printf("++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++nn");
printf("7 char=%c %0c %3c %15.10c %15.0c %15.2c
%015.2cn",65,66,67,69,'65',"65",70);
printf("++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++nn");
} 1 int=123456 123456 123456 123456 000000000123456 1e24015d
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1
long int=123456 123456 123456 123456 000000000123456 1e24015ld
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1
short int=-7616 -7616 -7616 -7616 -00000000007616 1e24015hd
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2
float=3.141679 3.141679 3.141679 3.1416788101 3 000000000003.14
3.000000 8000000015f
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
3 double=3.141679 3.141679 3.141679 3.1416788101 3 000000000003.14
8000000015lf
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
4 exponential notation=3.141679e+000 3.141679e+000 3.141679e+000
3.1416788101e+000 3e+000 0000003.14e+000 8000000015e
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
5 long exponential notation.=3.141679e+000 3.141679e+000
3.141679e+000 3.1416788101e+000 3e+000 0000003.14e+000 8000000015le
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
6 string=saifur saifur saifur saifur sa 0000000000000sa
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Lateral string This is a string 7 char=f f f f f f 00000000000000f
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
7 char1=r r r r r r 00000000000000r
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
7 char=A B C E 5 00000000000000F
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
- 18. Best Example #include int main(){ double a=35.65, b=36.548;
printf("%lf %5lf %15.2lf %1.1lfn", a,b,a*b,a/b);
printf("%le%15le%15.2le%1.1len",a,b,a*b,a/b); } output:: 1.
35.65000036.548000 1302.941.0 2. 3.565000e+001 3.654800e+001
1.30e+003 9.8e-001 Description::::: %e = Display a
floating-pointvalue in exponential notation. %f = Display
floating-point values. %lf = double (after point it can contain 6
charecters) %le = justlike double but after like double it has (e+
/ e-) 1. 35.65000036.548000 1302.941.0 double a=35.65, b=36.548;
printf("%lf %5lf %15.2lf %1.1lfn", a,b,a*b,a/b); a=35.65, b=36.548;
when we write double a=35.65, b=36.548; then a=35.650000,
b=36.548000 %lf = 35.650000(for a) %5lf = 36.548000 (for b) ( Total
minimum 5 characters ) %15.2lf= 1302.94 (for a*b)(%15.2lf=itwants
total minimum 15 characters & after point it wants 2
characters) (1302.94total7 characters butquestion asked for 15
characters. So we have extra 15-7=8 characters. This 8 characters
wil be held before1302.94) %1.1lf=1.0 (for a/b) (%1.1lf=it wants
total minimum 1 characters & after point it wants 1 characters)
(1.0 total3 characters butquestion asked for 1 characters. So we
don't have extra characters) 2. 3.565000e+001 3.654800e+001
1.30e+003 9.8e-001 double a=35.65, b=36.548;
printf("%le%5le%15.2le%1.1len", a,b,a*b,a/b); a=35.65, b=36.548;
when we write double a=35.65, b=36.548; then a=35.650000,
b=36.548000 %le = 3.565000e+001 (fora) (for %e/ %le before floating
point .) %15le = 3.654800e+001 (for b) ( Total minimum 15
characters but 3.654800e+001 has 13 characters so wehave15-13=2
characters. This 2 character will be helod before 3.654800e+001 as
"blank space") %15.2le= 1.30e+003 (for a*b)(%15.2le=it wants total
minimum 15 characters & after point it wants 2 characters.
15-9=6) %1.1le=9.8e-001 (for a/b) (%1.1lf=itwants total minimum 1
characters & after point it wants 1 characters) (9.8e-001
total3 characters but question asked for 1 characters. So we don't
have extra characters) #include
- 19. int main(){ float a=65.678, b=65.456,c=65.345; printf("%lf
%2.3lf %2.1lfn", a,a,a);
printf("------------------------------------n"); printf("%lf %2.3lf
%2.1lfn", b,b,b); printf("------------------------------------n");
printf("%lf %2.3lf %2.1lfn", c,c,c);
printf("------------------------------------n"); }
- 20. http://www.cprogrammingexpert.com/C/example.aspx main() { }
void main() { } int main() { return 0; } int main(void) { return 0;
} void main(void) { return 0; } int main () { printf ("Welcome to C
language"); return 0; } #include #include int main () { clrscr();
printf (Welcome to C language); return 0; } #include #include int
main () { clrscr(); printf (Welcome to C language); getch(); retun
0; } String: strlen() #include #include int main() { char
str[30]="C PROGRAMMING"; clrscr(); printf("nnstr : %snn",str);
printf("nLength of the string, strlen(str) is %dn",strlen(str));
getch(); return 0; } String: strlwr() #include #include int main()
{ char str[30]="C PROGRAMMING"; clrscr(); printf("nnstr :
%snn",str); printf("strlwr(str) : %sn",strlwr(str)); getch();
return 0; } String: strupr() #include #include int main() { char
str[30]="C Programming"; clrscr(); printf("nnstr : %snn",str);
printf("strupr(str) : %sn",strupr(str)); getch(); return 0; }
String: strncat() #include #include int main() { char str1[25]="I
LIKE "; char str2[15]="C PROGRAMMIG"; clrscr(); printf("nnstr1 :
%stttstr2 : %snn",str1,str2); printf("nnstrcat(str1,str2) :
%snn",strcat(str1,str2)); printf("nnstr1 : %sttstr2 :
%snn",str1,str2); getch(); return 0; } String: strncat() #include
#include int main() { char str1[25]="I LIKE "; char str2[13]="C
PROGRAMMIG"; clrscr(); printf("nnBEFORE:nnstr1 : %stttstr2 :
%snn",str1,str2); printf("nnstrncat(str1,str2,5) :
%snn",strncat(str1,str2,5)); printf("nnAFTER:nnstr1 : %sttstr2 :
%snn",str1,str2); getch(); return 0; } String: strcpy() #include
#include int main() { char str1[15]="I LIKE "; char str2[15]="C
PROGRAMMIG"; clrscr(); printf("nnBEFORE:nnstr1 : %stttstr2 :
%snn",str1,str2); strcpy(str1,str2); printf("nnAFTER:nnstr1 :
%sttstr2 : %snn",str1,str2); getch(); return 0; } String: strncpy()
#include #include int main() { char str1[25]="I LIKE "; char
str2[15]="C PROGRAMMIG"; clrscr(); printf("nnBEFORE:nnstr1 :
%stttstr2 : %snn",str1,str2); strncpy(str1,str2,4);
printf("nnAFTER:nnstr1 : %sttstr2 : %snn",str1,str2); getch();
return 0; } String: strcmp() #include #include int main() { char
str1[]="I LIKE"; char str2[]="C Expert"; int i; clrscr();
i=strcmp(str1,str2); if(i==0) printf("nnstr1 and str2 are
identical"); else if(i= 0.0: sqrt(2.25) = 1.5 Floor Function -
floor(x): o Floor function floor(x) has only one parameter o
floor(x) returns value of type double o floor(x) calculates largest
whole number not greater than x: floor(48.79) = 48.0
- 25. C Reference Card (ANSI) 2(cheat sheet) ANSI Standard
Libraries Mathematical Functions Arguments and returned values are
double trig functions sin(x), cos(x), tan(x) inversetrig functions
asin(x), acos(x), atan(x) arctan(y/z) atan2(y,x) hyperbolic trig
functions sinh(x), cosh(x), tanh(x) exponentials & logs exp(x),
log(x), log10(x) exponentials & logs (2 power) ldexp(x,n),
frexp(x,&e) division & remainder modf(x,ip), fmod(x,y)
powers pow(x,y), sqrt(x) rounding ceil(x), floor(x), fabs(x)
Control flow if ( conditional ) { // do something } if (
conditional ){ // do something else{ // do something } if (
conditional ){ // do something Else if(another_condition){ // do
something } else{ // do something } While(conditional) { //do
something } placing "break;" inside a while loop breaks out of the
loop placing "continue;" inside a while loop jumps to the start of
the next loop for ( initialization; test; command ) { // do
something } "break;" and "continue;" can be used within for loops
as well with identical effects this is equivalent to:
initialization; while( test ) { // do something command; } switch (
variable ) { case value1: // do something break; case value2: // do
something else break; default: // do something by default break; }
this is equivalent to: if ( variable == value 1 ){ // do something
} else if ( variable = value2 ) { // do something } Else{ // do
something by default }
- 26. libraries #include input and output functions #include
string related functions #include memory allocation, rand, and
other functions #include math functions #include time related
functions Working With Numbers int i = 0; // convertfroma string
int i = int.Parse("1"); // convertfroma string and dont throw
exceptions if (int.TryParse("1", outi)) {} i++; // increment by one
i--; // decrement by one i +=10; // add 10 i -=10; // subtract10 i
*=10; // multiply by 10 i /=10; // divide by 10 i = checked(i*2) //
check for overflow i = unchecked(i*2) // ignoreoverflow A C++
program is a collection of function, object, and type declarations.
Every program must have a function int main() { ... } where the
curly braces enclose a block, a sequence of declarations and
statements ending in semicolons which are executed in order. A
statement is an expression, block, or control statement that alters
the order of execution, such as if, while, for, break, return. Some
types (std::string), objects (std::cout), and functions are defined
in header files, requiring the line #include before use. Items
defined in the standard headers are in the namespace std. The std::
prefix may be dropped after the statement using namespace std; A
program consists of a collection of functions (one of which must be
int main() {...}) and type and object declarations. A function may
contain declarations and statements. Statements have the following
forms, where s is a statement, and t is a true/false expression.
Integer types Bits Range bool 1 false (0) or true (1) signed char 8
'x80' to 'x7f' (-128 to 127) unsigned char 8 'x00' to 'XFF' (0 to
255) char 8 Usually signed short 16 -32768 to 32767 unsigned short
16 0u to 65535U int 32 Usually -2147483648 to 2147483647 unsigned
int 32 Usually 0 to 4294967295U long 32-64 At least -2147483648l to
2147483647L unsigned long 32-64 0ul to at least 4294967295LU
Floating point types Bits Range float 32 -1.7e38f to 1.7E38F, 6
significant digits double 64 -1.8e308 to 1.8E308, 14 significant
digits long double 64-80 At least double Functions A function has a
list of parameter declarations, a return type, and a block of
statements. Execution must end with a return statement returning an
expression that can be converted to the return type, unless void,
in which case there is an implied return; at the end. Arguments
passed to a function must match the parameters or allow implicit
conversion (such as int to double). Functions must be defined
before use, or have a matching declaration that replaces the block
with a semicolon and may optionally omit parameter names. Functions
are always global (not defined in other functions). void f(double
x, double); // Declaration double g() { // Definition return 3; //
Implied conversion to double (3.0) } Data input or output getchar()
single character input character variable = getchar(); char c; .. c
= getchar(); putchar() single character output Putchar(character
variable) Char c; .. Putchar(c); scanf() printf() Gets Puts
- 27. For making logical expression we use the four relational
operators() & two equality operators() that are either true or
false Equality operators ==, != Relational operators = ALL STRING
METHODS Functions[edit] Byte string Wide string Description[note 1]
String manipulation strcpy wcscpy copies one string to another
strncpy wcsncpy writes exactly n bytes/wchar_t, copying from source
or adding nulls strcat wcscat appends one string to another strncat
wcsncat appends no more than n bytes/wchar_t from one string to
another strxfrm wcsxfrm transforms a string according to the
current locale String examination strlen wcslen returns the length
of the string strcmp wcscmp compares two strings strncmp wcsncmp
compares a specific number of bytes/wchar_t in two strings strcoll
wcscoll compares two strings according to the current locale strchr
wcschr finds the first occurrence of a byte/wchar_t in a string
strrchr wcsrchr finds the last occurrence of a byte/wchar_t in a
string strspn wcsspn finds in a string the first occurrence of a
byte/wchar_t not in a set strcspn wcscspn finds in a string the
last occurrence of a byte/wchar_t not in a set strpbrk wcspbrk
finds in a string the first occurrence of a byte/wchar_t in a set
strstr wcsstr finds the first occurrence of a substring in a string
strtok wcstok splits string into tokens Miscellaneous strerror N/A
returns a string containing a message derived from an error code
Memory manipulation memset wmemset fills a buffer with a repeated
byte/wchar_t memcpy wmemcpy copies one buffer to another memmove
wmemmove copies one buffer to another, possibly overlapping,
buffer
- 28. memcmp wmemcmp compares two buffers memchr wmemchr finds
the first occurrence of a byte/wchar_t in a buffer Multibyte
functions[edit] Name Description mblen returns the number of bytes
in the next multibyte character mbtowc converts the next multibyte
character to a wide character wctomb converts a wide character to
its multibyte representation mbstowcs converts a multibyte string
to a wide string wcstombs converts a wide string to a multibyte
string btowc convert a single-byte character to wide character, if
possible wctob convert a wide character to a single-byte character,
if possible mbsinit checks if a state object represents initial
state mbrlen returns the number of bytes in the next multibyte
character, given state mbrtowc converts the next multibyte
character to a wide character, given state wcrtomb converts a wide
character to its multibyte representation, given state mbsrtowcs
converts a multibyte string to a wide string, given state wcsrtombs
converts a wide string to a multibyte string, given state "state"
is used by encodings that rely on history such as shift states.
This is not needed by UTF-8 or UTF-32. UTF-16 uses them to keep
track of surrogate pairs and to hide the fact that it actually is a
multi-word encoding. Numeric conversions[edit] The C standard
library contains several functions for numeric conversions. The
functions that deal with byte strings are defined in the stdlib.h
header (cstdlib header in C++). The functions that deal with wide
strings are defined in the wchar.h header (cwchar header in C++).
Note that the strtoxxx functions are not const-correct, since they
accept a const string pointer and return a non-const pointer within
the string. Byte string Wide string Description[note 1] atof N/A
converts a string to a floating-point value atoi atol atoll N/A
converts a string to an integer (C99) strtof(C99) strtod
strtold(C99) wcstof(C99) wcstod wcstold(C99) converts a string to a
floating-point value strtol strtoll wcstol wcstoll converts a
string to a signed integer strtoul strtoull wcstoul wcstoull
converts a string to an unsigned integer
- 29. http://www.tutorialspoint.com/ C++ Operators: An operator
is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific
mathematical or logical manipulations. C++ is rich in built-in
operators and provides following type of operators: Arithmetic
Operators ( +, -, , *,++, -- ) Relational Operators (==, !=,
>.=,